Hasil untuk "Oriental languages and literatures"

Jiayi Zhu

This article provides a comprehensive examination of the historical evolution and interdisciplinary expansion of Turkish Studies in China. Türkiye’s strategic importance in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has significantly intensified Chinese academic interest, contributing to the emergence of Turkish Studies as a dynamic and evolving field. This study analyzes five core areas of development—Turkish language education, research centers, book and journal publications, graduate theses, and translation work—offering a structured evaluation of academic progress from 1949 to 2024. Originally limited to language and historical topics, Turkish Studies in China have increasingly incorporated disciplines such as political science, economics, cultural studies, and international relations. In particular, the post-2013 period has witnessed notable growth in scholarly output, institutional infrastructure, and student engagement, underscoring the field’s maturation and sustainability. By situating academic trends within the broader trajectory of Sino-Turkish relations, this article illustrates how scholarly production mirrors diplomatic, cultural, and geopolitical shifts. Furthermore, the findings demonstrate the central role of knowledge production and academic collaboration in fostering cross-cultural understanding and strategic partnerships between China and Türkiye. This study contributes to ongoing discussions on area studies in non-Western contexts and highlights the unique path of Turkish Studies in contemporary Chinese academia.

Orazio Maria Gnerre

This paper intends to evaluate some elements that make up the worldview of contemporary China. To do this, these factors are dealt with (among others): the positioning that China assumes and wants to assume on the planet, and the ensemble of geopolitical theories that derive from it; and the conception of politics with respect to centralization / decentralization issues. In addition to this, the role of the economic (and geoeconomic) vision of contemporary China is also highlighted, in particular in relation to the thoughts of Xi Jinping expressed in 2017 at the Davos Forum. It becomes important to understand, in this sense, the idea of globalization and multipolarity that China extends, as a guiding principle, to its foreign policy. This is because this is based on cultural roots of distant ancestry. Through these interrelated interpretative levels, it is possible to understand the function that China plays within the contemporary world and its contribution of ideas and visions.

Abdulbasit Arab Yousefabadi, Asiyeh Roudani

This study explores the concept of communicative distance from a psychological perspective, defined as the psychological and emotional gaps that emerge between individuals due to mental barriers, fears, and past experiences, which significantly influence the quality of human interactions. Communicative distance emerges as a vital tool in shaping narrative structures and developing characters, as it highlights internal conflicts and the complexities of interpersonal relationships. The novel The 99th Floor by Jana Fawaz Elhassan serves as the analytical case study, where the relationships of the main characters are constructed around these communicative distances, forming intricate behavioral patterns that intensify psychological and social tensions. The research aims to analyze and critique these communicative gaps, shedding light on their role in shaping the dramatic and psychological crises of the characters. Employing a psychoanalytic approach, the study focuses on character interactions within critical contexts. The findings reveal that communicative distance in The 99th Floor is vividly manifested in the relationship between Majd and Hilda, both of whom grapple with psychological traumas stemming from the Lebanese Civil War. These traumas create emotional barriers that hinder deep communication. Majd, as a Palestinian, faces identity-related challenges, while Hilda suffers from the loss of her family. These gaps are evident in moments of physical proximity devoid of emotional connection, underscoring psychological contradictions. Such distances exacerbate feelings of isolation, thereby intensifying internal conflicts and contributing to a realistic portrayal of the complexities of human relationships in the context of war. Ultimately, the novel offers a profound insight into the impact of communicative distances on the psyche in the contemporary world.   Keywords: Narratology, communicative distance, psychology, The 99th Floor, Hilda, Majd. __________________________________ Extended summary Introduction The intersection of psychology and literature provides a rich framework for understanding human behavior and relationships. Psychology, as an empirical science, examines mental and behavioral phenomena, while literature, as a creative art form, expresses human experiences, emotions, and imaginations through narrative. This study explores the concept of communicative distance—a psychological construct referring to the emotional and mental gaps between individuals caused by cognitive barriers, fears, and past experiences—and its role as a pivotal tool in narrative design and character development. Drawing on Jana Fawaz Elhassan’s novel The 99th Floor, the research investigates how communicative distances shape the psychological and social dynamics of the main characters, Majd and Hilda, within the context of the Lebanese Civil War. By employing a descriptive-analytical approach grounded in psychoanalytic theory, the study aims to analyze how these distances contribute to internal and external conflicts, deepen narrative tension, and reflect the broader impact of war on human connections. The research addresses two key questions: (1) how do communicative distances influence the psychological traits of Majd and Hilda? (2) What narrative techniques does Elhassan employ to highlight these distances and their impact on plot development and psychological conflicts? This analysis underscores the synergy between psychology and literature in illuminating complex human relationships. Materials & Methods This study adopts a descriptive-analytical methodology, integrating psychoanalytic theory to examine communicative distance in The 99th Floor. The primary material is the novel itself, with a focus on the interactions between the protagonists, Majd and Hilda. The research employs a qualitative approach, analyzing textual elements such as dialogue, descriptions, and symbolism to identify instances of communicative distance. A quantitative component is included to measure the frequency and intensity of communicative distances (intimate, personal, social, and public) within key scenes, using content analysis to categorize interactions based on their emotional and physical proximity. Data collection involves close reading and coding of narrative passages to identify patterns of psychological and emotional barriers, particularly those influenced by the characters’ war-related traumas. The psychoanalytic framework draws on theories of identity, trauma, and interpersonal dynamics, referencing works such as Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and studies on emotional detachment. The analysis also considers the socio-cultural context of the Lebanese Civil War, exploring how external factors shape internal conflicts. By combining textual analysis with psychological theory, the study ensures a rigorous examination of how communicative distances function as both a narrative device and a reflection of the characters’ psychological states, providing a comprehensive understanding of their role in the novel. Research findings The findings reveal that communicative distance in The 99th Floor significantly shapes the psychological profiles of Majd and Hilda, reflecting their war-induced traumas. Majd, a Palestinian grappling with identity crises due to displacement and conflict, exhibits emotional gaps that prevent deep relational connections, manifesting as reticence and alienation. Hilda, having lost her family in the war, displays emotional closure, driven by grief and fear of vulnerability, which further isolates her. These distances are most evident in scenes of physical proximity lacking emotional intimacy, highlighting psychological contradictions that intensify their internal conflicts. Quantitatively, the analysis identified frequent instances of personal communicative distance (45–90 cm) in their interactions, often juxtaposed with emotional detachment, occurring in approximately 60% of their shared scenes. Narrative techniques, including terse dialogues, vivid descriptions of physical closeness contrasted with emotional distance, and symbolic settings like confined spaces (e.g., elevators), underscore these gaps. Internal monologues and free indirect discourse further reveal the characters’ suppressed emotions, enhancing the portrayal of their psychological struggles. The findings demonstrate that communicative distances not only deepen character complexity but also amplify the narrative’s dramatic tension, offering a realistic depiction of human relationships fractured by war. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The study illustrates those communicative distances in the 99th Floor serve as a dual-purpose tool: a psychological mechanism reflecting the characters’ trauma and a narrative device enriching the plot. The emotional and psychological barriers between Majd and Hilda, rooted in their experiences of the Lebanese Civil War, create a dynamic interplay of isolation and conflict, aligning with psychoanalytic theories of trauma and identity. The frequent use of personal communicative distance, coupled with narrative techniques like symbolic settings and internal monologues, underscores the tension between physical proximity and emotional disconnection, effectively portraying the characters’ inner turmoil. These findings highlight Elhassan’s skillful use of communicative distance to craft a realistic and layered narrative, reflecting the broader impact of war on human connections. The study concludes that the 99th Floor offers profound insights into the psychological effects of communicative distances, contributing to a deeper understanding of how literature can illuminate complex human experiences. This research lays the groundwork for future studies exploring the intersection of psychology and literature in crisis contexts, emphasizing the role of communicative distance in character development and narrative progression, and reinforcing the novel’s significance as a study of human resilience and relational complexity.

Zsolt Simon

This paper argues that the unusual determinative MANUS+MANUS of the goddess Pahalati in Hama that resisted explanation until now can be understood due to its new attestation in the logographic spelling of a Cilician toponym. It will be shown that an earlier attempt that identified MANUS+MANUS as a variant of MAGNUS, the city as Urušša, and the name of the goddess as a Phoenician-Luwian mixed phrase meaning ‘Great Lady’, is palaeographically, linguistically, and geographically impossible. A clue to the decipherment of MANUS+MANUS is provided by the homo(io)phonous settlement in Cilicia, Pahra-, which explains how the same sign could have been used both as a determinative and as a logogram in accordance with the regular rules of the usage of the determinatives.

Zahra Cahya Putri

This article aims to analyze the stages of the plot structure of Kamil Kilani's Al-Lichyah Az-Zarqā'. The application of theory is done by using sequence theory or eight sequences. This theory is a more detailed and complex extension of Syd Field's three-act theory. The method used is descriptive qualitative with the technique of quoting sentences that are in accordance with the theory of eight sequences in Kamil Kilani's Al-Lichyah Az-Zarqā'. The results obtained from this study are that Kamil Kilani's Al-Lichyah Az-Zarqā' can be applied and analyzed using sequence theory which shows that the chapters in a story are not meant to inhibit creativity, but make the story more systematic. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis tahapan struktur alur Al-Lichyah Az-Zarqā' karya Kamil Kilani . Penerapan teori dilakukan dengan menggunakan teori barisan atau delapan barisan . Teori ini merupakan perluasan yang lebih rinci dan kompleks dari teori tiga babak Syd Field. Metode yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif dengan teknik mengutip kalimat-kalimat yang sesuai dengan teori delapan rangkaian dalam Al-Lichyah Az-Zarqā' karya Kamil Kilani . Hasil yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini adalah Al-Lichyah Az-Zarqā' karya Kamil Kilani dapat diterapkan dan dianalisis dengan menggunakan teori sequence yang menunjukkan bahwa bab-bab dalam sebuah cerita bukan dimaksudkan untuk menghambat kreativitas, namun membuat cerita menjadi lebih sistematis.

غرمان بن محمد بن عبد الله الشهري

تقوم هذه الدراسة بوصف ظاهرة الاعتراف بالحب في الشعر العربي القديم، ودراستها دراسة ثقافية تتجلى في الكشف عن دور الشعر في التعبير عن خفايا النفس، ومن ثم دراسة ذلك الخطاب الاعترافي دراسة تكشف كثيرًا من الدلالات الثقافية التي تتصل بأنساق فكرية ظاهرة ومضمرة في المجتمع العربي القديم في مراحله المختلفة، وتتمثل إشكالية هذه الدراسة في بيان مواطن الاعتراف في الشعر العربي القديم حتى نهاية العصر العباسي، ومن ثم دراسة هذا الشعر دراسة ثقافية تكشف عن طريقها الأنساق الثقافية التي انطوى عليها شعر الاعتراف في سياقاته المحيطة به. وهي -من ثم- تحاول رصد آثار الثقافة السائدة في ملامح الخطاب الشعري الذي يتكون من مصدر ذاتي يتمثل في تصورات الشاعر، ومصدر آخر هو الثقافة الاجتماعية التي يستمد منها الشاعر خطابه؛ إذ هو واحد ممن يعيشونها ويؤثرون فيها، ويتأثرون بها.

Mohammad Zaelani Musonif, Hanik Mahliatussikah, Kholisin Kholisin

This research aimed to investigate the indicators in the analysis of needs for the development of Arabic language e-learning. The research was important as it served as the foundation for aspects that would be developed in the subsequent Research and Development phases. The research employed a descriptive research method with a quantitative approach. Data was collected through observation techniques, survey questionnaires, and literature review. The analysis results were aimed at determining the percentage values of each indicator and categorizing them based on these percentages. The findings of the needs analysis research indicated that there were six aspects that needed to be developed in the Markaz Arabiyah e-learning, namely usage guidelines for E-learning, self-learning materials, practice exercises, university selection exam simulations, information about universities in the Middle East, and discussion access.

Yustin Sartika, Luthfie Arguby Purnomo, Lilik Untari et al.

From the perspectives of culinary linguistics, food writing typology, as proposed by Gerhardt, circumnavigates around food recipes, restaurant menus, and food labeling. This study attempts to propose the fourth food writing type, beveragraphy, which deals with beveragraphs or writings on drinking wares and the drink or liquid itself. This phenomenon of beveragraphy has caught Indonesian coffee shops by storm. To prove the existence of beveragraphy, we investigated this type of food writing by visiting 20 coffee shops, examined 60 beveragraphs, and interviewed the coffee shop managers, baristas, and customers. To prove that beveragraphy deserves a scholarly attention in the studies of food writing, we attempted to reveal its characteristics and functions by implementing the theory of food writing by Gerhardt, text typology by Reiss, meta-narrative loss in food discourse by Srinivas, and archetype theory in brand setting by Mark and Pearson. The findings indicate that beveragraphy is characterized by spatial restrictive writing and it functions as narrative and archetype synchronization. Future studies might employ the findings as a point of departure in food writing discourse.

Abdelkarim Amin Mohamed Soliman, Senem Ceylan

Hagia Sophia means sacred wisdom in Ancient Greek and had been used as a museum in the recent past. Currently it has been given the status of a place of worship with the official name of Ayasofya-i Kebir Cami-i Şerifi [Hagia Sophia Grand Mosque], and it has an important place in the religious cultures of Christianity and Islam. This patriarchal cathedral was built by Justinian I between 532-537 AD as a basilica and had served as the center of the Eastern Orthodox Church and its Ecumenical Patriarchy until Fatih Sultan MehmetKhan conquered Istanbul in 1453, when it gained the status of a mosque after the first Friday prayer he performed with his army on the third day of the conquest. Mehmet II dedicated the mosque with this first congregational prayer in Hagia Sophia and established the Fatih Complex and the Hagia Sofia Waqf. Thus, Hagia Sophia not only had a symbolic meaning and value in terms of indicating the power of the Ottoman State and the victory of the Muslims against the West but also became a sacred symbol in the hearts of Muslims. As a natural consequence of this, the reconquering of Hagia Sophia by Westerners became a goal to be reached. Being sacred to both Orthodox Christianity and Islam, Hagia Sophia has been equally important to both Christians and Muslims in terms of its location and as a cultural heritage site. From the conquest of Istanbul to the present day, first the Ottoman Empire and then the Republic of Türkiye made great sacrifices and efforts to protect Hagia Sophia. Hagia Sophia, which had been converted from a basilica into a mosque with the conquest of Istanbul and then into a museum with the Decree of the Council of Ministers published in 1934, was reconverted in 2020 into a mosque with Presidential Decree No. 2729 and left open for worship. This study discusses the image of Hagia Sophia in modern Arabic poetry and examines the architectural features of Hagia Sophia, the conquest of Istanbul by Fatih Sultan Mehmet and its conversion into a mosque, the elegies written for Hagia Sophia during World War I, and Hagia Sophia’s status changes.

T. Komarnytska

The paper is devoted to the analysis of lexical, grammatical and stylistic destructive phenomena typical for the language of mass culture, based on the material of the Japanese fashion magazine "Cosmopolitan Japan". In the field of the vocabulary of the language of fashion magazines, we observe a proliferation of unmotivated English borrowings, which mostly duplicate the meaning of genuine Japanese words, and therefore do not enrich the lexicon. A considerable number of such words are incomprehensible to Japanese readers, and therefore play not an informative, but an emotional role, decorating the text and making it "fashionable" and "stylish". The number of English borrowings in a fashion magazine may even exceed the number of Japanese words. In the field of morphology, a characteristic feature of the language of mass culture is the presence of hybrid units as the result of hybrid word formation and are mostly formed according to the "English borrowing + Japanese suffix" model. This method is the most common in creating verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. The created morphological hybrids do not correspond to either Japanese or English word formation norms, and therefore are a destructive phenomenon that negatively affects the language. In the field of syntax, we observe an overuse of syntactic expressive figures, in particular those based on missing speech components (ellipsis, nominative sentences). The predicate (or its verb part) usually undergoes reduction, which makes such sentences fragmentary, similar to spontaneous speech of a colloquial and everyday nature. Excessive use of ellipsis and nominative sentences interferes with the established syntactic norms of the Japanese language. The overuse of parcellation as a phenomenon that destroys the traditional syntactic structure of the Japanese sentence (which is characterized by a fixed order of words) seems to be equally destructive. A negative stylistic phenomenon is also the mixing of expressive styles and the indistinction of speech registers, which is also critical for the Japanese language, that is characterized by a category of politeness and a clear distinction between "high" and "low" styles. The above-mentioned phenomena are destructive, interfering with the recipient's "sense of language" and language norms, which can lead to a significant decline in language culture among young people being the main consumers of mass culture.

Baatr A. Okonov

The article aims to examine episodes of anti-religious activity of the Komsomol organization of Kalmykia in 1921–1941. The research is based on archival and published materials. The analysis of archival documents shows that despite the anti-religious policy actively pursued by Soviet authorities, the local party and Komsomol organizations failed to establish a system of effective anti-religious propaganda in Kalmykia. Notably, in their anti-religious activity, the Komsomol members had to deal with the multi-confessional population in Kalmykia. Granted the lack of guidelines for organizing the campaign against Buddhism, they often had to rely on practices used in the anti-religious work against Christianity: e.g., to follow the successful example of ‘Komsomol’ Christmas, the Tsagan Sar and other Kalmyk holidays were also introduced as ‘Komsomol’ events. Also, it was recommended that in their anti-religious work, the Komsomol activists were to take advantage of the split of the Buddhist clergy. After repressions against the clergy of all confessions that took place in the late 1930s, the anti-religious activity of the Komsomol organization in Kalmykia was reduced to formal work.

Badruzzaman Badruzzaman

To conduct the education process during the Corona pandemic, universities and schools benefited from educational technology. This research aims to identify the benefit of educational technology, the so-called e-learning, in the education process. As for the method of this research, it is a descriptive and analytical approach when the researcher analyzes the various teory related to e-learning in the education process. The results of the research are that e-learning helps the teacher and students in the education process during the Corona pandemic. E-learning does not eliminate the role of the teacher, but rather his role becomes more important.

Davut Şahbaz

ÖzHint Alt Kıtasının büyük şairi, filozofu, siyaset adamı ve düşünürü Muhammed İkbâl, Pakistan’ın kuramsal ideolojisinin yaratıcıları arasında ilk sıralarda yer alır. İslam’ın bir yaşam sistemi olduğunu düşünen Muhammed İkbâl, Hindu ve Müslümanların asla tek bir millet olamayacağına inanmıştır. Muhammed İkbâl’in 12 Aralık 1930 tarihinde, Hindistan’ın Allahabad şehrinde yapmış olduğu tarihi konuşma, dönemin toplumsal ve siyasal yapısını derinden etkilemiş ve Pakistan’ın bağımsızlık hareketine ivme kazandırmıştır. Muhammed İkbâl ile Muhammed Ali Cinnah arasında bu konuşmanın ertesinde politik alışveriş artmış ve Muhammed İkbâl'in bağımsızlık içeren siyasi tespit ve önerilerinden Muhammed Ali Cinnah faydalanmaya başlamıştır. Pakistan’ın milli lideri Muhammed Ali Cinnah’a yazdığı mektuplarında, Hindistanlı Müslümanlar için yeni ve bağımsız bir ülke kurulması gerektiğini vurgulayan İkbâl, Muhammed Ali Cinnah’a yeni kurulacak İslam devletinin ne şekilde kurulması gerektiğine dair tavsiyeler sunmuştur. Muhammed İkbâl’in milli mücadeleyi öngören bu tavsiyeleri Hindistan Müslümanlarının gaflet uykusundan uyanmasını sağlamış ve Pakistan’ın kuruluş sürecine ön ayak olmuştur. Muhammed İkbâl 'in Muhammed Ali Cinnah'a yazdığı mektuplar ilk olarak Şeyh Muhammed Eşref tarafından Nisan 1943'te yayınlanmıştır. Bu çalışmada Muhammed İkbâl’in Muhammed Ali Cinnah’a 23 Mayıs 1936 ile 10 Kasım 1937 tarihleri arasında yazmış olduğu 16 adet mektup incelenerek çözümlenmiş ve Muhammed İkbâl’in Pakistan’ın kurulma sürecine hangi türde katkılar sunduğuna dair çıkarımlar yapılmıştır.

T. Komarnytska

The paper analyzes the loanwords from the American English the Japanese language considering the diachronic perspective in relation to historical and socio-cultural processes that took place in Japan. The periodization of the waves of penetration of such borrowings into the Japanese language system considering socio-cultural shifts in Japanese society is offered. The first wave, which can be dated from the end of the XIX cent. till 1930s, consists of the first borrowings-Americanisms, the penetration of which into the Japanese language is connected with the first systematic contacts between Japan and the USA, as well as the humanitarian aid of the USA of Japan after the Great earthquake of 1923. The second wave can be dated from 1940s till 1980s; during these years in the context of post-war American occupation, Japan became obsessed with American mass culture and, consequently, spread its own mass culture created on the basis of an American one. In the Japanese language system, this stage is characterized by an avalanche-like enrichment of the gairaigo lexical layer by borrowings-Americanisms, followed by the "digestion" of foreign words and their deeper integration into the system of the national language through the creation of pseudo-English words called waseieigo, as well as the spread of abbreviation. In the field of linguistics, the second stage is characterized by the beginning of scientific understanding of the significance of borrowings-Americanisms in the Japanese language and the analysis of the destructive role of these units for the language culture. The third wave of penetration of American-English borrowings is believed to be related to the proliferation of the Internet, the main language of which is English; accordingly, this stage can be dated to the 1990s until now. The main feature of the last wave is the adaptation of borrowings to the needs and norms of the national language, resulting in the activation of hybrid word formation and the creation of mixed units consisting of either a Japanese root and a borrowed affix, or vice-versa, or shortened foreign and Japanese words (hybrid abbreviation).

Abeer Obeid Al-Shbail

Almost all Oriental studies agree on the concept that Orientalism is a scholarly research based on survey and comprehensiveness, undertaken by European elites to comprehensively understand the East and to formulate a discursive image of its conditions. It has been agreed that the Orientalist is a researcher who is interested in the deep knowledge of the religions of the East, its cultures, languages, and literatures. It is certain that Orientalist knowledge does not stop at all; it extends as it accumulates to form different and contrastive contexts, and operates according to specific methods. Under our chosen title we intend to show the different various schools of orientalism and their methods of introspection. We also intend to explore the difference between the two concepts of "Orientalism" and "Occidentalism" and the roles they have taken. We will also show how the heritage written in Arabic has been undertaken as the necessary condition for Western institutions to acquire the keys of entering into the East and possessing its grand wealth. It was not possible for the West to succeed in its project had it not began working on possessing Arabic language and the culture in which it is written. That was the first codified step which was seen as the most important factor in learning Arabic and teaching it to future generations of the West, and which perhaps linked the Arabic linguistic lesson with Islam. In this study we will also discuss the most important goals sought by the orientalists as they are doing great services to the West in its discursive progress, as it was strongly shown in their interests in the Holy Quran translations, a phenomenon which is worthy of attention. We studied this matter in comprehensive characterization and analysis. We tried also to find justifications for the Orientalists' interests in modern Arab literary works. Finally, we have reached some notable conclusions in this regard, the most important of which is the mission of the Orientalists. At the same time, we have shown how the Orientalist research has helped spread Arabism outside the geography of the Arab world. Our main goal in all of this is the supplication to Allah the Almighty to extend our nation, language and culture with prosperity and continuity. Keywords: Orientalism, occidentalism, Arabic language DOI : 10.7176/JLLL/52-10

G. S. Sagidolda

Declension system of the Turkic languages is characterized by a large number of cases and a variety of forms of cases. The research works indicate the number of cases in the Turkic languages in different ways, in some languages they are considered to be 6, and in the others 7 or 8. There are different opinions about the number of cases in the language of the ancient Turkic written monuments, known as the source of the Turkic languages. Some scholars define 11 cases and some say that the number of main cases is 7. In the language of the Orkhon, Yenisei and Talas monuments there are hidden or null form of cases, as well as the meaning of cases can be given by individual words. Also, some endings correspond with the formants of other cases according to the form or comply with other formants of cases according to the meaning. If we look at the course of historical formation and development of case endings (formants) in the language of the ancient Turkic written monuments, the written heritage of medieval Turkic language and modern Turkic languages, we notice that in general, the reconstructed original Ancient Altaic and Turkic proto-language form is preserved in the declension system. The peculiarities of the declension system of the modern Turkic languages are connected with a variety of case endings that is a phonetic variation by adding endings to the last sound of the root-word.

Qusaiyen Qusaiyen, Chairil Ramadhan

كان الإنشاء درسا من الدروس العربية في المعاهد الإسلامية.وهو يلعب دورا هاما في ترقية فهم اللغة العربية. والإنشاء فرع من الفروع العربية لترقية مهارة الكتابة،ومن ثم يسهل الطلبة في التعبير عما في نفسه من الأفكار والأراء بالكتابة الصحيحة. والواقع لايزال الطلبة يواجهون المشكلات في تعلم مادة الإنشاء حيث إنهم لايقدرون على كتابة الجمل والفقرات وفقا بقواعد النحوية الصحيحة. وأما الأهداف من هذا البحث هي التعرف على المشكلات التى يواجهها الطلبة في تعلم الإنشاء و التعرف على محاولاتمن المعلم لحلول المشكلات. إن منهج البحث الذي يعتمد عليه الباحث في كتابة هذه الرسالة هو منهجوصفي حيث يصف الباحث ويحلل البيانات والمعلومات المحصولة عليه. وتجمع البينات والمعلومات لهذا البحث بتوزيع الاستبانة للطلبة والمقابلة الشخصية مع معلم الإنشاء. إنّ المجتمع لهذا البحث هو جميع الطلبة بمعهد مصباح العلوم العصري الإسلامي للمرحلة الثانوية من الفصل الأول إلى الثالث وعددهم 385، فأخذ الباحث الطلبة في الفصل الخامس (د)من البنات والخامس (أ) من البنين للمرحلة الثانوية كعينة البحث وعددهم 59 طالبا و أخذ كلهم للعينة.ونتائج البحث هي أن المشكلات التي يواجهها الطلبة في تعلم الإنشاء هي قلة سيطرة على المفردات ،وقلة فهم القواعد النحوية والصرفية، وقلة المراجعة الدرس، وقلة أوقات التعلم، وعدم المداومة في قراءة النصوص العربية، وتعلم غير النشاطي، ويضعفون في تكوين الجملة المفيدة، والتعب والنعاس والكسال.ومن محاولات المعلم لحلول المشكلات الطلبة في تعلم الإنشاء هي تكوين مركز تطوير اللغة ((LDC، ومراجعة المواد السابقة عند المعلم قبل أن يبدأ المواد الجديدة. وإدخال المادة الإنشاء إلى الدرس الإضافي في النهار. وإصلاح اللغة داخل وخارج الفصل، ويحث المعلم الطلبة بتعليم الإنشاء في أي مكان. وتقديم الأسئلة التدريب التحريري أوالشفهي كالإعراب والحفظ وتغيير الكلمات أوالجمال العربية. واستخدام عدة الوسائل كالسبورة والمسلاط عند شرح المعلم المادة الصعوبة لترقية قدرة الطلبة على فهم المادة.

Aleksandr S. Zheleznyakov

The article is a summary of the report made at the Days of Institute of Oriental Studies (RAS) at Kalmyk State University on 26 April 2017. It deals with the issues and trends related to the topic of civilizational world order poorly understood in modern science. The paper analyzes the place assigned to nomadic peoples within the conceptions developed by N. Danilevsky, P. Sorokin, A. J. Toynbee and O. Spengler. According to N. Danilevsky, nomads of Innermost Asia are a long-extinct community that had once acted as a 'negative history maker'. P. Sorokin refutes the priority of microcategories for dividing humanity into monotypic social communities and stresses that the number of 'minor cultural systems is virtually unlimited'; enclosing the term 'civilization' in quotation marks he thus applies it to any communities, including disorganized populations, i.e. unlike Danilevsky with his theory of 'historical-cultural types', - attaches the term not only to 'positive history makers', but also to those referred to as 'negative' and 'passive'. As for A. J. Toynbee, he divides all civilizations into three types, the civilization of Innermost Asia being designated as a long-extinct civilization of Type Three (nomads) and further as that of Type Two (Far Eastern Christian civilization). So, he suggests that present-day inhabitants of Innermost Asia are just remnants of the past. And just like Danilevsky and Toynbee, Spengler considered the Mongolian vector to be long-obsolete. Thus, world order schemes established by classic researchers of civiliography do not mention the contemporary Mongolian civilization. The paper suggests that the classics of civiliography should be thoroughly revisited with due regard of the reshaped historical conditions, new experiences and knowledge accumuated by humanity. Nowadays when it necessary to evaluate a generalized image, activities, and mututal relations of diverse peoples, any attempts to maintain the idea of differences between nations by the criteria of 'cultural development' shall result in ethnic collisions The discovery of Mongolian civilization in the classical civilizational picture of the modern world liberated from nomadophobia by Pitirim Sorokin has actual value. It seems this can help the theorists of civiliography and geopolitics cope with the trend of combining the two incompatible notions - on the one hand, the concept of 'chosen' and 'exceptional' nations and, on the other hand, that of a diverse and multipolar world.

K. Maksimova

Public-private partnership is one of the most promising tools for financing projects, which includes benefits for both the state (improved fiscal, economic and social benefits of infrastructure projects) and the private sector (the guaranteed cash flow for a long time). The choice of financing mechanisms is a key issue of joint investment projects between state and private sector. Another important issue is a financial security in the implementation of public-private partnership projects that pre-determines the level of its investment potential and cost-effectiveness. Since capital investment requires rational, economically profitable placement, it is necessary to find such solutions which would provide proper business profitability of the investment at a reasonable risk allocation and resolve issues within the competence of the state. The equity investment and credit resources of private banks are considered to be the main financing sources of the public-private partnership projects. The state support provides guarantee and direct budget investments in order to encourage investors and develop the market. Combining different funding sources of the project allows the state and municipal authorities to improve fiscal, economic and social effectiveness of the project and attract a large number of potential investors and lenders. The state can vary the proposed financing model for each project, which makes it possible to supervise its attractiveness for both the society and investors. The types and forms of the state and private sector participation in financing the projects on the base of mutual interests for both parties are considered in the article.

Svetlana D. Tribushinina

Nowadays special attention is paid to studies on the role of leisure-time activities in the preservation of ethnic customs and traditions. Culture comprises the diverse fields of human activity and historical achievements - from economy to household aspects, including social, material, and spiritual spheres of human life. The spiritual one, in its turn, comprises the field of folk knowledge which is a sub-system of traditional culture. Ethnic medicine contains important and vast knowledge accumulated by the Mordvins. Yu. Bromley characterized ethnic medicine as a set of healing methods and means applied by a certain people. L. Nikonova notes that ethnic medicine also comprises methods of how to stay healthy, sanitary-hygienic standards, and disease prevention measures. Thus, in the realm of ethnic medicine leisure-time activities act as a means to prevent diseases and strengthen health with positive emotional effects. When it came to arrange such activities, the Mordvins gave attention not only to healthfulness but also to communicative opportunities. Communication is a universal way, form, and means of cultural activities, being based on processing and transmission of information obtained by mankind. The communicative function of culture is to accumulate, store, and transmit experience, knowledge, customs, traditions, etc. Leisure-time activities comprise holidays, games, gatherings, circle dances, theatre performances, etc. The paper concludes that folk leisure-time traditions play a significant role in health preserving and disease prevention for the Mordvin people. Active leisure-time arrangements facilitate the physical development of children and youth, the emotional uplift being essentially health-beneficial. For adult Mordvins those were means to diversify their activities, that somewhat added to psychological comfort. The emotional life of the ethnos was influenced by magic elements of holidays and games. Leisure-time activities also served to impart folk knowledge upon younger generations and develop skills required in adult life.