Hasil untuk "Mineral industries. Metal trade"

J. Ober

B. Sovacool, Saleem H. Ali, Morgan D. Bazilian et al.

Policy coordination is needed for global supply chains Climate change mitigation will create new natural resource and supply chain opportunities and dilemmas, because substantial amounts of raw materials will be required to build new low-carbon energy devices and infrastructure (1). However, despite attempts at improved governance and better corporate management, procurement of many mineral and metal resources occurs in areas generally acknowledged for mismanagement, remains environmentally capricious, and, in some cases, is a source of conflict at the sites of resource extraction (2). These extractive and smelting industries have thus left a legacy in many parts of the world of environmental degradation, adverse impacts to public health, marginalized communities and workers, and biodiversity damage. We identify key sustainability challenges with practices used in industries that will supply the metals and minerals—including cobalt, copper, lithium, cadmium, and rare earth elements (REEs)—needed for technologies such as solar photovoltaics, batteries, electric vehicle (EV) motors, wind turbines, fuel cells, and nuclear reactors. We then propose four holistic recommendations to make mining and metal processing more sustainable and just and to make the mining and extractive industries more efficient and resilient.

U. Anand, Tarun Pal, N. Yadav et al.

Globally, substantial research into endophytic microbes is being conducted to increase agricultural and environmental sustainability. Endophytic microbes such as bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi inhabit ubiquitously within the tissues of all plant species without causing any harm or disease. Endophytes form symbiotic relationships with diverse plant species and can regulate numerous host functions, including resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses, growth and development, and stimulating immune systems. Moreover, plant endophytes play a dominant role in nutrient cycling, biodegradation, and bioremediation, and are widely used in many industries. Endophytes have a stronger predisposition for enhancing mineral and metal solubility by cells through the secretion of organic acids with low molecular weight and metal-specific ligands (such as siderophores) that alter soil pH and boost binding activity. Finally, endophytes synthesize various bioactive compounds with high competence that are promising candidates for new drugs, antibiotics, and medicines. Bioprospecting of endophytic novel secondary metabolites has given momentum to sustainable agriculture for combating environmental stresses. Biotechnological interventions with the aid of endophytes played a pivotal role in crop improvement to mitigate biotic and abiotic stress conditions like drought, salinity, xenobiotic compounds, and heavy metals. Identification of putative genes from endophytes conferring resistance and tolerance to crop diseases, apart from those involved in the accumulation and degradation of contaminants, could open new avenues in agricultural research and development. Furthermore, a detailed molecular and biochemical understanding of endophyte entry and colonization strategy in the host would better help in manipulating crop productivity under changing climatic conditions. Therefore, the present review highlights current research trends based on the SCOPUS database, potential biotechnological interventions of endophytic microorganisms in combating environmental stresses influencing crop productivity, future opportunities of endophytes in improving plant stress tolerance, and their contribution to sustainable remediation of hazardous environmental contaminants. Graphical Abstract

Ensieh Shojaeddini, Elisa Alonso, N. Nassar et al.

Tasić Viša, Topalović Dušan, Radović Bojan et al.

This study presents the results of seasonal variation analyses of suspended particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) concentrations measured in 15 residential apartments in the city of Bor, Serbia, during the period from February to June 2025. Measurements were conducted over 45-day intervals during both the heating season (February-March) and the non-heating season (May-June). The average concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 measured indoors were compared between these two periods. During the heating season, the mean PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were 18.2 µg/m³ and 12.0 µg/m³, respectively, while in the non-heating season, they averaged 19.5 µg/m³ and 11.1 µg/m³. The average Pearson correlation coefficients between indoor and outdoor PM10 concentrations were 0.33 in the heating season and 0.27 in the non-heating season, showing no significant seasonal difference. Similarly, the average correlation coefficients for PM2.5 concentrations were 0.51 and 0.47, respectively. The results indicate that there were no substantial seasonal variations in indoor PM concentrations, suggesting that infiltration from outdoor air remains the dominant source of indoor particulate matter. Occasional short-term increases in PM levels were observed, primarily due to cooking or particle re-suspension during cleaning activities; however, none of the recorded indoor concentrations exceeded the prescribed daily limit values for PM10 and PM2.5.

Yunshu Liu, Lingjie Duan

In blockchain-based order book systems, buyers and sellers trade assets, while it is miners to match them and include their transactions in the blockchain. It is found that many miners behave selfishly and myopically, prioritizing transactions with high fees and ignoring many desirable matches that could enhance social welfare. Existing blockchain mechanisms fail to address this issue by overlooking miners' selfish behaviors. To our best knowledge, this work presents the first analytical study to quantify and understand buyer and seller transaction fee choices and selfish miners' transaction matching strategies, proving an infinitely large price of anarchy (PoA) for social welfare loss. To mitigate this, we propose an adjustable block size mechanism that is easy to implement without altering the existing decentralized protocols and still allows buyers and sellers to freely decide transaction fees and miners to selfishly match. The analysis is challenging, as pure strategy Nash equilibria do not always exist, requiring the analysis of many buyers' or sellers' interactive mixed-strategy distributions. Moreover, the system designer may even lack information about each buyer's or seller's bid/ask prices and trading quantities. Nevertheless, our mechanism achieves a well-bounded PoA, and under the homogeneous-quantity trading for non-fungible tokens (NFT), it attains a PoA of 1 with no social welfare loss. We implement our mechanism on a local instance of Ethereum to demonstrate the feasibility of our approach. Experiments based on the realistic dataset demonstrate that our mechanism achieves social optimum for homogeneous-quantity trading like NFT. It can enhance social welfare up to 3.7 times compared to the existing order book benchmarks for heterogeneous-quantity trading of Bitcoin tokens. It exhibits robustness against random variations in buyers and sellers.

Borin Keo, Bin Li, Waqas Younis

High trade costs pose substantial barriers to the process of trade liberalization. This study aims to measure trade costs and explore the driving forces behind the growth of bilateral trade between Cambodia and its top 30 trading partners from 1993 to 2019. Using a micro-founded measure of trade costs derived from the gravity model, we find that Cambodia's average trade costs decreased by 35.43 percent between 1993 and 2019. Fluctuations in average trade costs persisted until 2014, despite Cambodia's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2004. Since then, these costs have declined more rapidly. Cambodia's bilateral trade costs are lower with its major trading partners in Southeast Asia and East Asia than with those in South Asia, Oceania, Europe, and North America. Cambodia's average trade costs with developing and emerging economies are lower than those with developed economies. Between 2014 and 2019, Cambodia experienced a notable decline in average trade costs with trading partners along the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) corridors by 34.78 percent, twice as fast as with non-BRI trading partners. Regarding the decomposition of trade growth, we find that the expansion of Cambodian trade over the period from 1993 to 2019 was driven by three factors: the rise in income (59.65 percent), the decline in trade costs (56.69 percent), and the decline in multilateral resistance (minus 16.34 percent). The findings of this study have significant implications for a better understanding of Cambodia's development process toward global trade integration over the past two decades. Our results suggest that Cambodia can optimize its trade expansion potential by focusing on its relations with trading partners exhibiting high economic growth potential and those showing substantial reductions in trade costs.

Miletić Slavica, Trumić Biserka, Stanković Suzana

Accredited Laboratory for Materials Testing within the Mining and Metallurgy Institute (MMI) Bor has a primary role in testing steel ropes for export facilities in mining. Reliable and valid test results require the possession of correct and high-quality equipment, as well as the competence of the operators for this type of test. Testing of the correctness and reliability of the equipment is carried out using our own reference material of known characteristics, confirmed in other laboratories. The paper presents the results of testing samples of own reference material on a simple twisting test device. The results obtained using the X-control chart showed that the method of twisting the samples is under control, i.e., the acceptability of the results obtained using the tested method was confirmed, which means that the correctness of the device is at the required level.

Mathieu Darnet, Bitnarae Kim, Simon Vedrine et al.

The transition towards carbon neutral transportation and energy sources increases the global demand for mineral raw materials while easy-to-find near-surface (\< 200 m) ore deposits are unlikely discovered in well-explored areas such as Europe. In order to increase the mineral exploration success rate, the project SEEMS DEEP (SEismic and ElectroMagnetic methodS for DEEP mineral exploration) develops geophysical deep exploration workflow capable of imaging the bedrock from the surface down to several kilometres depth. In this paper, we present first results from ground electrical and electromagnetic surveys conducted at the SEEM DEEP geological test site, namely the Koillismaa Layered Intrusion Complex in north-eastern Finland. Here, a 1.7 km long hole drilled by GTK intersected mafic-ultramafic rocks with anomalous electrical and chargeability properties at ~1400 m depth, making it an interesting case study to test the ability of such technologies for imaging resistivity and chargeability contrasts at several kilometre depth.

Maksim Papenkov

Accurate industry classification is critical for many areas of portfolio management, yet the traditional single-industry framework of the Global Industry Classification Standard (GICS) struggles to comprehensively represent risk for highly diversified multi-sector conglomerates like Amazon. Previously, we introduced the Multi-Industry Simplex (MIS), a probabilistic extension of GICS that utilizes topic modeling, a natural language processing approach. Although our initial version, MIS-1, was able to improve upon GICS by providing multi-industry representations, it relied on an overly simple architecture that required prior knowledge about the number of industries and relied on the unrealistic assumption that industries are uncorrelated and independent over time. We improve upon this model with MIS-2, which addresses three key limitations of MIS-1 : we utilize Bayesian Non-Parametrics to automatically infer the number of industries from data, we employ Markov Updating to account for industries that change over time, and we adjust for correlated and hierarchical industries allowing for both broad and niche industries (similar to GICS). Further, we provide an out-of-sample test directly comparing MIS-2 and GICS on the basis of future correlation prediction, where we find evidence that MIS-2 provides a measurable improvement over GICS. MIS-2 provides portfolio managers with a more robust tool for industry classification, empowering them to more effectively identify and manage risk, particularly around multi-sector conglomerates in a rapidly evolving market in which new industries periodically emerge.

S. Samal

An overview is presented on the prospective use of red mud as a resource in this review. Various scopes are suggested for the utilization of red mud to maintain a sustainable environment. The potential use of red mud covers the valuable metal recovery that could emphasize the use of red mud as a resource. Red mud could act as reduced slag in the metallurgical field for the extraction of minerals and metals for upscale application. Although many studies have revealed the potential utilization of red mud, most of them are only limited to a lab-scale basis. Therefore, a large-scale investigation on recycling of red mud for the extraction in the area of the metal recovery section will draw attention to the extensive use of red mud. Metal ions of major elements Fe (44 wt.%), Al (18.2 wt.%), Si (14.3 wt.%), Ti (9.3 wt.%), Na (6.2 wt.%), Ca (4.4 wt.%) as major elements and of Mg, V, Mn, Cr, K as minor elements and rare earth elements such as Ce (102 mg/kg), La (56 mg/kg), Sc (47 mg/kg), Nd (45 mg/kg), Sm (9 mg/kg). Moreover, an appropriate in-house metal recovery facility with the alumina industry will come out as a cost–benefit analysis.

H. Adelnia, Fariba Sirous, I. Blakey et al.

Poly(aspartic acid) (PASP) is a biodegradable, biocompatible water-soluble synthetic anionic polypeptide. PASP has shown a strong affinity and thus robust complexation with heavy and alkaline earth metal ions, from which several applications are currently benefiting, and several more could also originate. This paper discusses different areas where the ion chelation ability of PASP has thus far been exploited. Due to its calcium chelation ability, PASP prevents precipitation of calcium salts and hence is widely used as an effective scale inhibitor in industry. Due to potassium chelation, PASP prevents precipitation of potassium tartrate and is employed as an efficient and edible stabilizer for wine preservation. Due to iron chelation, PASP inhibits corrosion of steel surfaces in harsh environments. Due to chelation, PASP can also enhance stability of various colloidal systems that contain metal ions. The chelation ability of PASP alleviated the toxicity of heavy metals in Zebrafish, inhibited the formation of kidney stones and dissolved calcium phosphate which is the main mineral of the calcified vasculature. These findings and beyond, along with the biocompatibility and biodegradability of the polymer could direct future investigations towards chelation therapy by PASP and other novel and undiscovered areas where metal ions play a key role.

Dafeng Zhu, Bo Yang, Yu Wu et al.

This paper presents a carbon-energy coupling management framework for an industrial park, where the carbon flow model accompanying multi-energy flows is adopted to track and suppress carbon emissions on the user side. To deal with the quadratic constraint of gas flows, a bound tightening algorithm for constraints relaxation is adopted. The synergies among the carbon capture, energy storage, power-to-gas further consume renewable energy and reduce carbon emissions. Aiming at carbon emissions disparities and supply-demand imbalances, this paper proposes a carbon trading ladder reward and punishment mechanism and an energy trading and scheduling method based on Lyapunov optimization and matching game to maximize the long-term benefits of each industrial cluster without knowing the prior information of random variables. Case studies show that our proposed trading method can reduce overall costs and carbon emissions while relieving energy pressure, which is important for Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG).

Wenpin Tang

With the increasing adoption of the Proof of Stake (PoS) blockchain, it is timely to study the economy created by such blockchain. In this chapter, we will survey recent progress on the trading and wealth evolution in a cryptocurrency where the new coins are issued according to the PoS protocol. We first consider the wealth evolution in the PoS protocol assuming no trading, and focus on the problem of decentralisation. Next we consider each miner's trading incentive and strategy through the lens of optimal control, where the miner needs to trade off PoS mining and trading. Finally, we study the collective behavior of the miners in a PoS trading environment by a mean field model. We use both stochastic and analytic tools in our study. A list of open problems are also presented.

Jit Mukherjee

Sand mining is a booming industry. The river sandbank is one of the primary sources of sand mining. Detection of potential river sandbank regions for sand mining directly impacts the economy, society, and environment. In the past, semi-supervised and supervised techniques have been used to detect mining regions including sand mining. A few techniques employ multi-modal analysis combining different modalities such as multi-spectral imaging, synthetic aperture radar (\emph{SAR}) imaging, aerial images, and point cloud data. However, the distinguishing spectral characteristics of river sandbank regions are yet to be fully explored. This paper provides a novel method to detect river sandbank regions for sand mining using multi-spectral images without any labeled data over the seasons. Association with a river stream and the abundance of minerals are the most prominent features of such a region. The proposed work uses these distinguishing features to determine the spectral signature of a river sandbank region, which is robust to other high mineral abundance regions. It follows a two-step approach, where first, potential high mineral regions are detected and next, they are segregated using the presence of a river stream. The proposed technique provides average accuracy, precision, and recall of 90.75%, 85.47%, and 73.5%, respectively over the seasons from Landsat 8 images without using any labeled dataset.

L. Shengo

Brian A. McNulty, S. Jowitt, I. Belousov

The ongoing global transition to low- and zero-CO2 energy generation and transport will require more raw materials and metals than ever produced before in human history to develop the necessary infrastructure for solar and wind power generation, electric power grid distribution, and electric vehicle componentry, including batteries. In addition to numerous critical elements, this transition will also require increased production of a range of other metals. This includes copper, with increased production of this metal providing the minerals industry with enhanced opportunities to secure the additional supply of associated or potential by-product elements. These include tellurium, selenium, bismuth, and antimony (among others), some of which are already predominantly produced as by-products from copper anode slimes. This study examines the geologic origins of over 240 active copper mines and over 200 electrolytic and electrowinning copper refineries worldwide. Although porphyry copper deposits dominate the copper supply trend, significant amounts of copper are supplied from the mining of sediment-hosted, massive sulfide, volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS), and iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG) mineral deposits. We integrate sources of copper concentrate with publicly available operational data for 32 copper electrorefineries to evaluate the geologic controls on the by-product supply potential of tellurium, selenium, bismuth, and antimony from copper anode slimes. These data represent some 32% of worldwide copper refineries and indicate that electrolytic refining of copper has the potential to supply ~777 t/yr tellurium, ~4,180 t/yr selenium, ~1,497 t/yr antimony, and 1,632 t/yr bismuth if 100% recovery of the by-product critical element proxies outlined in this study could be achieved. This is compared to current global production of ~490, ~2,900, ~153,000, and ~17,000 t/yr from all sources (rather than just copper by-products), respectively. Our analysis shows that there is no correlation between by-product potential and the amount of refined copper cathode production per year, but instead, the geologic origin of the copper concentrates is the key control on refinery by-product potential. This is exemplified by the fact that copper anode slimes derived from concentrates sourced from magmatic sulfide and VMS orebodies have an order of magnitude higher tellurium concentrations than those derived from porphyry deposits, reflecting the different abundances of tellurium within these mineral systems. These results are not surprising but demonstrate the possibilities for the development of robust proxies for by-product critical element supply potential using downstream data from copper (and potentially other base and precious metal) refineries. Equally significant, this study demonstrates the importance of downstream-up assessments of critical element potential as a complement to the more typical upstream-down deportment analyses undertaken to date. Finally, this type of approach allows the more accurate targeting of key parts of the metal supply chain with the capacity to increase by-product critical element production, rather than diluted or scattered approaches that assume that by-product metals are derived from one or two mineral deposit types (e.g., porphyry systems for the copper sector).

Per Storm, Mia Smeds

EIT RawMaterials, initiated and funded by the EIT (European Institute of Innovation and Technology), a body of the European Union, is the largest consortium in the rawmaterials sector worldwide. Its vision is to develop raw materials into a major strength for Europe. Its mission is to enable sustainable competitiveness of the European minerals, metals, and materials sector along the value chain by driving innovation, education, and entrepreneurship. EIT RawMaterials unites more than 120 core and associate partners and 180+ project partners from leading industries, universities, and research institutions from more than 20 EU countries. Partners of EIT RawMaterials are active across the entire raw materials value chain, from exploration, mining, and mineral processing to substitution, recycling, and circular economy. They collaborate on finding new, innovative solutions to secure the supplies and improve the raw materials sector in Europe. Two successful projects in the Nordic countries are NITREM, where scientist and industry have developed new technology for removing nitrogen, and MULSEDRO, where the consortium has created a unique multi-sensor drone system for fast and inexpensive mineral exploration.

P. K. Jain

Hyung-gon Jeong, Honggue Lee, Hyong-Kun Lee et al.

English Abstract: China, Japan and Korea (CJK) have been competing and cooperating in many fields in the material, parts and equipment industries due to their geographical proximity and similarity in industrial structure. However, non-economic factors such as COVID-19 and sanctions against Korea by Japan and China pose obstacles to economic cooperation among CJK. Therefore, this study derives policy implications for the efficient management of global value chains (GVCs) in the materials, parts and equipment industries by comparing the supply chain structure of Korea’s materials, parts and equipment industries with Japan and China. The main contents of this study consist of four parts. First, this study analyzes changes in the trade structure and mutual connections between Korea, China and Japan in the materials, parts and equipment industries, from 2000 to 2018.Over the past 20 years, Korea’s materials, parts and equipment industries have grown significantly. During this period, the top industries for Korean exports/imports in the materials, parts and equipment sectors have been electronic components (1st), chemicals and chemical products (2nd), and primary metal products (3rd) ‒ areas of high competition with Japan and China in the global market. The biggest change in Korea’s materials, parts and equipment industries came in 2018, when the import and export rankings of textile products and non-metallic mineral products sharply declined, and the transportation machinery parts and semiconductor display equipment industries rose in their ranking. These changes reflect the fall in production of general-purpose technology industries in Korea, accompanied by an increase in the proportion of industries requiring advanced technology and specialization in related industries. General purpose technology products have changed to a trend of importing from China or third countries.Trade in China’s materials, parts and equipment industries also grew rapidly during the same period, and imports and exports of general-purpose technology products increased significantly. The top trade items of China’s materials, parts and equipment industries are electronic products, electrical equipment parts, chemicals and chemical products. China shows very high competitiveness in textile products, but when compared to other industries in terms of export and import data for 2018, these were found to have declined significantly in terms of size and competitiveness against 2001 levels.Japan’s materials, parts and equipment industries are still highly competitive. However, the share of industries related to general-purpose technology has been reduced, and only industries specializing in advanced technology fields remain visibly competitive. The remarkable changes in the Japanese materials, parts and equipment industries over the past 20 years have led to a decline in the stature of the textile industry, and the status of the semiconductor display equipment industry has risen far higher than in the past.Meanwhile, the characteristics of imports and exports between Korea and China, Korea and Japan, and Japan and China were identified by classifying the materials, parts, and equipment industries into 231 fields. Trade between Korea and China in the materials, parts and equipment industries is concentrated in 20 items, each accounting for more than 1% of the import and export items. As for Japan’s exports in materials, parts and equipment industries to China, there was no detectable phenomenon of specific items dominating exports. The characteristics of Japanese imports from China are similar to those of Korea, but differed in that no items account for more than 1% of imports from China in the equipment industries.