Hasil untuk "Neurophysiology and neuropsychology"

Yinglong Liu, Jiahe Lian, Youli Fu et al.

The FK506-binding protein 5 gene encodes FKBP51, a molecular chaperone linked to the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric diseases. Recent evidence shows that FKBP51 modulates activity of the HPA axis and GR-mediated feedback via dynamic interactions with GR, thereby influencing stress adaptation, inflammatory responses, and neuronal survival. This review systematically analyzes the mechanisms by which FKBP5 (and its encoded FKBP51) contributes to neuropsychiatric diseases and identifies shared pathways across these conditions. We further highlight key factors mediating disease variability and susceptibility: sex-, region-, and cell type-specific expression patterns of FKBP5/FKBP51, their temporal dynamics, genetic variants, epigenetic regulation, and gene–environment interactions. Additionally, we propose a “biphasic stress-response model” to conceptualize the temporal dynamics of FKBP5/FKBP51 expression during disease progression. Finally, we explore the translational potential of targeting FKBP51 signaling, and outline pharmacological strategies to modulate chaperone-dependent protein folding and stress pathways as novel therapeutic interventions.

Isabell Int-Veen, Beatrix Barth, Ramona Täglich et al.

This study investigated the neuromodulatory effects of Theta Burst Stimulation (TBS) on resting-state functional connectivity (FC) following psychosocial stress induced by the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). Given its key role in cognitive control and emotion regulation — processes highly relevant for rumination — we focused on the frontoparietal network. Across two studies, intermittent (iTBS) and continuous (cTBS) protocols were applied to the left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC; study 1) and right Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex (VLPFC; study 2) prior to stress induction. Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to assess neural changes. A total of 88 (study 1) and 89 (study 2) healthy participants were recruited, balanced for low and high trait rumination. Each participant received both active and sham TBS (iTBS or cTBS), in a randomized, counterbalanced design. Results indicated that iTBS elicited excitatory effects on prefrontal and fronto-parietal connectivity, whereas cTBS effects were more variable. Trait rumination emerged as a modulator of TBS effects: In study 1, significant interactions for FC between the right VLPFC and Somatosensory Association Cortex (SAC) when stimulating the left DLPFC emerged, while study 2 revealed similar interactions for FC between the left DLPFC and SAC and intra-SAC FC when stimulating the right VLPFC. Correlations between post-stress state rumination and FC changes further support these findings. These results underscore the importance of neural assessments in TBS research and highlight the complexity of individual differences in state and trait rumination. Understanding the interplay between TBS, fronto-parietal connectivity, and rumination may provide valuable insights into personalized neuromodulation strategies.

Martina Villa, Nabin Koirala, Meaghan V. Perdue et al.

Reading is pivotal for educational and occupational success, hence, understanding the factors contributing to reading skill variation is a major educational objective. Although cognitive and neurobiological factors that influence reading are well documented, the contributions of environmental factors, such as socioeconomic status (SES), fiv to reading-related neurobiology are relatively understudied. Studies have shown that SES predicts reading and the integrity of reading-related white matter tracts; however, the direct and indirect contributions of SES to reading via white matter integrity remain undifferentiated. Further, while oral language (both phonological awareness [PA] and vocabulary) has been positively associated with both SES and reading, only a few studies have attempted to model the SES-reading association via oral language, and none of them included white matter integrity. The current study closes these gaps by using Structural Equation Modeling in a large sample of children from the Healthy Brain Network biobank, testing the (in)direct paths by which SES (parental education) influences reading through oral language and white matter integrity. Results reveal an effect of SES on reading that is indirectly affected by oral language, though not by white matter integrity. These findings reinforce the role of oral language skills as a key pathway linking SES and reading.

Shang Y, Yu L, Xing H et al.

Yi Shang,1 Lefan Yu,1 Hanqi Xing,1 Yue Chang,1 Ke Dong,1 Yao Xiao,1 Yuanqing Liu,1 Mengmeng Feng,1 Yiren Qin,2 Hui Dai1,3 1Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, People’s Republic of China; 3Institute of Medical Imaging, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Hui Dai, Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, People’s Republic of China, Email huizi198208@126.comObjective: Sleep disorders are common in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients and can impair the glymphatic system, leading to cognitive decline. This study aimed to investigate whether AD patients with sleep disorders exhibit worse glymphatic function and more severe cognitive impairment compared to those without sleep disorders and to explore the underlying molecular imaging mechanisms.Methods: This study included 40 AD patients with sleep disorders (ADSD), 39 cognitively matched AD patients without sleep disorders (ADNSD), and 25 healthy middle-aged and elderly controls (NC). Participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and cognitive and sleep assessments. The ALPS (Along the Perivascular Space) index was calculated, followed by intergroup comparisons, correlation analyses, and mediation analyses. The diagnostic utility of the ALPS index was assessed using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.Results: The ALPS index was lower in the ADNSD and ADSD groups compared to the NC group. In the ADSD group, PSQI scores were negatively correlated with MMSE scores. The ALPS index was positively correlated with MMSE scores and negatively with PSQI scores. Mediation analyses indicated that the ALPS index partially mediated the effect of sleep disturbances on cognitive impairment (indirect effect = − 0.134; mediation effect = 30.505%). The area under the ROC curve (AUROC) for distinguishing ADSD from ADNSD was 0.86, with a cutoff ALPS index value 1.309.Conclusion: Sleep disorders worsen glymphatic function and cognitive impairment in AD patients. The ALPS index partially mediates the impact of sleep disorders on cognitive function and shows moderate accuracy in distinguishing between patients with ADSD and ADNSD.Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, sleep disorders, glymphatic system, diffusion tensor imaging analysis along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS), mediation analysis

Liina Pylkkänen

Kenneth Ananda Putra, Clement Eko Prasetio, Agnes Sianipar

AbstractThis study aims to examine whether psychological distress mediates the association between rumination and symptoms of depression-anxiety, and whether such a mediating role is moderated by the ability to inhibit irrelevant negative information (a moderated-mediation model). On-line questionnaires comprising the Ruminative Response Scale (RRS), Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21), and Negative Affective Priming (NAP) Task as a measure of inhibitory control (IC) on negative information were administered to 181 participants (M = 21.57 years old, 80.1% females). The results of the analyses showed (1) a significant negative association between psychological distress and the performance of inhibitory control on negative information, (2) a partial mediating role of psychological distress in the relationship between rumination and symptoms of depression and anxiety, and (3) that the mediating role was moderated by inhibitory control performance. The stronger the inhibitory control, the weaker a relationship between rumination and psychological distress, which is associated with the reduction in the mediating role of psychological distress on the symptoms of depression and anxiety. The implications of our findings will be discussed by considering the systemic dynamic Model for understanding depression and anxiety.

Molly Monsour, Cesario V. Borlongan

Hemorrhagic stroke (HS) is a disastrous occurrence with high mortality rates, however, there are no established treatments for this pathology. Given recent advances in stem cell therapies, concerted research efforts have elucidated the therapeutic potential of stem cells in treating HS. In 2020, our group reviewed the use of SCs in regulating the neuroinflammatory reactions which occur after HS.1 This review will build on that work, highlighting more recent advancements in the field of SC treatments for HS. Ultimately, with greater focus in this area of research, innovative SC therapies can be optimized in preclinical studies and soon be transferred to clinical applications for HS therapeutics.

Michał Sobstyl, Nina Kożuch, Magdalena Iwaniuk-Gugała et al.

Progressive myoclonic epilepsy (PME) is characterized by prominent myoclonus, generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and less often focal, tonic, or absence seizures. The KCNC1 mutation is responsible for specific clinical phenotype of PME which has been defined as myoclonic epilepsy and ataxia due to potassium channel mutation (MEAK). We present a case of a 44 years-old male patient with genetically proven MEAK who underwent subthalamic nucleus/substantia nigra (STN/SNr) deep brain stimulation (DBS) for his pharmacological-refractory myoclonus and drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). Since the age of 4–5 years, the patient had been suffering from intention tremor, and later the myoclonic jerks, ataxia involving the upper limbs and walking difficulties worsened. The first bilateral tonic-clonic seizure (BTCS) occurred at the age of 22. The patient agreed to staged bilateral implantation of DBS electrodes placed in the STN/SNr region. The follow-up lasts more than 24 months. The myoclonic jerks assessed by Unified Myoclonus Rating Scale (UMRS) were reduced by nearly 70 % and BTCS was completely abolished. The patient’s ataxia and dysarthria did not improve. Early diagnosis with genetic testing may significantly help in counseling patients with PME and enables to undertake the surgical approach targeting the STN/SNr.

Williams-Cooke C, LeSuer L, Drerup M et al.

Cierra Williams-Cooke,1 Leslie LeSuer,1 Michelle Drerup,2 Catherine Siengsukon1 1Department of Physical Therapy, Rehabilitation Science, and Athletic Training, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; 2Sleep Disorders Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USACorrespondence: Catherine SiengsukonDepartment of Physical Therapy, Rehabilitation Science, and Athletic Training, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USAEmail csiengsukon@kumc.eduPurpose: While studies indicate cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) improves self-report sleep outcomes from questionnaires in people with multiple sclerosis (MS), it is unclear if CBT-I improves outcomes from a sleep log or sleep assessed objectively via actigraphy in people with MS. This study aimed to determine if CBT-I improves sleep log and actigraphy outcomes in individuals with MS.Patients and Methods: Twenty-five participants (Mage= 53.04, SD= 10.90) were included in this secondary analysis of data from a pilot randomized control study to assess the feasibility and treatment effect of CBT-I in individuals with MS. Participants were asked to maintain a sleep log and wear an actigraph for a week at baseline and post-intervention. Participants were randomized into one of three groups (CBT-I, active control, or one-time brief education control group). One-way ANOVAs were used to assess for group differences and within group change in sleep latency, sleep efficiency (SE), time in bed, total sleep time (TST), wake after sleep onset, variability of SE, and variability of TST.Results: CBT-I resulted in an increase in sleep efficiency (SE) and decrease in time in bed (TIB) and variability of SE from the sleep log. The CBT-I group also experienced a decrease in TIB and total sleep time (TST) from actigraphy. The active control group demonstrated an increase in variability of SE from actigraphy.Conclusion: This study indicates that individuals with MS may experience an improvement in sleep log and actigraphy sleep outcomes following CBT-I, but findings need to be replicated in a larger prospective study. The decrease in TST from actigraphy mirrors results from prior studies.Keywords: multiple sclerosis, cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia, sleep log, actigraphy

Kazem Sedighi, Mohammadreza Saffarian Toosi, Gholamreza Khadivi

Aim and Background: The Fisher Recovery Rebuilding is one of the applications for increasing the adjustment and reducing negative emotions such as depression and anxiety. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of Fisher's divorce Rebuilding model on anxiety and depression in divorced women in Neyshabur city. Methods and Materials: The present study was a pre-test, post-test and follow-up with the experimental and control group. The sample consisted of 24 divorced women in the city of Neyshabur that were randomly selected assigned into two experimental (12 people) and control groups (12 people). The experimental group received the Fisher's Divorce Rebuilding Model in 8 sessions. The control group was on the waiting list. The control group was on the waiting list. The research questionnaires were Beck Depression Inventory and Beck Anxiety Inventory. Findings: The analysis of ANCOVA showed that the mean scores of depression and anxiety symptoms were significantly different between two groups (p <0.01) after the pre-test adjustment. The experimental group after receiving the Rebuilding of divorce model shows lower depression and anxiety symptoms. Conclusions: Regarding the findings, it can be said that Fisher’s Rebuilding Model of Divorce reduces negative emotions such as depression and anxiety in divorced women by performing activities such as outbreaks and mourning, and prepare them to continue their life.

Fahimeh Namdarpour, Mustafa Bolghan-Abadi

Aim and Backgrounds: Communication patterns of couples are meant the dynamics of the couples’ relationships. The communication patterns determine that couples how to communicate together and what happen in their marital relationships. It seems that disruptive patterns to have a devastating effect on marital relationship. The aim of the research was to study of the role of communication patterns, aggression, and sexual satisfaction in predicting dyadic adjustment. Methods and Material: To gain of this aim a sample with 300 of employees of government departments of Isfahan through accessible method. The research method was descriptive from type of correlation. Data gathering was conduct in field method and using Communication Patterns Questionnaire (CPQ), Buss and Perry’s Aggression Questionnaire (AQ), Sexual Satisfaction Scale (SSQ), and Revised Dyadic Adjustment Questionnaire (RDAS). Analyzing the data was carrying out by multiple Regression. Results: Findings showed that aggression, communication patterns, and sexual satisfaction have significant role in predicting the dyadic adjustment. Discussion & Conclusion: Therefore, it can be concluded that good relationships and high sexual satisfaction among couples can lead to dyadic adjustment.

Arne Nagels, Tilo Kircher

Vassilios Papaleonidopoulos, George Trompoukis, Andriana Koutsoumpa et al.

Abstract Background The hippocampus is a functionally heterogeneous brain structure and specializations of the intrinsic neuronal network may crucially support the functional segregation along the longitudinal axis of the hippocampus. Short-term synaptic plasticity plays fundamental roles in information processing and may be importantly involved in diversifying the properties of local neuronal network along the hippocampus long axis. Therefore, we aimed to examine the properties of the cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) synapses along the entire dorsoventral axis of the rat hippocampus using field excitatory postsynaptic potentials from transverse rat hippocampal slices and a frequency stimulation paradigm. Results Applying a ten-pulse stimulus train at frequencies from 0.1 to 100 Hz to the Schaffer collaterals we found a gradually diversified pattern of frequency-dependent synaptic effects along the dorsoventral hippocampus axis. The first conditioned response was facilitated along the whole hippocampus for stimulus frequencies 10–40 Hz. However, steady-state responses or averaged responses generally ranged from maximum synaptic facilitation in the most dorsal segment of the hippocampus to maximum synaptic depression in the most ventral segment of the hippocampus. In particular, dorsal synapses facilitated for stimulus frequency up to 50 Hz while they depressed at higher frequencies (75–100 Hz). Facilitation at dorsal synapses was maximal at stimulus frequency of 20 Hz. On the contrary, the most ventral synapses showed depression regardless of the stimulus frequency, only displaying a transient facilitation at the beginning of 10–50 Hz stimulation. Importantly, the synapses in the medial hippocampus displayed a transitory behavior. Finally, as a whole the hippocampal synapses maximally facilitated at 20 Hz and increasingly depressed at 50–100 Hz. Conclusion The short-term synaptic dynamics change gradually along the hippocampal long axis in a frequency-dependent fashion conveying distinct properties of information processing to successive segments of the structure, thereby crucially supporting functional segregation along the dorsoventral axis of the hippocampus.

Héctor B. Crespo-Bujosa, Ramón Rodríguez Montalbán, Adam Rosario Rodríguez

El propósito de este trabajo es presentar la Escala Crespo-Bujosa de Síntomas Neurológicos Discretos. La misma tiene como propósito realizar un examen rápido de la sintomatología que experimenta una persona con indicadores neurológicos reales. Los Síntomas Neurológicos Discretos (SND) son definidos como irregularidades neurológicas leves pero inequívocas de las funciones sensorio-motrices primarias. Estos indicadores conductuales y motores no tienen necesariamente una relación sistemática con una neuropatología. Sin embargo, puede indicar deterioro neurológico, inmadurez en el desarrollo o un intermedio en un continuo dentro de un proceso de lesión. Se realizó un estudio transversal con una muestra por disponibilidad que estuvo compuesta por 411 participantes mayoritariamente por mujeres (77.7%). Las edades de los participantes oscilan entre 18 y 94 años. El 43% de los participantes habían recibido un diagnóstico neurológico (ej. Epilepsia o Migraña, etc.) o neuropsicológico (ej. ADHD). Al realizar los análisis de ecuaciones estructurales, se encontró que el modelo tiene buen ajuste para evaluar el constructo de SND. El instrumento presentó un buen ajuste y fiabilidad. Cada una de las sub-escalas mide una dimensión distinta de SND sin redundancia entre las sub-escalas del instrumento. Los análisis de discriminación de los ítems oscilaron entre .55 - .78, con una varianza explicada R2 en los ítems por los factores de entre .46 y .74. Los índices de discriminación, estuvieron sobre el mínimo recomendado de .30. La escala final agrupa los síntomas en tres dimensiones: a) síntomas neurocognitivos, b) síntomas somáticos, y c) síntomas psicológicos.

Pablo Martino

This paper is a theoretical review whose general objective was to analyze the complex links between two frequently recurring phenomena in the field of mental health: the stress and depression, from the psychoneuroendocrinological point of view, considering the implication of the cortisol hormone on the relationship mentioned above. For this purpose we proceeded through a database search in Medline, Pubmed, Wiley Online Library, and Scielo data. It was concluded that chronic stress and some forms of depression would establish a continuum. They have neurobiological and pathophysiological basis with many similarities. In addition, a hostile environment during early childhood would increase the vulnerability to the stress and to suffering from depression in the adulthood. The epigenetic studies indicated the methylation of glucocorticoid receptor gene as mechanism associated with the development of this vulnerability. Finally, so much the psychotherapy cognitive behavioral as the administration of antidepressing medication, they have demonstrated to reach his therapeutic effects across the increase in neural plasticity on cerebral key structures in the neurobiological processes involved in the stress.

Agustín Ernesto Martínez González, María Dolores Jiménez Lozano, Ángeles Gilar González et al.

Purves-Tyson Tertia D, Handelsman David J, Double Kay L et al.

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Increased risk of schizophrenia in adolescent males indicates that a link between the development of dopamine-related psychopathology and testosterone-driven brain changes may exist. However, contradictions as to whether testosterone increases or decreases dopamine neurotransmission are found and most studies address this in adult animals. Testosterone-dependent actions in neurons are direct via activation of androgen receptors (AR) or indirect by conversion to 17β-estradiol and activation of estrogen receptors (ER). How midbrain dopamine neurons respond to sex steroids depends on the presence of sex steroid receptor(s) and the level of steroid conversion enzymes (aromatase and 5α-reductase). We investigated whether gonadectomy and sex steroid replacement could influence dopamine levels by changing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) protein and mRNA and/or dopamine breakdown enzyme mRNA levels [catechol-<it>O</it>-methyl transferase (COMT) and monoamine oxygenase (MAO) A and B] in the adolescent male rat substantia nigra. We hypothesized that adolescent testosterone would regulate sex steroid signaling through regulation of ER and AR mRNAs and through modulation of aromatase and 5α-reductase mRNA levels.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We find ERα and AR in midbrain dopamine neurons in adolescent male rats, indicating that dopamine neurons are poised to respond to circulating sex steroids. We report that androgens (T and DHT) increase TH protein and increase COMT, MAOA and MAOB mRNAs in the adolescent male rat substantia nigra. We report that all three sex steroids increase AR mRNA. Differential action on ER pathways, with ERα mRNA down-regulation and ERβ mRNA up-regulation by testosterone was found. 5α reductase-1 mRNA was increased by AR activation, and aromatase mRNA was decreased by gonadectomy.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>We conclude that increased testosterone at adolescence can shift the balance of sex steroid signaling to favor androgenic responses through promoting conversion of T to DHT and increasing AR mRNA. Further, testosterone may increase local dopamine synthesis and metabolism, thereby changing dopamine regulation within the substantia nigra. We show that testosterone action through both AR and ERs modulates synthesis of sex steroid receptor by altering AR and ER mRNA levels in normal adolescent male substantia nigra. Increased sex steroids in the brain at adolescence may alter substantia nigra dopamine pathways, increasing vulnerability for the development of psychopathology.</p>

Roberts Sally, Kobayashi Shigeru, Chen Ke-Bing et al.

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The application of mechanical insults to the spinal cord results in profound cellular and molecular changes, including the induction of neuronal cell death and altered gene expression profiles. Previous studies have described alterations in gene expression following spinal cord injury, but the specificity of this response to mechanical stimuli is difficult to investigate in vivo. Therefore, we have investigated the effect of cyclic tensile stresses on cultured spinal cord cells from E15 Sprague-Dawley rats, using the FX3000^®Flexercell Strain Unit. We examined cell morphology and viability over a 72 hour time course. Microarray analysis of gene expression was performed using the Affymetrix GeneChip System^®, where categorization of identified genes was performed using the Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) systems. Changes in expression of 12 genes were validated with quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The application of cyclic tensile stress reduced the viability of cultured spinal cord cells significantly in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Increasing either the strain or the strain rate independently was associated with significant decreases in spinal cord cell survival. There was no clear evidence of additive effects of strain level with strain rate. GO analysis identified 44 candidate genes which were significantly related to "apoptosis" and 17 genes related to "response to stimulus". KEGG analysis identified changes in the expression levels of 12 genes of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, which were confirmed to be upregulated by RT-PCR analysis.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>We have demonstrated that spinal cord cells undergo cell death in response to cyclic tensile stresses, which were dose- and time-dependent. In addition, we have identified the up regulation of various genes, in particular of the MAPK pathway, which may be involved in this cellular response. These data may prove useful, as the accurate knowledge of neuronal gene expression in response to cyclic tensile stress will help in the development of molecular-based therapies for spinal cord injury.</p>

Esperanza Bausela Herreras

Fragmento....Diagnóstico y tratamiento en neurología es un manual que surge para dar respuesta a las diferentes cuestiones que se plantean los investigadores, clínicos, docentes y alumnado afines a la especialidad médica neurológica.El Dr. Brusth, director del departamento de Neurología del Hospital Central de Harlem (Nueva York) ha contado con la colaboración de diferentes especialistas a lo largo de los treinta seis capítulos de los que consta este manual procedentes de diversas instituciones de Estado Unidos (Nueva York, California y Arizona).

Roberto E. Polanco C

En el campo del tratamiento de los desordenes menta les existen hitos a lo largo de la historia moderna de la ciencia que sirven de referencia para poder entender el estado actual de dos importantes disciplinas cuyos campos disciplinarios se yuxtaponen. El objetivo de esta presentación es aportar una reflexión con un espe cial énfasis crítico en el rol de la academia como ente formador y reproductor de estos grupos di sciplinarios, introduciendo el debate sobre el papel de los psicólogos clínicos frente al uso d e psicofármacos, proponiendo un debate que supere la reproducción de ciertos campos ideológico s que se traducen en “trincheras disciplinarias” las cuales se enfrentan al momento de establecer la praxis clínica en el campo social.