Hasil untuk "Philosophy. Psychology. Religion"

E. Cassirer

Junaid Qadir, Muhammad Mumtaz

As AI tutors enter classrooms at unprecedented speed, their deployment increasingly outpaces our grasp of the psychological and social consequences of such technology. Yet decades of research in automation psychology, human factors, and human-computer interaction provide crucial insights that remain underutilized in educational AI design. This work synthesizes four research traditions -- automation psychology, human factors engineering, HCI, and philosophy of technology -- to establish a comprehensive framework for understanding how learners psychologically relate to anthropomorphic AI tutors. We identify three persistent challenges intensified by Generative AI's conversational fluency. First, learners exhibit dual trust calibration failures -- automation bias (uncritical acceptance) and algorithm aversion (excessive rejection after errors) -- with an expertise paradox where novices overrely while experts underrely. Second, while anthropomorphic design enhances engagement, it can distract from learning and foster harmful emotional attachment. Third, automation ironies persist: systems meant to aid cognition introduce designer errors, degrade skills through disuse, and create monitoring burdens humans perform poorly. We ground this theoretical synthesis through comparative analysis of over 104,984 YouTube comments across AI-generated philosophical debates and human-created engineering tutorials, revealing domain-dependent trust patterns and strong anthropomorphic projection despite minimal cues. For engineering education, our synthesis mandates differentiated approaches: AI tutoring for technical foundations where automation bias is manageable through proper scaffolding, but human facilitation for design, ethics, and professional judgment where tacit knowledge transmission proves irreplaceable.

Svetlana V. Chigarkova, Galina U. Soldatova

Background. In the context of the digitalisation of everyday life, digital wellbeing is a concept that has recently emerged. It signifies the need to reflect on the impact of digital transformations on various spheres of human life, and is becoming the most important type of a person’s wellbeing. Objectives. The study is devoted to the analysis of modern approaches to psychological wellbeing in the digital world and digital wellbeing as a socio-psychological phenomenon. Methods. The study involved a theoretical analysis and systematisation of modern scientific approaches to digital wellbeing. The socio-cognitive concept of digital socialisation served as the methodological framework to the study. Results. The key areas of research on the relationship between wellbeing and different aspects of digital technology use are identified. These aspects are: digital access, digital inequality and digital competence; problematic internet use, screen time and gaming; the impact of digital technologies on cognitive development; social media use and digital practices as factors of wellbeing; the development of artificial intelligence technologies as a new challenge to wellbeing. The existing concepts of digital wellbeing have been analysed and a formula for digital wellbeing has been proposed, comprised of three components. These are firstly satisfaction with connectedness and management of mixed reality, secondly self-efficacy and management of digital extended personality, and thirdly satisfaction and management of digital sociality. Conclusions. The development of a formula for digital wellbeing contributes to the understanding of constructive strategies of human adaptation and pre-adaptation in the context of increasing digitalisation of everyday life. These are necessary both to maintain an optimal level of stability of society and to ensure its development in the near future in response to new socio-technological challenges.

Hanti Lin

The integration of the history and philosophy of statistics was initiated at least by Hacking (1975) and advanced by Hacking (1990), Mayo (1996), and Zabell (2005), but it has not received sustained follow-up. Yet such integration is more urgent than ever, as the recent success of artificial intelligence has been driven largely by machine learning -- a field historically developed alongside statistics. Today, the boundary between statistics and machine learning is increasingly blurred. What we now need is integration, twice over: of history and philosophy, and of two fields they engage -- statistics and machine learning. I present a case study of a philosophical idea in machine learning (and in formal epistemology) whose root can be traced back to an often under-appreciated insight in Neyman and Pearson's 1936 work (a follow-up to their 1933 classic). This leads to the articulation of an epistemological principle -- largely implicit in, but shared by, the practices of frequentist statistics and machine learning -- which I call achievabilism: the thesis that the correct standard for assessing non-deductive inference methods should not be fixed, but should instead be sensitive to what is achievable in specific problem contexts. Another integration also emerges at the level of methodology, combining two ends of the philosophy of science spectrum: history and philosophy of science on the one hand, and formal epistemology on the other hand.

Han Jiang, Pengda Wang, Xiaoyuan Yi et al.

Social sciences have accumulated a rich body of theories and methodologies for investigating the human mind and behaviors, while offering valuable insights into the design and understanding of Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems. Focusing on psychology as a prominent case, this study explores the interdisciplinary synergy between AI and the field by analyzing 1,006 LLM-related papers published in premier AI venues between 2023 and 2025, along with the 2,544 psychology publications they cite. Through our analysis, we identify key patterns of interdisciplinary integration, locate the psychology domains most frequently referenced, and highlight areas that remain underexplored. We further examine how psychology theories/frameworks are operationalized and interpreted, identify common types of misapplication, and offer guidance for more effective incorporation. Our work provides a comprehensive map of interdisciplinary engagement between AI and psychology, thereby facilitating deeper collaboration and advancing AI systems.

Sarah Schröder, Thekla Morgenroth, Ulrike Kuhl et al.

Large Language Models (LLMs),such as ChatGPT, are increasingly used in research, ranging from simple writing assistance to complex data annotation tasks. Recently, some research has suggested that LLMs may even be able to simulate human psychology and can, hence, replace human participants in psychological studies. We caution against this approach. We provide conceptual arguments against the hypothesis that LLMs simulate human psychology. We then present empiric evidence illustrating our arguments by demonstrating that slight changes to wording that correspond to large changes in meaning lead to notable discrepancies between LLMs' and human responses, even for the recent CENTAUR model that was specifically fine-tuned on psychological responses. Additionally, different LLMs show very different responses to novel items, further illustrating their lack of reliability. We conclude that LLMs do not simulate human psychology and recommend that psychological researchers should treat LLMs as useful but fundamentally unreliable tools that need to be validated against human responses for every new application.

Yingqiang Gao, Fabian Winiger, Patrick Montjourides et al.

Religion and spirituality (R/S) are complex and highly domain-dependent concepts which have long confounded researchers and policymakers. Due to their context-specificity, R/S are difficult to operationalize in conventional archival search strategies, particularly when datasets are very large, poorly accessible, and marked by information noise. As a result, considerable time investments and specialist knowledge is often needed to extract actionable insights related to R/S from general archival sources, increasing reliance on published literature and manual desk reviews. To address this challenge, we present SpiritRAG, an interactive Question Answering (Q&A) system based on Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG). Built using 7,500 United Nations (UN) resolution documents related to R/S in the domains of health and education, SpiritRAG allows researchers and policymakers to conduct complex, context-sensitive database searches of very large datasets using an easily accessible, chat-based web interface. SpiritRAG is lightweight to deploy and leverages both UN documents and user provided documents as source material. A pilot test and evaluation with domain experts on 100 manually composed questions demonstrates the practical value and usefulness of SpiritRAG.

Iwan Williams, Ninell Oldenburg, Ruchira Dhar et al.

Mechanistic interpretability (MI) aims to explain how neural networks work by uncovering their underlying causal mechanisms. As the field grows in influence, it is increasingly important to examine not just models themselves, but the assumptions, concepts and explanatory strategies implicit in MI research. We argue that mechanistic interpretability needs philosophy: not as an afterthought, but as an ongoing partner in clarifying its concepts, refining its methods, and assessing the epistemic and ethical stakes of interpreting AI systems. Taking three open problems from the MI literature as examples, this position paper illustrates the value philosophy can add to MI research, and outlines a path toward deeper interdisciplinary dialogue.

Julio Cuevas Romo

El presente texto muestra el desarrollo y la evaluación de un proceso educativo con profesores de matemáticas en formación, centrado en el uso de estrategias didácticas con características inductivas, en el marco de la asignatura Matemáticas y Física de la Licenciatura en Enseñanza de las Matemáticas de la Universidad de Colima, México. La experiencia incluye a 19 estudiantes que han tenido formación disciplinar en matemáticas y dominan el conocimiento procedimental y el lenguaje algebraico que implica la física en los niveles básicos, pero con poco acercamiento al conocimiento conceptual, tanto de física clásica como de física moderna. Bajo este principio, el curso se centró en la reflexión y la resolución de problemas. Desde esta lógica, la propuesta incluyó buscar, tanto el dominio procedimental como conceptual, siendo este último el objetivo central de esta investigación. Los métodos inductivos incluyeron la utilización de materiales audiovisuales y lecturas que van en un sentido de divulgación. Los resultados de sus trabajos muestran que, sin omitir un proceso formativo de corte más tradicional, como la resolución de problemas o libros de texto de física clásicos, la incorporación de estrategias inductivas sobre las particularidades de conceptos como “movimiento” o “luz” permite una comprensión más profunda de principios fundamentales, siendo un complemento funcional para una formación más integral.

V. Vinokurov, T. G. Kalnitskaya

The relevance of studying religious coping strategies (RCS) is due to the growing scholarly interest in the role of religiosity as a factor in stress management and the demand for coping methods that perceive religiosity as a psychological protective mechanism. Despite a wealth of empirical studies on RCS, the field lacks comprehensive theoretical development. This paper aims to reconstruct the complex religious model within this theory and clarify its role in fostering an integrative theory of personality. To achieve this aim, the following objectives were set: 1) to trace the genesis of the concept of religious coping strategies; 2) to highlight and describe the most significant research on this phenomenon, identifying relationships and continuity between various scholarly approaches; 3) to delineate the key tenets of Kenneth Pargament's theory of religious coping, which remains the most developed framework to date; 4) to systematize current multidisciplinary approaches to RCS (primarily from psychology, sociology, and philosophy);  5) to identify the underlying attitudes that structure personal experience to refine the definition of religious coping strategies. The research is based on an analysis of scientific literature on coping and religious coping strategies. The methodology employs classification techniques followed by an analytical review of theoretical concepts and empirical studies, which allows us to trace the evolution of understanding RCS from H. Selye's early stress research to contemporary typologies of RCS. The methods of theoretical reconstruction and case study were also applied. As a result of the study, a conceptual model for the theory of religious coping is proposed. This model integrates elements from the psychology, sociology, and philosophy of religion, facilitating a dynamic and constructivist approach to developing an integrative theory of personality. In conclusion the genesis of the concept of religious coping strategies demonstrates a gradual shift from a purely instrumental to a more philosophical understanding. Researchers from diverse psychological schools are united by their common reference to the concept of personality in studying RCS. K. Pargament's comprehensive theory of religious coping strategies advances to the level of dynamic, rather than essentialist, philosophical generalizations. While the psychological perspective predominates in Pargament's theory, it also reaches philosophical levels of abstraction and offers solutions to sociological problems. Reconstructing the current model of religious coping theory must account for the constructivist interpretation of religion as an element of personal experience in human-world interaction, while also incorporating the enduring relevance of Fritz Heider's attribution theory and the focus on sourcing value resources from the transcendent, as emphasized by modern Jungian schools. Thus, refining the definition of religious coping strategies necessitates the identification of implicit personality models that underpin specific research in this field. Conversely, analyzing approaches to personality conceptualization must incorporate an understanding of religious coping practices.

M. Gerchen, Carina Glock, Franziska Weiss et al.

Belief, defined by William James as the mental state or function of cognizing reality, is a core psychological function with strong influence on emotion and behavior. Furthermore, strong and aberrant beliefs about the world and oneself play important roles in mental disorders. The underlying processes of belief have been the matter of a long debate in philosophy and psychology, and modern neuroimaging techniques can provide insight into the underlying neural processes. Here, we conducted a functional magnetic resonance imaging study with N = 30 healthy participants in which we presented statements about facts, politics, religion, conspiracy theories, and superstition. Participants judged whether they considered them as true (belief) or not (disbelief) and reported their certainty in the decision. We found belief‐associated activations in bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, left superior parietal cortex, and left lateral frontopolar cortex. Disbelief‐associated activations were found in an anterior temporal cluster extending into the amygdala. We found a larger deactivation for disbelief than belief in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex that was most pronounced during decisions, suggesting a role of the vmPFC in belief‐related decision‐making. As a category‐specific effect, we found disbelief‐associated activation in retrosplenial cortex and parahippocampal gyrus for conspiracy theory statements. Exploratory analyses identified networks centered at anterior cingulate cortex for certainty, and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex for uncertainty. The uncertainty effect identifies a neural substrate for Alexander Bain's notion from 1859 of uncertainty as the real opposite of belief. Taken together, our results suggest a two‐factor neural process model of belief with falsehood/veracity and uncertainty/certainty factors.

Gerd B. Achenbach

Gerd B. Achenbach’sPhilosophical Praxis: Origin, Relations, and Legacy, translated by Michael Picard, offers unique insights into the compelling origin and development of what has been called a renaissance of philosophy: a storied trove of thought steeped in tradition, character, and experience, and redeployed in the service of understanding the individual life. Throughout this book, the author explores Philosophical Praxis not only through the tumultuous history of philosophy, but also through psychology, religion, literature, and more. Achenbach’s tone is subtle, humorous, and constantly surprising, demonstrating his intimacy with an expansive spirit of life and leaving behind the narrowness of academic disciplines. As the founder of Philosophical Praxis, Achenbach dissects the challenges faced in current philosophy and psychology and, in doing so, surpasses academic philosophy to reveal the possibility of a new profession for philosophical practitioners seeking to resist the seductions of theory, methods, or solutions, and personify the seriousness of being human.

Jukka Ruohonen, Mubashrah Saddiqa

Insider threats refer to threats originating from people inside organizations. Although such threats are a classical research topic, the systematization of existing knowledge is still limited particularly with respect to non-technical research approaches. To this end, this paper presents a systematic literature review on the psychology of insider threats. According to the review results, the literature has operated with multiple distinct theories but there is still a lack of robust theorization with respect to psychology. The literature has also considered characteristics of a person, his or her personal situation, and other more or less objective facts about the person. These are seen to correlate with psychological concepts such as personality traits and psychological states of a person. In addition, the review discusses gaps and limitations in the existing research, thus opening the door for further psychology research.

F. Dostoevsky, Fyodor Pavlovitch Karamazov, Alexey Fyodorovitch

Perhaps the greatest philosophical novel of the Western tradition, Fyodor Dostoyevsky's The Brothers Karamazov raises and treats such fundamental issues as the existence of God, the problem of evil, the relation between religion and morality, the nature of morality, the relation between psychology and philosophy, the relations between motivation, explanation, and justification, the relation between faith and reason, and the nature and power of rationality, and the role of reason in human life. Dostoyevsky's great work does not simply raise such issues, however. In treating them, it teaches us about them; we learn from the novel, and understand more after readingit than before. We might wonder how this teaching gets accomplished. After all, none of the major characters is a teacher, at least as that term is traditionally understood; there are no Gradgrinds or Miss Jean Brodies here. The Brothers Karamazov teaches us, but it is not easy to say how. My aim in this essay is to examine the nature of the teaching of this text. In doing so, I will appeal to some philosophical accounts of teaching. But my main concern will be with the text itself: with the lessons it teaches us and with the way those lessons are taught. I hope that the discussion will point beyond Dostoyevsky's novel, and suggest more general lessons concerning the pedagogical possibilities of philosophical fiction. In particular, I will urge that reasons and the fostering of rationality are central to teaching and to education more generally; that fiction affords access to a particular class or type of reasons--"felt" reasons (which are basic to rationality and which fiction is particularly well suited to exploit and utilize); and that understanding the nature and role of such felt reasons in The Brothers Karamazov allows us to understand the brilliant way in which

Thilo Hagendorff, Ishita Dasgupta, Marcel Binz et al.

Large language models (LLMs) show increasingly advanced emergent capabilities and are being incorporated across various societal domains. Understanding their behavior and reasoning abilities therefore holds significant importance. We argue that a fruitful direction for research is engaging LLMs in behavioral experiments inspired by psychology that have traditionally been aimed at understanding human cognition and behavior. In this article, we highlight and summarize theoretical perspectives, experimental paradigms, and computational analysis techniques that this approach brings to the table. It paves the way for a "machine psychology" for generative artificial intelligence (AI) that goes beyond performance benchmarks and focuses instead on computational insights that move us toward a better understanding and discovery of emergent abilities and behavioral patterns in LLMs. We review existing work taking this approach, synthesize best practices, and highlight promising future directions. We also highlight the important caveats of applying methodologies designed for understanding humans to machines. We posit that leveraging tools from experimental psychology to study AI will become increasingly valuable as models evolve to be more powerful, opaque, multi-modal, and integrated into complex real-world settings.

Arash Mousavi, Reza Hafezi, Hasan Ahmadi

The psychology of science is the least developed member of the family of science studies. It is growing, however, increasingly into a promising discipline. After a very brief review of this emerging sub-field of psychology, we call for it to be invited into the collection of social sciences that constitute the interdisciplinary field of science policy. Discussing the classic issue of resource allocation, this paper tries to indicate how prolific a new psychological conceptualization of this problem would be. Further, from a psychological perspective, this research will argue in favor of a more realistic conception of science which would be a complement to the existing one in science policy.

Liaquat Hossain

Individual and community psychology plays an important role in disaster management as human behavior exhibit diverse risk perceptions, recognition of the threats that exists, positive and negative emotions, panic, anger, rumor, stress and learned helplessness. These psychological factors are important as lack of attention to these can lead to detrimental outcome of disaster management effort. Disaster psychology has been seen as an emerging area of research and practice which deals with understanding of the psychological impact of individuals and community aftermath of the disasters. The aim of this paper is to put forward the conceptualization and development of dynamic networked psychology as a theoretical framework and its implications in exploring emotional contagion during disasters. We advocate theories of structural network dynamics can be used to construct DNP for exploring individuals as well as community coping mechanisms for improving preparedness, response and recovery of disasters. The advent of computational social science promotes the empirical modelling and analysis of massive volume of user data by inferring meaningful patterns for finding answers to important social and behavioral science research questions dealing with individual and community coping ability. In presenting a theoretical framework, we suggest that the underlying assumptions and integration of theories of social influence can be used to explore networks of emotional contagion for disasters.

Samantha So, Teng Qing Wang, Brian Edward Yu et al.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has created a chronically stressful work environment for healthcare workers, increasing the negative psychological effects experienced. Aims: The authors of this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the impact of COVID-19 on frontline healthcare workers’ mental health, using various psychological outcomes. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted up until June 30th, 2022 on MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Dissertations and Theses. Results: This meta-analysis includes 22 cross-sectional studies with a total of 32,690 participants. Anxiety (ES = 0.23, CI: [0.18, 0.28]), depression (ES = 0.17, CI: [0.10, 0.24]), PTSD (ES = 0.28, CI: [0.08, 0.48]), and stress (ES = 0.35, CI: [0.17, 0.53]) was significantly prevalent among frontline healthcare workers. Conclusions: Our results suggested that European healthcare workers were experiencing high psychological symptoms associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. The monitoring of their psychological symptoms, preventative interventions, and treatments should be implemented to prevent, reduce, and treat the worsening of their mental health.

Andrew Jones

Since reports about CIA-funded LSD studies came out in the 1970s, psychedelic drugs have invoked images of unethical experimentation and “mad scientists” in the public imagination. Even now, as the stigma surrounding psychedelics diminishes in the 21st century, the figure of the “mad scientist” continues to occupy a space in what Ido Hartogsohn calls the “collective set and setting,” the larger framework of cultural understandings that shape how individuals experience psychedelic drugs. Scientists and humanities scholars who study these drugs have responded to this issue by drawing boundaries between those who used psychedelics carefully and those who used them ignorantly. Yet these boundaries were not always so clear in the past. Drawing on historical examples of LSD’s use as a correctional tool in Canada, I show how enthusiasm about the drug’s potential led several experienced and knowledgeable psychedelic therapists to use it on vulnerable populations in diverse institutional settings, such as correctional facilities. These examples reveal how the institutional context of modern industrial societies shaped the application of psychedelic therapy in the past and suggest that today’s therapists need to carefully consider how this broader context impacts their work.

Joseph Muyangata, Sibiziwe Shumba

The COVID-19 pandemic which started in China in 2019, was originally described as a public health emergency of intercontinental concern by the World Health Organization (WHO) in January 2020. Due to its speedy rate of spread, the WHO then declared it a pandemic after 6 weeks. The global spread of COVID-19 has been attributed to the high mobility between and within countries. Having noted the wide spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, almost every country affected, developed strict and restrictive public health measures to control the spread of the virus. Such measures included restrictions on country borders and social gatherings. Hence, the main purpose of the paper was to explore the impact of the COVID-19 crisis in relation to religion, health and poverty in Harare urban communities as well as determining solutions to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on those sectors. The research methodology was qualitative in nature. Primary data were collected through in-depth telephone interviews and online open-ended questionnaires. Purposive sampling was used to select the study participants. The findings showed that the COVID-19 pandemic triggered and exposed the inequalities in health. The pandemic also had a strong impact on religious activities and it exacerbated poverty levels as well. Those who had all the access to medication, food and vaccinations during the height of COVID-19 may not fully appreciate the impact that poverty coupled with pandemics left on their communities both religiously and socially. Malnutrition, hunger and sickness were the order of the day among the poor. Contribution: The conclusion was that COVID-19 negatively impacted on the health, religious and social sectors. Therefore, it is critical to maintain preventive and curative services, especially for the most vulnerable populations such as children, older persons, and people with disabilities.