Hasil untuk "Physical anthropology. Somatology"

Mario A. Arrieta, Ingrid Boasso, Lila Bernardi

La osteocondritis disecante es una rara condición patológica caracterizada por la separación de un fragmento de cartílago articular necrótico del hueso subcondral subyacente. Si bien su etiología sería multifactorial, se la asocia principalmente al estrés mecánico. Desde la paleopatología, su análisis ofrece un gran potencial para explorar los modos de vida de las poblaciones pasadas. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la expresión de osteocondritis disecante en 57 individuos esqueléticos procedentes del sitio Rincón Chico 21 (Santa María, Catamarca). Este cementerio constituye un área de entierro utilizada entre los períodos de Desarrollos Regionales y de contacto Hispano-Indígena inicial (ca. 1.200-1.550 AD). Los individuos analizados abarcan los rangos etarios comprendidos entre los adolescentes y adultos medios/mayores y ambos sexos están representados. Se registró la presencia de lesiones en 47 elementos pertenecientes al menos a 20 individuos (35,09% de la muestra). La rodilla (26,32% de los individuos) y la articulación metatarsofalángica (15,79% de los individuos) fueron las más afectadas. Los femeninos y los adultos medios/mayores manifestaron mayores prevalencias. Los resultados sugieren que estas poblaciones habrían estado expuestas a altos niveles de estrés mecánico vinculados con las prácticas culturales asociadas a una economía de subsistencia agropastoril.

Xinyuan Li, Samuel Bickel, Wisnu Adi Wicaksono et al.

Abstract Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) naturally serve ecological and adaptive functions in microorganisms, yet human activities have disrupted this balance, accelerating their enrichment and spread in the soil–plant system. As a key ARG transmission interface across One Health sectors, the soil–plant system warrants greater attention. This review synthesizes emerging evidence on the distribution and transmission of resistomes in the rhizosphere, phyllosphere, and endosphere, revealing the potential risk of soil–plant ARGs to human, animal, and plant health. However, major gaps remain, particularly in horizontal and vertical ARG transmission associated within the plant endosphere and across plant generations. Moreover, we summarize key factors shaping soil–plant ARG dynamics, including soil conditions, plant evolution and traits, and anthropogenic influences. Among these, climate change emerges as a global, long-term, and largely irreversible driver, altering soil properties, plant physiology, and microbial activity through drastic environmental shifts. We discuss the risks of climate-driven ARG dissemination and its broader ecological and agricultural implications. Addressing these challenges requires advanced monitoring methods, integrated data sources, and policy innovations. In this review, we highlight climate change as an emerging driver of ARG selection and dissemination, emphasizing its impact on soil–plant resistome and the need for future One Health research on climate-driven resistome shifts.

Alex Gower

Physical systems that naturally perform energy descent offer a direct route to accelerating machine learning. Oscillator Ising Machines (OIMs) exemplify this idea: their GHz-frequency dynamics mirror both the optimization of energy-based models (EBMs) and gradient descent on loss landscapes, while intrinsic noise corresponds to Langevin dynamics - supporting sampling as well as optimization. Equilibrium Propagation (EP) unifies these processes into descent on a single total energy landscape, enabling local learning rules without global backpropagation. We show that EP on OIMs achieves competitive accuracy ($\sim 97.2 \pm 0.1 \%$ on MNIST, $\sim 88.0 \pm 0.1 \%$ on Fashion-MNIST), while maintaining robustness under realistic hardware constraints such as parameter quantization and phase noise. These results establish OIMs as a fast, energy-efficient substrate for neuromorphic learning, and suggest that EBMs - often bottlenecked by conventional processors - may find practical realization on physical hardware whose dynamics directly perform their optimization.

Luiz Vale Silva

The FCC-ee phase of a Future Circular Collider is generating great interest due to its versatility, allowing the study of various electroweak thresholds, $Z$, $WW$, $ZH$, and $t \bar{t}$. Electroweak precision physics is complemented by flavour physics measurements based on the unprecedented statistics attainable at the $Z$ pole, and benefiting from the low-background experimental environment (similar to Belle II), and from the production of the full spectrum of hadron species together with large boosts (similar to LHCb). A wide range of measurements is possible, spanning a rich variety of physics cases in both quark and lepton flavour physics sectors. Other electroweak thresholds can also be considered in this endeavour. A commensurate effort from the theory community will be needed to interpret future measurements. I present an overview of the broad potential of the FCC-ee flavour physics program.

Matthew E. Gladden

The Government of Japan’s “Society 5.0” initiative aims to create a cyber-physical society in which (among other things) citizens’ daily lives will be enhanced through increasingly close collaboration with artificially intelligent systems. However, an apparent paradox lies at the heart of efforts to create a more “human-centered” society in which human beings will live alongside a proliferating array of increasingly autonomous social robots and embodied AI. This study seeks to investigate the presumed human-centeredness of Society 5.0 by comparing its makeup with that of earlier societies. By distinguishing “technological” and “non-technological” processes of posthumanization and applying a phenomenological anthropological model, this study demonstrates: (1) how the diverse types of human and non-human members expected to participate in Society 5.0 differ qualitatively from one another; (2) how the dynamics that will shape the membership of Society 5.0 can be conceptualized; and (3) how the anticipated membership of Society 5.0 differs from that of Societies 1.0 through 4.0. This study describes six categories of prospective human and non-human members of Society 5.0 and shows that all six have analogues in earlier societies, which suggests that social scientific analysis of past societies may shed unexpected light on the nature of Society 5.0.

PETRA TONAROVÁ, THOMAS J. SUTTNER, OLLE HINTS et al.

The end of the Ordovician witnessed major perturbations in the ecosystem, seriously affecting global marine biodiversity. Nevertheless, some marine organism groups and their crisis-bound palaeogeographic distribution are still understudied. Among the outliers are eunicid polychaetes, even though they flourished and diversified extensively during the Ordovician. A collection of seven genera of jaw-bearing polychaetes, including the new ramphoprionid genus Spitiprion Tonarová, Suttner, & Hints, with type new species of Spitiprion khannai Tonarová, Suttner, & Hints, is described here from Katian (Upper Ordovician) deposits of Spiti, northern India. The new species is preserved as isolated maxillae and a jaw cluster, and 3D models of the maxillary apparatus are reconstructed based on submicron-CT. Along with the scolecodonts, a low-diversity assemblage of chitinozoans was recovered, comprising five genera. The most common chitinozoan species are Acanthochitina cf. cancellata and Spinachitina suecica.

Victor Lundström, David Simpson, Peter Yaworsky

At the end of the Pleistocene as temperatures warmed, new habitats opened up to human occupation as the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet receded. Along the west coast of modern-day Norway, human populations of coastal foragers slowly transitioned from short-term settlement patterns in the Early Mesolithic (ca. 11,500–10,000 cal BP), to more lasting ones during the Late Mesolithic (8500-6000 BP) and Early Neolithic (ca. 6000–5200 BP) as climatic conditions improved and stabilized. Here, using spatially and temporally resolved archaeological observations, paleoclimate data, and a spatiotemporal species distribution model, we test whether a) improvements in climate resulted in expansion of the available human niche space allowing for human population growth, and b) whether increasing population densities and ensuing deprecation of habitat suitability pushed people into occupying successively lower ranked habitats as predicted by the Ideal Free Distribution model. We find that a) climate gradually improved and stabilized during the Holocene, with the effect of improving general habitat suitability, which in turn led to an increase in human population size, b) that immediate proximity to sheltered coastal areas was central to settlement decisions but that c) increasing populations did not drive dispersal patterns into lower ranked habitats. The latter is likely attributable to the general improvements in habitat suitability due to the warming climate and the relative abundance of coastal habitats found in Norway.

Elisabete Malafaia, Pedro Mocho, Fernando Escaso et al.

The first paleontological works on Mesozoic vertebrates from Portugal, carried out from the end of the 19th and the first half of the 20th century, provided the discovery of significant collections of vertebrate fossils. These collections are particularly relevant because they include several specimens collected from different regions of the Lusitanian Basin (some of the sites are currently inaccessible), whose fossil record is poorly known. Theropod remains are relatively scarce and generally consist of fragmentary material, mostly assigned to the megalosaurid Megalosaurus from the Middle Jurassic of England, the first dinosaur to be named and a “wastebasket” taxon used by many scientists to identify theropod material. The studied fossils mostly consist of isolated teeth and vertebrae collected from Upper Jurassic levels of the coastal region, with also some material from Lower and Upper Cretaceous strata from the central and northern sectors of the Lusitanian Basin. Here specimens attributed to Megalosaurus from different Portuguese institutions are reviewed and their taxonomic affinity and stratigraphic context are updated. Most specimens actually belong to different theropod groups, including several isolated teeth from different Upper Jurassic localities here assigned to Ceratosaurus, Torvosaurus, and Allosaurus, as well as an isolated tooth from the Lower Cretaceous that is attributed to an indeterminate allosauroid. Other theropod remains consist mostly of vertebral fragments of indeterminate avetheropods and allosauroids. Elements of other dinosaur groups are also represented, including a few vertebrae here referred to stegosaurians and iguanodontians, as well as a vertebra and some appendicular remains attributed to sauropods. Two vertebrae assigned to thalattosuchians were also identified. The study of this collection allows to better characterize the diversity of Late Jurassic dinosaur faunas from different areas of the Lusitanian Basin and provides some data on the poorly known Cretaceous fossil record of theropods from Portugal.

Martin Pickford, Christian De Muizon

Re-interpretation of the holotype and only known speci-men of Afrophoca libyca reveals that it represents a me-dium -sized anthracothere, Afromeryx zelteni, a species that is common in the basal Middle Miocene deposits at Gebel Zelten, Libya. This re-identification affects several recently published papers that have accepted it as the earliest known phocid, with repercussions on biogeographic scenarios and phylogeny reconstructions.

Elliott Kauffman, Alexander Held, Oksana Shadura

Machine learning (ML) has become an integral component of high energy physics data analyses and is likely to continue to grow in prevalence. Physicists are incorporating ML into many aspects of analysis, from using boosted decision trees to classify particle jets to using unsupervised learning to search for physics beyond the Standard Model. Since ML methods have become so widespread in analysis and these analyses need to be scaled up for HL-LHC data, neatly integrating ML training and inference into scalable analysis workflows will improve the user experience of analysis in the HL-LHC era. We present the integration of ML training and inference into the IRIS-HEP Analysis Grand Challenge (AGC) pipeline to provide an example of how this integration can look like in a realistic analysis environment. We also utilize Open Data to ensure the project's reach to the broader community. Different approaches for performing ML inference at analysis facilities are investigated and compared, including performing inference through external servers. Since ML techniques are applied for many different types of tasks in physics analyses, we showcase options for ML integration that can be applied to various inference needs.

Andrew J. Wildridge, Jack P. Rodgers, Ethan M. Colbert et al.

Bumblebee is a foundation model for particle physics discovery, inspired by BERT. By removing positional encodings and embedding particle 4-vectors, Bumblebee captures both generator- and reconstruction-level information while ensuring sequence-order invariance. Pre-trained on a masked task, it improves dileptonic top quark reconstruction resolution by 10-20% and excels in downstream tasks, including toponium discrimination (AUROC 0.877) and initial state classification (AUROC 0.625). The flexibility of Bumblebee makes it suitable for a wide range of particle physics applications, especially the discovery of new particles.

Jessica L. Rosenberg, Nancy Holincheck, Kathryn Fernández et al.

The percentage of women receiving bachelors degrees in physics in the U.S. lags well behind that of men, and women leave the major at higher rates. Achieving equity in physics will mean that women stay in physics at the same rates as men, but this will require changes in the culture and support structures. A strong sense of belonging can lead to higher retention rates so interventions meant to increase dimensions of physics identity (interest, recognition, performance, and competence) may increase persistence overall and increase women's retention differentially. We describe our model in which mentorship, an understanding of career options (career conceptualization), and leadership are inputs into the development of these dimensions of physics identity. This paper includes preliminary results from a qualitative study that aims to better understand how career conceptualization, leadership, and mentorship contribute to the development of physics identity and belonging. We report results from a survey of 15 undergraduate physics students which was followed up by interviews with 5 of those students. The students were from a small private liberal arts college in the midwest region of the U.S. and a large public university in the southeast region of the U.S. classified as a Hispanic-serving institution (HSI). With respect to mentorship, we found that it could provide critical support for students' engagement in the physics community. Leadership experiences have not previously been positioned as an important input into identity, yet we found that they helped women in physics feel more confident, contributing to their recognition of themselves as physics people. While the data on how career conceptualization contributed to the building of identity is limited, there are some connections to recognition and competence, and it will be an interesting avenue of future exploration.

Ayan Banerjee, Aranyak Maity, Payal Kamboj et al.

We explore the usage of large language models (LLM) in human-in-the-loop human-in-the-plant cyber-physical systems (CPS) to translate a high-level prompt into a personalized plan of actions, and subsequently convert that plan into a grounded inference of sequential decision-making automated by a real-world CPS controller to achieve a control goal. We show that it is relatively straightforward to contextualize an LLM so it can generate domain-specific plans. However, these plans may be infeasible for the physical system to execute or the plan may be unsafe for human users. To address this, we propose CPS-LLM, an LLM retrained using an instruction tuning framework, which ensures that generated plans not only align with the physical system dynamics of the CPS but are also safe for human users. The CPS-LLM consists of two innovative components: a) a liquid time constant neural network-based physical dynamics coefficient estimator that can derive coefficients of dynamical models with some unmeasured state variables; b) the model coefficients are then used to train an LLM with prompts embodied with traces from the dynamical system and the corresponding model coefficients. We show that when the CPS-LLM is integrated with a contextualized chatbot such as BARD it can generate feasible and safe plans to manage external events such as meals for automated insulin delivery systems used by Type 1 Diabetes subjects.

L. Lipskaya, S. Serikov

The problem of using an interdisciplinary anthropological approach in the scientific works of students, studying at universities of physical culture are revealed in the article, as a strategy for studying the process of physical education and human development, considered as a multifaceted bio-psycho-socio-cultural phenomenon, in the inseparable unity of body and spirit, natural and social, somatic and mental in it. The research problem relevance is due to the «anthropological turn» observed in pedagogical and sports science, as a methodological direction requiring an interdisciplinary synthesis of anthropological knowledge in natural and socio-humanitarian sciences. However, the analysis of scientific works, performed by students of physical education universities indicates a one-sided approach to the analysis of physical education and an athlete’s personality formation, which is considered as if in parts, depending on the development of which qualities attention is focused on. In this regard, the need to develop the leading principles of an interdisciplinary anthropological approach, as well as the methodological foundations of its application in the research activities of students, contributing to a holistic view of a person, his comprehensive development in the process of physical education and sports, becomes particularly relevant. The purpose and objectives of the research are to study the methodological role and features of the application of an interdisciplinary anthropological approach as a theoretical and methodological strategy for research conducted by students in the field of physical culture and sports. The research aim and objectives are the need to study the methodological role of the interdisciplinary anthropological approach, the possibility and expediency of its use as a theoretical and methodological basis for research conducted by students in the field of physical culture and sports. Research materials and methods include: analysis of scientific and educational literature, comparative analysis and systematization of graduate qualification works of students, studying at a physical education university. The research results showed that the use of an interdisciplinary anthropological approach in scientific research allows students of physical education universities to overcome the extremes of a one-sided view of athletes’ physical education and training, to focus not only on physical, but also socio-cultural, individual psychological, spiritual and ethical personality’s development. Findings and conclusion. The interdisciplinary understanding of the anthropological approach meaning, which determines the theoretical and methodological foundations content of the research conducted by students in the field of physical education and sports, is the most significant contribution to the theory of physical education and sports.

I. Vrzhesnevskyi, Tatiana Rakitina, N. Orlenko et al.

In the pedagogical tradition of physical education, such an important factor as "personal movement experience" is not sufficiently represented. Neglecting the specified influencing factor significantly reduces the effectiveness of the pedagogical process of this discipline. The author's vision of the role of a person's motor experience in the communicative field of physical education and in the formed "attitudes" of an individual towards regular physical exertion is proposed in the work. The purpose of the study is to explain the significance of the interaction of psychophysiological, pedagogical and anthropological factors of personal motor experience in the context of the perception of physical efforts, in accordance with the specifics of role communication in physical education. The multifaceted effects of personal movement experience in the context of forming an attitude to physical education are revealed. According to the results of testing and a questionnaire survey (regarding key elements of attitude to physical education and loads) of first-year students of NAU, the following levels of the state of "motor experience" of students are proposed: "initial", "basic", "sufficient" and "sufficient plus". The specificity of the teacher's role communication is determined. Based on the results of the analysis and generalization of teaching experience, testing and questionnaires, the following sequence of acquiring a person’s motor experience was proposed: “initial”, “basic”, “sufficient”, “sufficient plus” with the provision of appropriate definitions. Conclusions: the lack of adequate personal motor experience calls into question at a certain stage the student’s subjectivity in the pedagogical process of physical education; stratification of the contingent of those who engage in personal movement experience reduces the effectiveness of physical education classes; a physical education teacher must adapt his motor experience to the general field of pedagogical practice in physical education.

R. V. Slukhenska, O. Hauriak, L. V. Pismenna et al.

The article highlights the peculiarities of the formation of managerial and leadership qualities in physical education classes in institutions of higher education. It has been established that the quality of acquiring organizational and managerial competences depends on the synergy of anthropological, natural, social and technological resources of the educational cluster. Modern methods in the segment of physical education transform the components of management experience: on the one hand - completing efforts to unify the management paradigm; on the other hand, it significantly increases the quantitative indicators of individual features of managerial activity. Therefore, the modern management model is characterized by flexibility and dynamism, which leads to a change in the principles of training students in the process of physical education. The management paradigm in the global world is focused on the inclusion of innovative elements that accompany the physical training of a higher education student and gain weight in the socio-cultural life of society.

GABRIELA SOBRAL

Prolacerta broomi is one of the most important of fossil reptiles. First considered as one of the earliest members of squamates, this basal archosauromorph has been used as a model for diapsid morphological evolution ever since its discovery, playing a pivotal role in hypotheses on the origin of diapsid reptiles. The holotype of Prolacerta broomi (UCMZ 2003.41R) is known from a mostly complete skull, but the original description is limited to the superficial features of the skull roof and palate. Since then, many other specimens of Prolacerta broomi have been recovered that potentially account for this limited access to anatomical information, but it remains unclear whether these aspects correspond well to the known material of the holotype. Here, the skull morphology of the holotype of Prolacerta broomi is revisited through the use of µCT scans. The identifications of some cranial elements have been corrected, such as the left prefrontal and lacrimal, and several new elements are revealed, including the epi- and ectopterygoids, prearticular, coronoid, and braincase bones. The orbitonasal region is described in detail and significantly shows a contribution of the lacrimal to the dorsal alveolar canal. Finally, the addition of the holotype as an independent OTU in recently published analyses indicate conflicts with the current knowledge on Prolacerta broomi phylogenetic affinity and taxonomy. First, it points to potential taxonomic inconsistency since the holotype does not form a monophyletic group with other Prolacerta broomi OTUs in any of the analyses and, second, it suggests a more basal position for the holotype than that recovered in some studies, more basal than rhynchosaurs and close to the origin of Crocopoda. Together, these findings indicate areas of future research interest in the study of early evolving archosauromorphs.

Elena V. Petrova, Artyom V. Gusarov, Achim A. Beylich

Buried river valleys from the Neogene–Quaternary time are widespread throughout the Middle Volga region of the Russian Plain. They have been studied for a long period, since the 1940s, with the last major generalizations dating back to the 1980s. This paper presents new results based on GIS mapping using materials from the state geological study of the region in 1960–1970, 1984–1996 and 2000–2002. On the whole, the pattern of the buried valley network is close to the modern valley network of the region. During the Quaternary, the right-sided displacement of the valley incisions prevailed. The incisions of modern river valleys are located above the Neogene (pre-Akchagyl) incisions almost throughout the entire territory. The vertical displacement amplitude ranges from 30 to 200 m. The morphometric characteristics of the paleovalleys (the depth and width of the incisions, as well as the gradients of the bottoms of the paleovalleys) exceeded modern ones. The maximum values were typical for the middle Paleo-Volga valley: the width of the valley reached 10 km, the incision depth was−201.4 m below sea level and the bottom gradient was 0.9–5.0 m/km. The most important factor that influenced the position of paleovalleys and their morphological appearance was fluctuations in the level of the Caspian paleowaterbody. According to this study, the development of paleovalleys began in the Miocene and ended in the Early Quaternary. The alluvial–lacustrine type of sedimentation was predominant. The results of this work contribute to the study of the paleogeography of the Cenozoic of the southeast of the Russian Plain.

Ilaria Pretelli, Monique Borgerhoff Mulder, Richard McElreath

Humans live in diverse, complex niches where survival and reproduction are conditional on the acquisition of knowledge. Humans also have long childhoods, spending more than a decade before they become net producers. Whether the time needed to learn has been a selective force in the evolution of long human childhood is unclear, because there is little comparative data on the growth of ecological knowledge throughout childhood. We measured ecological knowledge at different ages in Pemba, Zanzibar (Tanzania), interviewing 93 children and teenagers between 4 and 26 years. We developed Bayesian latent-trait models to estimate individual knowledge and its association with age, activities, household family structure and education. In the studied population, children learn during the whole pre-reproductive period, but at varying rates, with the fastest increases in young children. Sex differences appear during middle childhood and are mediated by participation in different activities. In addition to providing a detailed empirical investigation of the relationship between knowledge acquisition and childhood, this study develops and documents computational improvements to the modelling of knowledge development.

Yilan Qin, Jiayu Ma, Mingle Jiang et al.

Kinetic approaches are generally accurate in dealing with microscale plasma physics problems but are computationally expensive for large-scale or multiscale systems. One of the long-standing problems in plasma physics is the integration of kinetic physics into fluid models, which is often achieved through sophisticated analytical closure terms. In this paper, we successfully construct a multi-moment fluid model with an implicit fluid closure included in the neural network using machine learning. The multi-moment fluid model is trained with a small fraction of sparsely sampled data from kinetic simulations of Landau damping, using the physics-informed neural network (PINN) and the gradient-enhanced physics-informed neural network (gPINN). The multi-moment fluid model constructed using either PINN or gPINN reproduces the time evolution of the electric field energy, including its damping rate, and the plasma dynamics from the kinetic simulations. In addition, we introduce a variant of the gPINN architecture, namely, gPINN$p$ to capture the Landau damping process. Instead of including the gradients of all the equation residuals, gPINN$p$ only adds the gradient of the pressure equation residual as one additional constraint. Among the three approaches, the gPINN$p$-constructed multi-moment fluid model offers the most accurate results. This work sheds light on the accurate and efficient modeling of large-scale systems, which can be extended to complex multiscale laboratory, space, and astrophysical plasma physics problems.