Hasil untuk "Petroleum refining. Petroleum products"

Mehdi Saffari, Pooria Kianoush, Behzad Saffari et al.

Abstract The Sarvak Formation in the Yadavaran oilfield within the Zagros Basin is a significant hydrocarbon reservoir characterized by complex sedimentological and diagenetic features influencing its reservoir quality. This study aims to investigate the sedimentological facies and diagenetic processes within the Sarvak Formation to enhance understanding of its reservoir potential. A comprehensive analysis was conducted using core samples, thin-section petrography, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The primary objectives included identifying distinct facies assemblages and correlating them with diagenetic alterations. The results indicate the presence of three key facies: lagoonal facies, characterized by fine-grained, bioturbated sediments with a high organic content, exhibiting a porosity of approximately 15–20%; open marine facies, consisting of well-sorted, coarse-grained sands with a lower organic content and porosity ranging from 10 to 12%; and transitional facies, which display mixed characteristics of both lagoonal and open marine environments, with porosity values between 12 and 18%. The integration of advanced analytical techniques, including SEM and XRD, provided detailed insights into mineralogical composition and microstructural features, highlighting the impact of diagenetic processes on reservoir quality. This study contributes to a more nuanced understanding of the Sarvak Formation’s reservoir characteristics, offering valuable insights for hydrocarbon exploration and production strategies in the Zagros Basin.

Sagheer A. Onaizi

In this study, a spent palm cooking oil-based mud with an excellent H2S scavenging capability induced by the inclusion of a small quantity of potassium permanganate is formulated and tested for the first time. The mud formulation, containing the spent palm oil as the continuous phase and water as the dispersed phase, respectively, was stabilized by Span 80 and rhamnolipid biosurfactant as primary and secondary emulsifiers, respectively, while hydrophobic zinc nanoparticles (NPs) were used as weighting agent. The results showed that H2S scavenging capacity at the breakthrough time reached 182.4 g H2S/barrel mud, which increased to 417.9 g H2S/barrel mud at the saturation time, demonstrating the effective H2S scavenging performance of the formulated mud. The spent palm oil-based mud (SPOBM) also showed a good flow behavior that could be well fitted using the Herschel-Bulkley and Casson models. The effect of temperature on the apparent viscosity of the SPOBM has been investigated, and the fitting of the viscosity-temperature data provided an estimate of the activation energy as 23.53 kJ/mol. The findings reported in this article reveal the feasibility of transforming the spent/waste cooking oils into a valuable commodity for formulating greener drilling fluids with acceptable rheology and excellent H2S scavenging performance.

Tao HU, Fujie JIANG, Xiongqi PANG et al.

Taking the Lower Permian Fengcheng Formation shale in Mahu Sag of Junggar Basin, NW China, as an example, core observation, test analysis, geological analysis and numerical simulation were applied to identify the shale oil micro-migration phenomenon. The hydrocarbon micro-migration in shale oil was quantitatively evaluated and verified by a self-created hydrocarbon expulsion potential method, and the petroleum geological significance of shale oil micro-migration evaluation was determined. Results show that significant micro-migration can be recognized between the organic-rich lamina and organic-poor lamina. The organic-rich lamina has strong hydrocarbon generation ability. The heavy components of hydrocarbon preferentially retained by kerogen swelling or adsorption, while the light components of hydrocarbon were migrated and accumulated to the interbedded felsic or carbonate organic-poor laminae as free oil. About 69% of the Fengcheng Formation shale samples in Well MY1 exhibit hydrocarbon charging phenomenon, while 31% of those exhibit hydrocarbon expulsion phenomenon. The reliability of the micro-migration evaluation results was verified by combining the group components based on the geochromatography effect, two-dimension nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, and the geochemical behavior of inorganic manganese elements in the process of hydrocarbon migration. Micro-migration is a bridge connecting the hydrocarbon accumulation elements in shale formations, which reflects the whole process of shale oil generation, expulsion and accumulation, and controls the content and composition of shale oil. The identification and evaluation of shale oil micro-migration will provide new perspectives for dynamically differential enrichment mechanism of shale oil and establishing a “multi-peak model in oil generation” of shale.

DENG Meizhou, NIU Na, YIN Shuang et al.

Tight sandstone gas reservoirs have the characteristics of poor physical properties of the reservoir， complex pore throat structure， strong anisotropy， and extensive coverage of initial water saturation， which lead to the complex flow mechanism of fluids in reservoirs and bring significant challenges to the accurate prediction and evaluation of gas well productivity. Therefore， based on the theory of gas-water two-phase non-Darcy flow， this study comprehensively considers the complex productivity factors， such as reservoir anisotropy， different degrees of stress sensitivity between reservoir matrix and fracture， two-phase starting pressure gradient， high-speed non-Darcy flow effect， gas slippage effect， finite conductivity of fracture， and inter-fracture interference. A new gas-water two-phase productivity prediction model for multistage fractured horizontal wells in anisotropic tight sandstone gas reservoirs is established by using coordinate transformation， perturbation ellipse theory， equivalent development rectangle theory， equivalent well diameter principle， pressure superposition principle， and hydropower similarity principle. Field examples verify the accuracy and practicability of the model. The gas-water two-phase productivity prediction curve is drawn， and the influence of sensitive parameters on productivity is evaluated. The results show that the open flow capacity of a fractured gas well increases with the increase in slippage effect， fracture conductivity， fracture half-length， fracture number， and the angles between the wellbore of the horizontal well and the main permeability of the formation. The open flow capacity of the fractured horizontal well decreases with the increase in reservoir anisotropy， reservoir stress sensitivity， fracture stress sensitivity， two-phase starting pressure gradient， and water-gas volume ratio. Water has an inhibitory effect on the flow of gas， and greater displacement pressure difference indicates a more significant inhibitory effect， so it is necessary to take waterproof and water control measures in advance. The research results further narrow the gap between the productivity prediction results of tight sandstone gas reservoirs and the actual production of the field， which is helpful for parameter evaluation， dynamic prediction， productivity evaluation， and exploration and development decision-making of tight sandstone gas reservoirs.

Xie Jianyong, Cheng Hui, Chu Yanjie et al.

The failure diagnosis indicators are featured by nonlinear separable similarity and uncertain relationship between failures and indications.It is difficult to conduct effective failure diagnosis on site for the electric submersible screw pump(EPCP)unit.Based on the statistical process control extended criterion and empirical judgment,multi-parameter rule charts,failure weight factor and normalization of collected field data,a failure diagnosis model of ESPCP unit was established,and a failure diagnosis method of multi-parameter process control was proposed.The operation and failure types of electric submersible screw pump unit are divided into 12 working conditions,7 characteristic parameters such as electrical parameters and production parameters were selected to characterize the production conditions of oil wells,and the judgment criteria and weight factors of on-site failure conditions were determined.Combined with the judgment trend of process control extended criteria and data feedback analysis,the failure with the highest probability is output.According to the on-site measured parameters of more than 20 failure wells in Xinjiang Oilfield,example calculation and verification analysis were carried out.The results show that the failure diagnosis method of multi-parameter process control and data feedback has strong analysis function and visualization.It provides theoretical basis and technical support for timely diagnosis and accurate judgment of the operation conditions and failures of ESPCP units.

Huang Liang, Guo Ruifeng, Wu Chunhong et al.

In view of the excessive damage of the conventional slip-type bridge plug to casing during anchoring,an inserted-tooth slip-type bridge plug was proposed and designed.The burst strength,circumferential strain and circumferential elongation of casing were calculated using the thick-wall cylinder model of the elastic theory and the finite element method,and the contact pressure and penetration depth between the slip tooth and the inner casing wall after the bridge plug anchoring were analyzed.The analysis shows that the higher side of the upper slip tooth is associated with higher stresses reaching the strength of cemented carbide,while those of the rest parts of the bridge plug are relatively low.After setting,the first row of teeth of the lower slip generates great stresses,and the teeth of the lower slip evenly contact the inner casing wall along the casing circumference,which provides solid installation and tight seal.Moreover,the inserted tooth has minor effects on the surface stress of casing.Finally,the casing anchoring testing was performed for the inserted-tooth slip,which shows that the pressure-bearing capacity and setting performance of the slip after setting are relatively stable and verified the structure design of the carbide slip.The findings of this research provide theoretical and experimental data for design optimization and application promotion of inserted-tooth slip-type bridge plugs in coiled tubing drilling of horizontal wells.

Yunjin WANG, Fujian ZHOU, Hang SU et al.

Considering the characteristics of carbonate reservoirs in the Middle East, a low-viscosity microemulsion acid that can be prepared on site and has an appropriate retardation ability was developed. It was compared with four conventional acid systems (hydrochloric acid, gelled acid, emulsified acid and surfactant acid) through experiments of rotating disk, multistage acid fracturing and core flooding with CT scanning. The micro-etching characteristics and conductivity of fracture surfaces were clarified, and the variation of saturation field during water invasion and flowback of spent acid and the recovery of oil phase relative permeability were quantitatively evaluated. The study shows that the addition of negatively charged agent to the oil core of microemulsion acid can enhance its adsorption capacity on the limestone surface and significantly reduce the H+ mass transfer rate. Moreover, the negatively charged oil core is immiscible with the Ca2 + salt, so that the microemulsion acid can keep an overall structure not be damaged by Ca2 + salt generated during reaction, with adjustable adsorption capacity and stable microemulsion structure. With high vertical permeability along the fracture walls, the microemulsion acid can penetrate into deep fracture wall to form network etching, which helps greatly improve the permeability of reservoirs around the fractures and keep a high conductivity under a high closure pressure. The spent microemulsion acid is miscible with crude oil to form microemulsion. The microemulsion, oil and water are in a nearly miscible state, with basically no water block and low flowback resistance, the flowback of spent acid and the relative permeability of oil are recovered to a high degree.

Azeez Adebisi, Ajiboye Abd-Rasheed, Tomomewo Olusegun et al.

Owing to strict emission-policies, vehicle manufacturers are mandated to control hazardous emissions from diesel engines. One novel step adopted in this work, is the use of hydrogen enrichment with nanofuel, where TiO2 nanoparticles- Afzelia Africana biodiesel-mix was blended with hydrogen for use in a diesel engine. 25 ppm TiO2 nanoparticles were admixed with biodiesel and ultrasonicated. Thereafter, H2 was introduced through the air inlet at the lowest possible flow rate (3–4 LPM) to avoid reaching H2/air explosion limit. The ratio of H2 to the blended fuels (BNH) is (15: 85 vol/vol %). The effects of the nanofuels blended with pure H2 were investigated by evaluating the brake thermal efficiency (BTE), wall temperature of the combustion chamber, NOx, CO, and HC emissions. Via a simplified model, the associated uncertainties in the parametric variations were determined while a Supervisory Computer Aided Data Acquisition (SCADA) system with an in-built program, was configured in the engine set-up for data generation. The results showed that higher BTE of the blends + 25 ppm TiO2 alongside hydrogen flowrates of 3 LPM and 4 LPM helped to improve the engine performance with lesser emissions of CO, NOx and HC respectively. Sample BNH@-3-LPM gave the best performance/BTE of 39.5 % compared to BNH@-4-LPM (32.4 %), BN (29 %) and diesel (29.4 %), whereas, BNH@-3-LPM gave the lowest emissions of 0.4, 5 and 81 g/kwh for CO, HC and NOx respectively compared with diesel which gave corresponding emissions of 0.8, 35 and 200 g/kwh for CO, HC and NOx respectively.

P. Chaurasia, S. L. Bharati, A. Mani

Petroleum and petroleum-based products are highly beneficial for our daily life system. Functioning of several industries and machineries directly depends on different forms of petroleum. There are strong possibilities of the release of such petroleum and petroleum-based compounds like aliphatic as well as aromatic hydrocarbons during their refining process, usage, storage, transport, and other activities due to the accidents, leakages, or just a little lack of awareness. Their exposure to soils or water causes serious problems for aquatic as well as human beings. The efficient removal or detoxification of such pollutants is the demand of the present time. The use of microbial sources for the bioremediation of such petroleum wastes may be promising technique because it does not require any drastic conditions for detoxification process and by-products produced by them are also harmless unlike chemical and other techniques. In this regard, this chapter discusses the enzymatic role in detoxification or bioremediation of petroleum-based hydrocarbons.

LIU Shugen, RAN Bo, YE Yuehao et al.

As a systematic study of the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation was carried out by paleontological comparison, thin section identification, scanning electron microscopy and Nitrogen Adsorption Method in Qilong Village outcrop, Xishui, Guizhou Province, the following main insights are obtained: ① The Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation in Qilong Village outcrop is complete, and is conformable with overlying Silurian Shiniulan Formation and the underlying Ordovician Jiancaogou Formation, with 12 graptolite biozones developed and without unconformity; ② Based on a variety of sedimentary fabric features, six major shale lithofacies in the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation are determined; ③ The quartz content of the Wufeng Longmaxi Formation decreases, while clay minerals increase gradually from the bottom to the top in Qilong Village outcrop, which shows the content of brittle minerals decreases, and a decrease of fracability of the shale from the bottom to the top; ④ The organic matter types of Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation in Qilong Village outcrop are mainly of type Ⅰ and type Ⅱ₁, and the high TOC shale is mainly distributed in the Wufeng and lower Longmaxi Formation; ⑤ There is relatively low paleoproductivity of the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation in Qilong Village outcrop. The high quality black shale was deposited in anoxic-dysoxic conditions, and high content of organic matter benefits from the high burial efficiency of organic matter; ⑥ The organic pores of the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation in Qilong Village outcrop are mainly distributed in Wufeng and lower Longmaxi Formation, while organic pores were not developed in the upper member of Longmaxi Formation or Guanyinqiao member. The abundance of the small pores vertically decreases with stratigraphy upwards and The abundance of the large pore increases with stratigraphy upwards; ⑦ The natural gas adsorption capacity of the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation in Qilong Village outcrop is a minimum of 1.62 m³/t, a maximum of 2.8 m³/t, and an average value of 2.13 m³/t. This shows that the larger the <i>TOC</i> value is, the stronger the corresponding adsorption capacity will be, and indicates organic matter content plays a decisive role in gas-bearing capacity of organic-rich shales.

Lian Zhanghua, Li Yonghong, Gu Tianping et al.

In order to study the tightness change of bimetal composite pipe in the life cycle,taking X60-825 composite pipe as an example,a 1/4 plane strain finite element model of bimetal-lined composite pipe was established by using ABAQUS software.The influences of temperature and pressure on the tightness of bimetal composite pipe under manufacturing,installation,operation and out of service conditions were all discussed.The study results show that the model could accurately simulate the tightness change of bimetal-lined composite pipe in the life cycle.Under the design condition,the temperature in the operation stage has limited influence on the tightness of the composite pipe and the composite pipe will not delaminate.In the operation stage,the tightness of bimetal-lined composite pipe increases with the increase of operation pressure.Therefore,properly increasing the operating pressure within the elastic-plastic limit of bimetal-lined composite pipe is helpful to improve the tightness of the composite pipe.The results provide some reference for the research and application of bimetal composite pipe.

Abdullaev G.S., Bogdanov A.N., Eydel'nant N.K.

The Fergana region is one of the five petroleum bearing regions of the Republic of Uzbekistan with proven industrial productivity in the stratigraphic range from Paleozoic to Neogene, including. An overview of the history of geological and geophysical exploration, lithological and stratigraphical characteristics of sections, tectonic structure and oil and gas content with stratigraphic and tectonic features of fields, their phase composition, the results of exploration activity, including those carried out by investors, the number of discovered petroleum accumulations, their ranking, concerning type of fluids. Highlighted the priority stratigraphic sections and territories for further exploration. Further oil and gas prospects of the region are justified by the presence of traps, as well as predicted and promising petroleum resources, which indicates the feasibility of further exploration for oil and gas in the Fergana region of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

Wantong Sun, Jun Pei, Na Wei et al.

It is easy to change the original temperature state of marine gas hydrate reservoir by drilling, which leads to uncontrollable decomposition of gas hydrate and release of large amount of gas. The decomposition gas will further escape and expand, and the reservoir will break and collapse due to its weak cementation characteristic, which will easily lead to a series of other potential risks. Therefore, in this study, based on the drilling process of marine gas hydrate, we establish the theoretical model and numerical calculation method of wellbore temperature field, analyze the influence on wellbore temperature of drilling fluid displacement, density, viscosity and injection temperature, and seawater depth. Then the sensitivity laws of reservoir risk in marine gas hydrate drilling are obtained. The results show that with the increase of drilling fluid displacement, density, viscosity and injection temperature, the temperature in lower well section and bottom hole will increase, making the increasing amplitude of temperature in hydrate reservoir larger and the scope of influence on hydrate reservoir stability bigger. Moreover, drilling is more likely to raise the temperature of reservoirs in shallow seawater depth, posing greater risks. Thus, engineering measures to avoid risks caused by rising reservoir temperature in marine gas hydrate reservoir drilling are presented. This study is of great significance to ensure the safety of marine gas hydrate reservoir drilling.

Emelyanova N.M., Poroskun V.I.

The article discusses the methods for obtaining a probabilistic estimate of oil and gas resources for subsurface areas based on summing up probabilistic estimation of local objects (traps) resources, taking into account the dependence of their geological risks. The formalization of the dependence of geological risks of traps was carried out by separating and probabilistic description of the geological factors, leading to the formation of oil and gas deposits, into common areas for all traps and local ones that operate within individual local objects. Two methods are proposed and analyzed: analytical method and Monte Carlo method. The identity of the results of both methods is confirmed by the given conditional example. The statistical interpretation of the probabilistic assessment of the site resources is given which allowed us to introduce the concept of “geological risk” for the site and thus to determine two types of resource estimates – taking into account the geological risk, and excluding geological risk. The geological conditions for the practical application of the proposed methods are defined.

Anthony Onakpohor, B. Fakinle, J. Sonibare et al.

The increase in price of the available refined petroleum products for local consumption in Nigeria had led to the emergence of indigenous technology for petroleum refining in some parts of the Niger Delta region. This study, therefore characterized and quantified artisanal refineries’ gaseous emissions for possible air pollutants based on various unit operations involved and evaluated their impacts. It measured the emissions directly from source using E8500 Portable Combustion Analyzer. It also categorized oven sizes/processing capacity of the refineries into various ranges in order to estimate emissions according to processing capacity. The result revealed that; pollutants emission varied significantly between the unit operations and increased with increase in processing capacity. When the emissions were compared with daily limits set by the Environmental Guidelines and Standard for Petroleum Industry in Nigeria (EGASPIN) 2002, the emissions (CO, NOx, and SO2) breached the available set limits. While with the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA), 1991 set limits for emissions from stationary source; HC and CO breached their limits. SO2 and H2S breached their lower limits but were below the upper limit, while NOx emissions were found within its set limit. The study concluded that, Nigeria Artisanal Petroleum Refineries are sources of air pollution, as they impact the host environment.

Jeramie J. Adams, Michael D. Elwardany, J. Planche et al.

Current asphalt binder production has significantly changed since the Strategic Highway Research Program Superpave days as a result of a number of economic, technical, and environmental reasons. Petroleum sources and product demands have changed considerably, and as a result, refining technologies have had to adapt as well as asphalt suppliers. Blending of crude oils and refining streams as well as additive treatment at various stages of extraction or refining by the addition of additives is now common practice and is continuing to grow. Considering asphalt as a straight-run vacuum residue from a single crude oil is now the exception. Most of the aforementioned changes can enhance binder properties when they are designed and controlled well. However, some of these changes trigger concerns about the quality and consistency of the delivered asphalt binder, especially as current specifications appear insufficient to ensure satisfactory field performance of the end products. The Asphalt Industry Research Cons...

Isabella Ruble

In 2018 the U.S. petroleum refining industry is the largest and most advanced in the world. Continuous consolidations and investments in complex refinery additions have allowed this industry to remain competitive and the shale oil revolution has contributed to the U.S. becoming a net exporter of refined petroleum products in 2008. In light of current and forecasted changes in refined petroleum product demand and worldwide refining capacity additions, the U.S. petroleum refining industry faces new challenges. This paper provides an in-depth study of this industry, presenting past trends, its current state and the effects that a changing U.S. crude oil production has on refiners. Furthermore, a scenario analysis is used to forecast future production levels and the volumes of major refined products available for exports over the years 2017–2032. The competitiveness of current U.S. gasoline and diesel exports is evaluated and forecasted gasoline and diesel demand in current export markets is compared to available export volumes. Major challenges facing refiners by changing market conditions and new regulatory rules are discussed. Finally, a set of recommendations is provided.

Lei WANG, Hui ZHANG, Xiaodong PENG et al.

The global mobility theory was used to evaluate the experimental results of oil displacement with water of different salinities. The results of scanning electron microscopy, X diffraction of clay minerals, nonlinear seepage and nuclear magnetic resonance experiments and particle migration inhibition experiments before and after water flooding were compared to determine the mechanisms of water sensitive damage and enhanced water flooding mechanism of low permeability sandy conglomerate reservoirs in Wushi region of Beibuwan Basin, China. A production equation of the oil-water two phase flow well considering low-speed non-Darcy seepage and reservoir stress sensitivity was established to evaluate the effect of changes in reservoir properties and oil-water two-phase seepage capacity on reservoir productivity quantitatively, and injection water source suitable for the low permeability sandy conglomerate reservoirs in Wushi region was selected according to dynamic compatibility experimental results of different types of injected water. The seepage capacity of reservoir is the strongest when the injected water is formation water of 2 times salinity. The water-sensitive damage mechanisms of the reservoirs in Wushi region include hydration of clay minerals and particle migration. By increasing the content of cations (especially K+ and Mg2+) in the injected water, the water-sensitive damage of the reservoir can be effectively inhibited. The formation water of Weizhou Formation can be used as the injection water source of low permeability sandy conglomerate reservoirs in the Wushi region. Key words: Beibuwan Basin, low permeability reservoir, sandy conglomerate reservoir, water-sensitive damage, enhanced water flooding, effective driving coefficient, global mobility, water flooding

Chaoyang Hu, Fengjiao Wang, Chi Ai

Abstract The swelling effect of high-pressure carbon dioxide (CO2) in coal seam is obvious. In the restrained deep formation, it is converted to stress acting on the wellbore and the caprock. The action stress is concentrated near the wellbore and poses a threat to the cement-formation interface. Due to interface failure to micro-annulus, wellbore integrity will be lost and this will have an impact on carbon dioxide-enhanced coalbed methane recovery (CO2-ECBM) and storage. In this paper, the pseudo-steady pressure distribution and steady pressure distribution of CO2 injection process were established after considering the change in permeability of coal seam injected with high-pressure supercritical CO2, and the vertical stress distribution model was derived. A one-dimensional radial numerical simulation formed by iterative method was established. A model for calculating the failure length at the cement-formation interface is obtained, and the shear stress and debonding length at the interface at various injection rates and times are calculated. The results show that the shear stress on the cement-formation interface has the maximum magnitude on the height of the interface between coal seam and caprock. The shear stress generated by coal swelling may break the fragile cement-formation interface into a narrow debonding interface. The injection rate has an influence on the interface failure length. For the same total injection amount, low injection rate is beneficial to protect the cement-formation interface integrity. This study provides a reference for the design of maximum injection speed for CO2-ECBM and storage to avoid leakage.

Hu Dong, Zhao Honglin, An Chen et al.

Underwater wet electrical connector is a connecting device used to connect underwater equipment in the working environment of sea water, oil and drilling fluid. Due to its harsh working environment, its sealing technology is of great importance. The service life of the connector is largely determined by its seal’s lifetime. Taking the compression set ratio as the indicator of degradation performance, the lifetime calculation of underwater wet electrical connector under constant temperature has been studied. By establishing the finite element model of thermoelectric coupling, the seal’s temperature distribution under working condition has been attained. The life prediction model based on Arrhenius formula has been built. Based on the seal lifetime and compression set ratio measured at different temperatures in national standard test, using step by step search method programming formula’s coefficients, the life prediction algorithm under the effect of temperature has been compiled. The relation of service life and permanent compression deformation rate under different temperatures could be attained by substituting the result of finite element calculation into the algorithm. The proposed method is of great importance for the life prediction of underwater wet electrical connectors.