Hasil untuk "Oils, fats, and waxes"

Jochen Weiss, Sebastian Mannweiler, Hanna Salminen

Lipids are key compounds in foods and provide energy and nutrients to the body. They are carriers of aroma and flavor compounds and contribute to structure and texture. Nutritional research has shown that positive effects on human health are derived from the intake of specific lipids. Similarly, food science research has shown that food matrix design benefits from having tailored lipid fractions with specific functions such as melting profiles, crystal structures, and oil-binding capacities. Minor constituents such as polar lipids or waxes also have valuable functional properties such as the ability to stabilize interfaces, facilitate spreadability, provide barriers, or act as organogelators. Coupled with the emergence of new feedstocks such as new plants, microbes, or insects, this has fueled a renewed interest in designing efficient, effective, and environmentally friendly processes to extract and fractionate lipids from feedstocks. Such precision-processing approaches are intended to yield not just bulk oils and fats but also specialty lipids with tailored properties. In this review article, we discuss the extraction and fractionation approaches used to obtain lipid fractions from plants, animals, or microbial fermentation, discuss their properties and functionalities, and highlight process design approaches, with a focus on sustainable extraction technologies. Recent advances in the three main steps in obtaining food lipids are highlighted: (a) crude oil manufacture; (b) refinement; and (c) fractionization. Finally, three case studies of specialty ingredients derived from such precision-processing approaches are presented.

Varun Kulkarni, Suhas Tamvada, Yashasvi Venkata Lolla et al.

Recent studies have shown that capillary waves generated by bursting of an oil drop at the water-air interface produces a daughter droplet inside the bath while part of it floats above it. Successive bursting events produce next generations of daughter droplets, gradually diminishing in size until the entire volume of oil rests atop the water-air interface. In this work, we demonstrate two different ways to modulate this process by modifying the constitution of the drop. Firstly, we introduce hydrophilic clay particles inside the parent oil drop and show that it arrests the cascade of daughter droplet generation preventing it from floating over the water-air interface. Secondly, we show that bursting behavior can be modified by a compound water-oil-air interface made of a film of oil with finite thickness and design a regime map which displays each of these outcomes. We underpin both of these demonstrations by theoretical arguments providing criteria to predict outcomes resulting therein. Lastly, all our scenarios have a direct relation to control of oil-water separation and stability of emulsified solutions in a wide variety of applications which include drug delivery, enhanced oil recovery, oil spills and food processing where a dispersed oil phase tries to separate from a continuous phase.

Yanfeng Yang, Lihong Zhang, Ziqi Chen et al.

Accurately estimating the mixed oil length plays a big role in the economic benefit for oil pipeline network. While various proposed methods have tried to predict the mixed oil length, they often exhibit an extremely high probability (around 50\%) of underestimating it. This is attributed to their failure to consider the statistical variability inherent in the estimated length of mixed oil. To address such issues, we propose to use the conditional diffusion model to learn the distribution of the mixed oil length given pipeline features. Subsequently, we design a confidence interval estimation for the length of the mixed oil based on the pseudo-samples generated by the learned diffusion model. To our knowledge, we are the first to present an estimation scheme for confidence interval of the oil-mixing length that considers statistical variability, thereby reducing the possibility of underestimating it. When employing the upper bound of the interval as a reference for excluding the mixed oil, the probability of underestimation can be as minimal as 5\%, a substantial reduction compared to 50\%. Furthermore, utilizing the mean of the generated pseudo samples as the estimator for the mixed oil length enhances prediction accuracy by at least 10\% compared to commonly used methods.

Ahsan Leisi, Navid Shad Manaman

Abstract Understanding the distribution of shear wave velocity (V S ) in hydrocarbon reservoirs is a crucial concern in reservoir geophysics. This geophysical parameter is utilized for reservoir characterization, calculating elastic properties, assessing fractures, and evaluating reservoir quality. Unfortunately, not all wells have available V S data due to the expensive nature of its measurements. Hence, it is crucial to calculate this parameter using other relevant features. Therefore, over the past few decades, numerous techniques have been introduced to calculate the V S data using petrophysical logs in wells with limited information. Unfortunately, the majority of these methods have a drawback they only offer insight into the location of the wells and do not provide any details regarding the distribution of V S in the space between the wells. In this article, we employed three-dimensional post-stack seismic attributes and well-logging data integration to predict the distribution of V S in the Asmari formation in an Iranian oil field. To accomplish this objective, the model-based seismic inversion algorithm was utilized to convert the seismic section into the acoustic impedance (AI) section. Then, AI and seismic data were utilized in the cross-validation method to determine the relevant attributes for predicting the spatial distribution of V S throughout the entire reservoir area, using an artificial neural network. The proposed method was shown to provide 94% correlation and 109 m/s error between the actual and estimated V S . Also, the calculated V S section has a high correlation with the actual logs at the location of the wells.

曾广镇1,2，赵志浩2，周鹏飞2，邓媛元2，魏振承2，张雁2， 唐小俊2，刘光2，李萍2，张名位2 ZENG Guangzhen1,2, ZHAO Zhihao2, ZHOU Pengfei2, DENG Yuanyuan2, WEI Zhencheng2, ZHANG Yan2, TANG Xiaojun2, LIU Guang2, LI Ping2, ZHANG Mingwei2

为了对花生油体的工业化提取和基于油体乳化体系新产品的开发提供参考，探究了去红衣与超声处理对花生油体提取及其乳化特性、抗氧化活性的影响。不同预处理的花生经水相提取，得到油体、清液和沉淀三相，测定了三相中固形物、脂肪、蛋白质的含量和分布，并分析了油体的乳化特性、总酚与总黄酮含量以及抗氧化活性。结果表明：去红衣将脂肪在油体中的分布由63.36%提高至65.30%，与超声联合处理时进一步将其提高至68.13%；去红衣处理不利于花生油体的稳定性和抗氧化活性；与对照组相比，去红衣组油体乳液平均粒径由2 510.00 nm上升至2 953.67 nm，动力学稳定性降低；去红衣组油体总酚、总黄酮含量最低，分别为71.01 μg/g与47.14 μg/g；超声处理促进了花生油体的溶出，且提取的油体乳化稳定性和抗氧化活性最高，其乳液平均粒径为1 742.00 nm，乳化活性指数和乳化稳定性指数分别为114.48 m2/g与1 848.40 min，动力学稳定性最佳，总酚、总黄酮含量分别为101.24 μg/g与59.97 μg/g。综上，去红衣处理有利于花生油体的提取，但会降低其稳定性与抗氧化活性，而超声处理不仅有利于花生油体的提取，还增强了其乳化稳定性和抗氧化活性。In order to provide reference for the industrial extraction of peanut oil bodies and the development of new products based on oil body emulsification system, the effects of peanut testa removal and ultrasonic treatment on the extraction of oil body and its emulsification and antioxidant properties were investigated. Different pretreated peanuts were extracted by aqueous phase to obtain oil body, supernatant and precipitation, then the content and distribution of solids, oils and proteins in above three phases were measured, and the emulsifying properties, total polyphenol contents, total flavonoid contents, and antioxidant properties of the oil body were analyzed. The results showed that the removal of peanut testa increased the distribution of oils in oil body from 63.36% to 65.30%, and the combined treatment of peanut testa removal and ultrasound further increased the distribution of oils in oil body to 68.13%. The peanut testa removal treatment was not conducive to the stability and antioxidant properties of peanut oil body. Compared with the control group, the average particle size of oil body emulsion in the peanut testa removal treatment group increased from 2 510.00 nm to 2 953.67 nm, meanwhile the kinetic stability decreased. In addition, the contents of total polyphenols and total flavonoids in the peanut testa removal treatment group were the lowest, which were 71.01 μg/g and 47.14 μg/g, respectively. Ultrasonic treatment promoted the dissolution of oil body in peanut, and oil body possessed optimal emulsion stability and antioxidant properties. The average particle size of the ultrasonic emulsion was 1 742.00 nm, the emulsifying activity index and emulsion stability index were 114.48 m2/g and 1 848.40 min, respectively, the dynamic stability was the best, and the contents of total polyphenol and total flavonoid were 101.24 μg/g and 59.97 μg/g. In general, the removal of peanut testa is beneficial to the extraction of peanut oil body, but reduces the stability and antioxidant properties. Ultrasonic treatment is not only beneficial to the extraction of peanut oil body, but also enhances the emulsion stability and antioxidant properties of oil body.

FU Yaru, ZHANG Dong, YAN Feng et al.

<b>[Objective]</b> Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage(CCUS) technology is recognized as a crucial technology for strategically reducing CO₂ emissions. Supercritical CO₂ pipeline transmission represents the most cost-effective method to connect carbon capture with carbon storage. Due to the decompression wave characteristics of supercritical CO₂ and the Joule-Thomson effect of CO₂, CO₂ pipelines are susceptible to long-distance crack propagation following fractures, posing a threat to the safety of pipeline operation. <b>[Methods]</b> Instrumented impact experiments were conducted, using transverse specimens from the base metal of L360M pipes, to investigate the crack propagation mechanism of supercritical CO₂ pipelines. Following that, a numerical simulation model was established and the Cohesive Zone Model(CZM) was utilized to describe material damage. By comparing curves from the experiments and simulations, parameters were calibrated for the CZM, leading to the development of a finite element model for crack propagation in supercritical CO₂ pipelines. Simulations were performed after inputting the calibrated CZM parameters into the finite element model, to explore the effects of internal pressure, wall thickness, and pipe diameter on the crack propagation velocity. <b>[Results]</b> The CZM effectively simulated the dynamic progression of crack propagation, and the simulation results exhibited an overall trend consistent with the experimental results. The CZM parameters calibrated and verified through comparison with experimental results proved effective in numerically simulating crack propagation within the pipeline model. In supercritical CO₂pipelines, the crack propagation velocity increased with higher internal pressure, larger pipe diameter, and lower wall thickness.<b>[Conclusion]</b> Crack arrest pressures corresponding to different pipe diameters and wall thicknesses and the minimum wall thickness suitable for a pipe diameter of 323 mm were identified for supercritical CO₂ pipelines through calculations based on the above results.The research outcomes lay a theoretical groundwork for understanding crack arrest in supercritical CO₂ pipelines and offer practical engineering applications with a useful reference point.

Abhishek Ramanathapura Satyanarayana, Maruf A. Dhali

Crude oil is an integral component of the world economy and transportation sectors. With the growing demand for crude oil due to its widespread applications, accidental oil spills are unfortunate yet unavoidable. Even though oil spills are difficult to clean up, the first and foremost challenge is to detect them. In this research, the authors test the feasibility of deep encoder-decoder models that can be trained effectively to detect oil spills remotely. The work examines and compares the results from several segmentation models on high dimensional satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) image data to pave the way for further in-depth research. Multiple combinations of models are used to run the experiments. The best-performing model is the one with the ResNet-50 encoder and DeepLabV3+ decoder. It achieves a mean Intersection over Union (IoU) of 64.868% and an improved class IoU of 61.549% for the ``oil spill" class when compared with the previous benchmark model, which achieved a mean IoU of 65.05% and a class IoU of 53.38% for the ``oil spill" class.

HE Haiyan, LIU Xianshan, GENG Shaoyang, SUN Junchang, SUN Yanchun, JIA Qian

Peak shaving and supply guarantee are the functions of Underground Gas Storage（UGS）. The accurate prediction of the UGS construction index is related to the number of new wells and investments. When a complex fault block reservoir is transformed into UGS, it encounters three-phase flow（oil, gas, and water） during multi-cycle and high-velocity operations. The petrophysical properties of oil and gas are greatly affected by temperature. Without considering the temperature disturbance after cold gas injection and the additional pressure loss of high-velocity turbulence, the index prediction accuracy of the existing numerical simulation methods for UGS is low. To improve the accuracy of index prediction for a UGS rebuilt from a complex fault block oil reservoir, combined with fluid viscosity-temperature and high-velocity turbulence experiments, a coupled mathematical model of seepage and temperature is established. The model is solved discretely using the Finite Volume Method（FVM）, with a Two-Point Flux Approximation（TPFA） scheme for spatial discretization and a backward （implicit） Euler scheme for temporal discretization. The material balance and pressure of the reservoir and single well in the depletion development stage are matched with high precision. The sensitivity analysis of the UGS operation index is carried out in an example. The results show that the disturbance of the cold gas injection temperature field and high-velocity non-Darcy effect is the main controlling factors of accumulative oil production and gas volume error respectively. The well control temperature range increases logarithmically with the gas injection rate and the water-phase seepage capacity increases when the oil-phase and gas-phase seepage capacity decreases significantly, resulting in the increase of the produced liquid volume and the decrease of formation pressure. The additional pressure drop caused by high-velocity turbulent flow results in some injected natural gas not being produced, leading to an increase in natural gas reserves and pressure over successive cycles.

黄梅1,2，任华东1，姚小华1，王开良1，吴霜1,2，杨水平2，常君1 HUANG Mei1,2, REN Huadong1 , YAO Xiaohua1, WANG Kailiang1, WU Shuang1,2, YANG Shuiping2, CHANG Jun1

为了更好地推动薄壳山核桃生物活性成分的相关研究，对薄壳山核桃不饱和脂肪酸、酚类化合物、维生素E、植物甾醇、角鲨烯、类胡萝卜素等主要生物活性成分研究进展进行了综述，并总结了薄壳山核桃及其提取物在抗氧化、降血脂、降血糖、保护肝脏、抗癌等方面的保健作用。薄壳山核桃含有丰富的生物活性成分，基于其生物活性成分的新产品开发将是未来研究的重点。 In order to better promote the research on the bioactive components of pecan, the research progress of the main bioactive components of pecan, such as unsaturated fatty acids, phenolic compounds, vitamin E, phytosterols, squalene, carotenoids, was reviewed, and the health effects of pecan and its extracts on antioxidation, blood lipid lowering, blood sugar lowering, liver protection, and anti-cancer were summarized. The pecan is rich in bioactive components, and the development of new products based on its bioactive components will be the focus of future research.

Michele Graffeo, Andrea T. Ricolfi

The Behrend function of a $\mathbb C$-scheme $X$ is a constructible function $ν_X\colon X(\mathbb C) \to \mathbb Z$ introduced by Behrend, intrinsic to the scheme structure of $X$. It is a (subtle) invariant of singularities of $X$, playing a prominent role in enumerative geometry. To date, only a handful of general properties of the Behrend function are known. In this paper, we compute it for a large class of fat points (schemes supported at a single point). We first observe that, if $X \hookrightarrow \mathbb A^N$ is a fat point, $ν_X$ is the sum of the multiplicities of the irreducible components of the exceptional divisor $E_{X}\mathbb A^N$ in the blowup $\textrm{Bl}_{X}\mathbb A^N$. Moreover, we prove that $ν_X$ can be computed explicitly through the normalisation of $\textrm{Bl}_{X}\mathbb A^N$. The proofs of our explicit formulas for the Behrend function of a fat point in $\mathbb A^2$ rely heavily on toric geometry techniques. Along the way, we find a formula for the number of irreducible components of $E_{X}\mathbb A^2$, where $X \hookrightarrow \mathbb A^2$ is a fat point such that $\textrm{Bl}_{X}\mathbb A^2$ is normal.

Jian-lin DING, Xin XI, Dui-hong ZHANG

With the continuous development of pipeline industry in China, the third generation of pipeline technology system, represented by China–Russia Eastern Gas Pipeline, has been established, and China's overall technical level of using pipeline for energy transportation has reached the first class in the world. Herein, the development status of technologies in the fields of design and construction, material and equipment, transportation and storage, and security and maintenance of pipeline projects in China was summarized systematically. On this basis, the opportunities and challenges faced by the oil & gas storage and transportation technologies under the drive of the new energy security strategy featuring "Four Revolutions and One Cooperation" were analyzed, and prospect was made for the development directions of upgrading of traditional oil & gas storage and transportation technologies, digital transformation, storage and transportation of new energies, and unconventional pipeline technologies. Facing to the new situations and requirements, the pipeline enterprises should provide powerful support to guarantee the national energy security and improve the construction of modern energy system, while ensuring the safe and efficient transportation of oil and gas.

D. Y. L. Ranasinghe, H. M. H. K. Weerasooriya, S. Herath et al.

Oil reheating has a significant impact on global health due to its extensive consumption, especially in South Asia, and severe health risks. Nevertheless, food image analysis using multispectral imaging systems(MISs) has not been applied to oil reheating analysis despite their vast application in rapid food quality screening. To that end, the paper discusses the application of a low-cost MSI to estimate the 'reheat cycle count classes' (number of times an oil sample is recursively heated) and identify 'critical classes' at which substantial changes in the oil sample have materialized. Firstly, the reheat cycle count class is estimated with Bhattacharyya distance between the reheated and a pure oil sample as the input. The classification was performed using a support vector machine classifier that resulted in an accuracy of 83.34 % for reheat cycle count identification. Subsequently, an unsupervised clustering procedure was introduced using a modified spectral clustering (SC) algorithm to distinguish critical classes under reheating. In addition, laboratory experiments were performed to ascertain the ramifications of the reheating process with a chemical analysis. The chemical analysis of the coconut oil samples used in the experiment coincided with the chemical analysis results and was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Accordingly, the proposed work closes the gap for using multispectral imaging for oil reheating and proposes a novel algorithm for unsupervised detection of critical property changes in the oil. Hence, the proposed research work is significant in its practical implications, contribution to food image analysis, and unsupervised classification mechanisms.

Cheng Li, Ruichen He, Zilong He et al.

This study concerns the effects of pressure, spatial location, and application of oil emulsions on the resulting droplet size, eccentricity, as well as velocity distributions, all of which are crucial information in determining the dispersion dynamics of the droplets during the spray applications. Experiments were conducted with the abovementioned droplets information measured using digital inline holography (DIH). Results show that the volumetric droplet size distributions (VDSD) span widely from sub-200 um to over 2 mm in size. The application of an oil-in-water emulsion results largely in the suppression of smaller droplets, while the VDSD is relatively insensitive to increasing the oil volume fraction beyond a critical level. DIH additionally enables the determination of size-dependent droplet eccentricity and velocity measurements. Interestingly, the application of oil-in-water emulsion generally decreases the eccentricity, more significantly at the center than at the edge of the spray fan. We attribute this decrease to the increase in lamella sheet thickness and thus decrease in characteristic shrinkage rates, consistent with the observation using high-speed shadowgraphs. In all instances, oil-in-water emulsion droplets have higher velocities than equivalent sized water droplets. We attribute this to the earlier action of the spray breakup process in the oil-in-water emulsion, reduced surface energy generation during a breakup (larger droplets), and reduce energy dissipation during breakup with oil-in-water emulsions, leading to increased translational energy after the breakup process. Therefore, it appears that oil-in-water emulsion application simultaneously suppresses small droplet formation and increases droplet velocity, and hence spray penetration in agricultural application.

Ahmed Mohamed A., Hassan Tamer H.A., Zahran Hamdy A.

Wen-Jie Xie, Na Wei, Wei-Xing Zhou

As a vital strategic resource, oil has an essential influence on the world economy, diplomacy and military development. Using oil trade data to dynamically monitor and warn about international trade risks is an urgent need. Based on the UN Comtrade data from 1988 to 2017, we construct unweighted and weighted global oil trade networks (OTNs). Complex network theories have some advantages in analyzing global oil trade as a system with numerous economies and complicated relationships. This paper establishes a trading-based network model for global oil trade to study the evolving efficiency, criticality and robustness of economies and the relationships between oil trade partners. The results show that for unweighted OTNs, the efficiency of oil flows gradually increases with growing complexity of the OTNs, and the weighted efficiency indicators are more capable of highlighting the impact of major events on the OTNs. The identified critical economies and trade relationships have more important strategic significance in the real market. The simulated deliberate attacks corresponding to national bankruptcy, trade blockade, and economic sanctions have a more significant impact on the robustness than random attacks. When the economies are promoting high-quality economic development, and continuously enhancing positions in the OTN, more attention needs be paid to the identified critical economies and trade relationships. To conclude, some suggestions for application are given according to the results.

Alexander Ogbamikhumi, Nosa Samuel Igbinigie

Abstract Direct hydrocarbon indicator (DHI) expressions observed on seismic could arise due to various geological conditions. Such expression could lead to misinterpretation as hydrocarbon presence if not properly analyzed. This study employs rock physics attributes analysis to evaluate an identified prospect in the undrilled area of the studied reservoir. Prospect identification was actualized by analyzing structural and amplitude maps of the reservoir, which revealed a possible roll over anticline at both the exploited and prospective zone, with a very good amplitude support that conforms to structure. Well-based cross-plot analysis adopted four cross-plot techniques for feasibility study to test the applicability of rock physics for prospect evaluation in the field; Lambda-Rho versus Lambda-Rho/Mu-Rho ratio; Mu-Rho versus Lambda-Rho; and Poisson Ratio versus P-impedance. The result presented Poisson ratio, Lambda-Rho and Lambda/Mu-Rho ratio as good fluid indicator and Mu-Rho as a viable lithology indicator. As such, they were selected for seismic-based attribute and cross-plot analysis to validate the identified prospect. The results from seismic-based analysis showed consistency in the expression of the analyzed attribute at both the exploited and prospective zone. The seismic-based cross-plot analysis result was similar to the well-based analysis and was able to confirm that the observed amplitude expression in the exploited zone is an indication of hydrocarbon-bearing sand.

Ehsan Zareie shirazani, Taraneh Jafari Behbahani

Gas injection process is a very important technology in enhanced oil recovery. Minimum miscible pressure is one of the key parameters in gas injection processes. Various experimental methods such as slim tube are used to measure MMP. These methods are costly and time consuming. Recently computational methods are used in order to achieve a cost-effective and reliable technique to evaluate MMP. In this work, a new methodology has been proposed for determination of MMP using the minimum tie line length method. A real mixing cell model was developed to estimate the MMP, MME and key tie lines. This method is simple, robust, and faster than conventional one-dimensional simulation of slim tube. The new mixing cells method can accurately determine the whole key tie lines to a shift, regardless of the number of injection gas and reservoir fluid components. Unlike other methods of mixing cells, this method automatically corrects dispersion by additional contacts to achieve the low variation domain of tie line slope. Also, the determination and implementation of the minimum miscibility enrichment are investigated. Keywords: Minimum miscible pressure, Minimum miscibility enrichment, Multiple mixing cells method, Enhanced oil recovery, Minimum tie line length method

G. S. Jamieson

Dong Xinghua, Zhang Zhiwei, Wei Peijing et al.

The braking energy generated by drilling rig and the redundant energy of the common DC bus cannot be effectively recycled and can only be consumed through energy braking, resulting in energy waste. To address the problem, energy recovery and recycling was proposed. By analyzing the demand of the drilling rig for the energy storage control system and comparison of several energy recovery methods, a braking energy recovery method using dual energy storage control system was proposed. Field application results showed that, the introduction of the dual energy storage control system not only reduces the influence of the impact load and braking energy on the control system during drilling, but also ensures the effective recycling of redundant energy. The method reduced the fuel consumption, maintenance costs and power requirements of the generator, which in turn reduced the procurement costs in previous period, and indirectly reduced the later depreciation and maintenance costs of the equipment. The introduction of this system can save the cost of 432 thousands RMB a year per drilling rig.

Adrian Zahariuc

We investigate the expected dimensionality of linear systems with general fat points on certain surfaces using an approach by specialization to elliptic surfaces. For the projectivization of the Atiyah bundle over an elliptic curve with a certain polarization, we observe that the special case of only one fat point implies the general case of arbitrarily many fat points, as well as results concerning other surfaces. We conjecture that this special case holds in characteristic 0, but prove that it fails in any positive characteristic.