Hasil untuk "Philosophy (General)"

Justin R. Bates

The purpose of this research is to examine how the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and its members have responded to anti-Jewish theological tropes, especially in the post-Holocaust era. The thesis of this research is that, while the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has not formally canonized any twentieth-century statements on antisemitism, its sacred texts—including the Book of Mormon—along with prophetic teachings and institutional actions before, during, and after World War II, reflect a consistent and distinctive theological perspective on the Jewish people as God’s covenant people with a positive eschatological role in his plan. Unique among its Christian cousins in that era, the Latter-day Saint perspective includes a general rejection of anti-Jewish tropes and—while imperfect—a general pattern of respectful engagement with Jews at both institutional and individual levels. This research is significant in an era of rising antisemitism as it promotes understanding of a religion that has historically maintained, though not perfectly, a more philosemitic approach both institutionally and individually. A deeper understanding of ideas and attitudes that discourage anti-Jewish tropes and combat antisemitism is desperately needed in the modern world.

Damián Pachón Soto

El artículo plantea algunas de las relaciones filosóficas entre España y América Latina desde el siglo XVI hasta el siglo XX. Contra la narrativa de la historiografía filosófica corriente, según la cual España no aportó nada a la filosofía moderna, el artículo argumenta que los debates en torno a la humanidad de los indígenas americanos y la guerra justa contribuyeron a expandir la idea de género humano a la vez que se realizaron aportes al derecho internacional; igualmente, que la filosofía política de Francisco Suárez contribuyó a fundamentar la idea de contractualismo y contrato social a la modernidad. Finalmente, se sostiene que vista desde América, La Ilustración española, el krausismo y los aportes de Ortega y Gasset permitieron el ingreso de Nuestra América a la modernidad filosófica europea y su tradición.

Martín Chicolino

El presente estudio monográfico (que se divide en dos artículos que serán publicados consecutivamente en esta revista) está dedicado a estudiar la manera en que Gilles Deleuze abordó el problema psico-político de la dominación y de la violencia psico-sexo-política masculina. Para ello, será necesario partir de la pregunta que interroga acerca de la relación genética que el Patriarcado (en tanto que mega-red de relaciones de alianzas masculinas de sexo-poder) guarda con el Estado (en tanto que forma de organizar la sociabilidad humana) y con el Capitalismo (en tanto que modo de organizar la productividad humana). Con respecto a dicha relación genética, Deleuze postulará, siguiendo al sinólogo marxista Ferenc Tökei, que ‘esclavo liberto’ (antepasado del proletario moderno) fue la personificación social masculina clave en la génesis patriarcal del Capitalismo por el Estado, siendo la explotación psico-sexual de las mujeres (prostitución) una empresa de primer orden para la comprensión de dicha génesis. Según el Esquizoanálisis, la explotación psico-sexual y libidinal es la ratio de la explotación económica y de la dominación de clase. Por eso, no podremos abordar dicha relación genética entre Patriarcado, Estado y Capital (tocante a las violencias masculinas) sin abordar, en esta «Parte I», las críticas de Deleuze/Guattari hacia Marx/Engels: esquizo-análisis ácrata (en tanto que análisis de procesos maquínicos) versus materialismo dialéctico (en tanto que análisis de procesos dialécticos). Ahora bien, ¿acaso el materialismo dialéctico resulta operativo (en la crítica y en la clínica) a la hora de comprender y de caracterizar (y de luchar contra) las violencias psico-sexuales patriarcales masculinas, como por ejemplo, la prostitución? ¿Cómo Marx, Engels, Bebel y Riazánov caracterizaron (desde el materialismo dialéctico) tanto a la prostitución, como a la prostituta, y al prostituyente? ¿No acaban incurriendo en un reduccionismo economicista y cambista (en materia sexual) que torna invisibles las causas patriarcales de la dominación y las violencias masculinas, tornándose incluso su garante insospechado “por izquierda”? Este será el problema central de la «Parte II». Nuestro concepto social de ‘Salud Mental’ depende directamente del modo de caracterizar dichos problemas psico-sexo políticos.

William J. Wolf, James Read, Quentin Vigneron

The geometric trinity of gravity comprises three distinct formulations of general relativity: (i) the standard formulation describing gravity in terms of spacetime curvature, (ii) the teleparallel equivalent of general relativity describing gravity in terms of spacetime torsion, and (iii) the symmetric teleparallel equivalent of general relativity (STEGR) describing gravity in terms of spacetime non-metricity. In this article, we complete a geometric trinity of non-relativistic gravity, by (a) taking the non-relativistic limit of STEGR to determine its non-relativistic analogue, and (b) demonstrating that this non-metric theory is equivalent to the Newton--Cartan theory and its teleparallel equivalent, i.e., the curvature and the torsion based non-relativistic theories that are both geometrised versions of classical Newtonian gravity.

J. L. Hernández-Pastora

In the standard Einstein's theory the exterior gravitational field of any static and axially symmetric stellar object can be described by means of a single function from which we obtain a metric into a four-dimensional space-time. In this work we present a generalization of those so called Weyl solutions to a space-time-matter metric in a five-dimensional manifold within a non-compactified Kaluza-Klein theory of gravity. The arising field equations reduce to those of vacuum Einstein's gravity when the metric function associated to the fifth dimension is considered to be constant. The calculation of the geodesics allows to identify the existence or not of different behaviours of test particles, in orbits on a constant plane, between the two metrics. In addition, static solutions on the hypersurface orthogonal to the added dimension but with time dependence in the five-dimensional metric are also obtained. The consequences on the variation of the rest mass, if the fifth dimension is identified with it, are studied.

I. S Liashenko

Purpose of the research is to study the originality of interpretation of death in the lyrics of Ukrainian diaspora in Canada in the context of the opposition "foreign land – motherland", based on its existential development in philosophical anthropology and culture of the last two centuries. Its implementation presupposes, first of all, analysis of the forms of development and disclosure of the death motif by figurative and artistic means. Theoretical basis. The author uses the well-founded tradition of interpreting the death motif in philosophical literature of the last centuries, i.e. non-classical and modern philosophical thought. Originality. The present study is an attempt at systematization of the notions of death in Ukrainian poetry in Canada in the second half of the 20th century. It is based on the study of artistic texts and the worldview of Ukrainian emigrants. Appeal to the fiction of the Ukrainian Diaspora allows illustrating the originality of philosophical understanding of death in the context of the national culture. Conclusions. Reference to Ukrainian-Canadian poetry allows expanding the space of philosophical understanding of death in the form of figurative fiction. Concretizing the character of their interpretation of the motif of death, it is necessary to focus attention on its two basic forms of manifestation: existential, associated with living abroad, and sacrificial death for the benefit of the homeland. Thus, the motif of death occupies a significant place in the lyrics of representatives of the Ukrainian diaspora. The concept of human death is closely connected with the concept of life, which is concretized through their meaningful comprehension. This is a matter of interpretation of despair and loneliness motifs, as well as the illumination of the images of a foreign land, which is one of the features of emigrant literature in general.

Anastasia Batkhina, John W. Berry, Tomas Jurcik et al.

The creation of a social climate where all ethnic groups can harmoniously coexist is a central challenge for many countries today. Should we emphasize similarities and common ground or, conversely, recognize that there are important differences between groups? The current study examined relations between diversity ideologies (assimilation, colorblindness, multiculturalism, polyculturalism) and generalized and specific intergroup bias (against Chechens, Belarusians, Uzbeks, Chinese, and Jews and Muslims) among ethnic Russians (N = 701). In Study 1, colorblindness (ignoring differences) and polyculturalism (emphasizing interconnectivity) were associated with lower generalized intergroup bias and lower bias against Chechens, Uzbeks, and Chinese, but not Belarusians. Bias against Belarusians was lower among those who endorsed multiculturalism (emphasizing differences). In Study 2, multiculturalism was associated with higher implicit bias when the target was a Chechen but in general more proximal variables (positive or negative contact experience and perceived group similarity) were more robust predictors of intergroup bias than diversity ideologies. In Study 3, colorblindness and polyculturalism were related to lower levels of fearful attitudes against Muslims. Colorblindness was also associated with lower levels of Antisemitism in contrast to multiculturalism that had an opposite association. We place these results in the context of cultural distance and existing cultural stereotypes about different groups among the majority of Russians. The strengths and weaknesses of each diversity ideology for the mainstream cultural group are discussed. The results of the current study suggest that the most fruitful strategy for mainstream cultural groups for maintaining harmonious intergroup relations in diverse societies might be that of optimal distinctiveness.

Nik Trontelj

The article presents the meaning of the principle of separation of Church and state in the European context. Christian teaching distinguishes between the secular and the spiritual sphere. In European society, such a division is accepted, but questions about the correct relationship between the Church and the state have been arising throughout history. The Church and the state seldom lived in a peaceful coexistence, and the state often interfered with the Church and vice versa. The correct understanding of the separation of Church and state means that spiritual leaders should not act as state leaders and that state leaders should not express their opinions on spiritual and moral matters. Church and state must work together for the welfare and progress of both the entire community and the individual.

Jiaxiang Yang, Hanyuan Deng, Zikai Tang et al.

The zeroth-order general Randić index $R^{0}_{a+1}$ of an $n$-vertices oriented graph $D$ is equal to the sum of $(d^{+}_{u_i})^{a}+(d^{-}_{u_j})^{a}$ over all arcs $u_iu_j$ of $D$, where we denote by $d^{+}_{u_i}$ the out-degree of the vertex $u_i$ and $d^{-}_{u_j}$ the in-degree of the vertex $u_j$, $a$ is an arbitrary real number. In the paper, we determine the orientations of cacti with the maximum value of the zeroth-order general Randić index for $a\geq 1$.

Serife Tekin, Carmen Fies, Chris Packham

Capitalizing on the enthusiasm about space science in the general public, our goal as an interdisciplinary group of scholars is to design and teach a new team-taught interdisciplinary course, "Philosophy and Science of Space Exploration (PoSE)" at the University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA) where we currently teach. We believe that this course will not only help overcome disciplinary silos to advance our understanding of space and critically examine its ethical ramifications, but also will better educate the public on how science works and help overcome the science skepticism that has unfortunately become more prominent in recent years. In what follows, we first juxtapose two seemingly contradictory trends: increased interest in space science on the one hand and increased skepticism about and distrust in science on the other. We then turn to how our anticipated Philosophy and Science of Space Exploration (PoSE) course will develop tools that could dismantle distrust in science while also enhancing the scientific and philosophical understandings of space science. We explain the content and the questions we will examine in POSE and conclude with how we will measure our success and progress.

Chris Mitsch, Marian Gilton, David Freeborn

Haag's theorem cries out for explanation and critical assessment: it sounds the alarm that something is (perhaps) not right in one of the standard way of constructing interacting fields to be used in generating predictions for scattering experiments. Viewpoints as to the precise nature of the problem, the appropriate solution, and subsequently-called-for developments in areas of physics, mathematics, and philosophy differ widely. In this paper, we develop and deploy a conceptual framework for critically assessing these disparate responses to Haag's theorem. Doing so reveals the driving force of more general questions as to the nature and purpose of foundational work in physics.

Michel Crubellier

This paper proposes an interpretation of Books V and VI of Aristotle’s Physics as being (at least partly) a reaction to Zeno’s four “arguments against motion” that Aristotle expounds and discusses in Phys. VI 9. On the basis of a detailed textual analysis of that chapter, I show that Zeno’s arguments rest on a frame of a priori notions such as part and whole, in contact, between, limit, etc., which Aristotle takes over in order to account for the inner structure (here called “the In-Between”) common to all facts of motion and change. That frame allows him to develop a specific ontology for that inner structure – although it exists only potentially according to the Aristotelian orthodoxy – because he needs such an ontology in order to vindicate the reality of motion and change.

Kristina Šekrst, Sandro Skansi

Computational complexity has often been ignored in philosophy of mind, in philosophical artificial intelligence studies. The purpose of this paper is threefold. First and foremost, to show the importance of complexity rather than computability in philosophical and AI problems. Second, to rephrase the notion of computability in terms of solvability, i.e. treating computability as non-sufficient for establishing intelligence. The Church-Turing thesis is therefore revisited and rephrased in order to capture the ontological background of spatial and temporal complexity. Third, to emphasize ontological differences between different time complexities, which seem to provide a solid base towards better understanding of artificial intelligence in general.

Michael E. Cuffaro, Stephan Hartmann

There is a deeply entrenched view in philosophy and physics, the closed systems view, according to which isolated systems are conceived of as fundamental. On this view, when a system is under the influence of its environment this is described in terms of a coupling between it and a separate system which taken together are isolated. We argue against this view, and in favor of the alternative open systems view, for which systems interacting with their environment are conceived of as fundamental, and the environment's influence is represented via the dynamical equations that govern the system's evolution. Taking quantum theories of closed and open systems as our case study, and considering three alternative notions of fundamentality: (i)~ontic fundamentality, (ii)~epistemic fundamentality, and (iii)~explanatory fundamentality, we argue that the open systems view is fundamental, and that this has important implications for the philosophy of physics, the philosophy of science, and for metaphysics.

Nafisa Patel

Array

Izak J. van der Walt

Atheistic natural scientists propagate a normative materialistic view of the universe, where God as creator is superfluous. Much effort is being expended to bring into disrepute any notion of extraneous control over the laws of nature. The idea of the universe and everything in it as an ongoing ‘cosmic accident’ is presented as the only truth. This is in stark contrast to recent scientific discoveries in disciplines such as biochemistry and palaeontology. In this article, the most recent developments in the fields of intelligent design and the anthropic principle will be interrogated to demonstrate that the reformed faith in God as Creator is credible and that the notion of creation as God’s general revelation to humankind is increasingly being accepted by the natural scientific community.

Ahmad Banyasady, meysam sefidkhos, khosrow bagheri et al.

After highlighting the importance of social mission in Humboldtian university idea, this article will inquire about the relation between this mission and human agency. To do this we employ a more deduction philosophical analysis method. Clarifying the meaning of the social mission of the university, which we use here, will be the first step. According to this criterion, in the second step, we will read out the social mission of this idea. The base for this part is more the Fichte and Humboldt's texts. Finding the main elements of human agency and its relation to this idea of the university will be the main step. In this case, results show, without considering the human agency, the expansion of cultivating in society and promoting the ethical culture of a nation, will be not possible. Furthermore, it seems the main phenomenon of the human agency should be considered in the social mission of this idea, as far as we could say they are too interdependent and linked to each other. Refer to some reasons why this idea is still alive and introduce some dimensions of our society, will be present in the last section.

Omar FERTAT

En sus inicios, el teatro marroquí, dirigido principalmente por jóvenes de los movimientos nacionalistas y reformistas, adoptó como lengua el árabe clásico o literario. Sin embargo, el darija, o árabe marroquí, pronto fue adoptado cada vez más por los dramaturgos marroquíes, hasta convertirse, a partir de la década de 1950, en la lengua principal del cuarto arte marroquí. Este artículo intentará trazar un panorama de la utilización del darija en el teatro marroquí, centrándose en los momentos más importantes de este proceso y destacando las experiencias más llamativas de algunos dramaturgos como Bouchïb el Bodaoui, Abdellah Chakroun, Tayeb Al-Alj, Tayeb Saddiki, Mohamed Kaouti, que no sólo utilizaron esta lengua como medio de comunicación ordinario, sino que la consagraron definitivamente como medio de expresión artística y literaria.

Samuel Deng, Achille Varzi

In the ML fairness literature, there have been few investigations through the viewpoint of philosophy, a lens that encourages the critical evaluation of basic assumptions. The purpose of this paper is to use three ideas from the philosophy of science and computer science to tease out blind spots in the assumptions that underlie ML fairness: abstraction, induction, and measurement. Through this investigation, we hope to warn of these methodological blind spots and encourage further interdisciplinary investigation in fair-ML through the framework of philosophy.

N. N. Ganikhodjaev, C. H. Pah, U. A. Rozikov

Motivating by the China's five element philosophy (CFEP) we construct a permuted Volterra quadratic stochastic operator acting on the four dimensional simplex. This operator (depending on 10 parameters) is considered as an evolution operator for CFEP. We study the discrete time dynamical system generated by this operator. Mainly our results related to a symmetric operator (depending on one parameter). We show that this operator has a unique fixed point, which is repeller. Moreover, in the case of non-zero parameter, it has two 5-periodic orbits. We divide the simplex to four subsets: the first set consists a single point (the fixed point); the second (resp. third) set is the set of initial points trajectories of which converge to the first (resp. second) 5-periodic orbit; the fourth subset is the set of initial points trajectories of which do not converge and their sets of limit points are infinite and lie on the boundary of the simplex. We give interpretations of our results to CFEP.