This paper frames calculus as a global, centuries-long development rather than a subject that began only with Newton and Leibniz. Drawing on ideas from Greek, Indian, Islamic, and later European mathematics, it highlights how concepts like infinity, area, motion, and continuous change slowly evolved through solving problems and cultural exchange. I argue that bringing this history into the classroom helps students see calculus as more than a set of procedures: it becomes a story of human creativity and persistence. By revisiting the questions early mathematicians struggled with, students can better appreciate and better understand the core ideas behind the formulas they use today.
El tratado de don Álvaro de Luna titulado Virtuosas e claras mugeres (1446) se inserta en el debate sobre la mujer que, desde Cataluña, aviva la actividad literaria de la corte castellana, especialmente a partir de los años Treinta del siglo XV. Como han demostrado las ediciones críticas y los estudios de conjunto del texto, la compilación de Álvaro de Luna presenta estratificaciones lingüísticas y estilísticas que coinciden con la división de los libros y dependen de las fuentes utilizadas en cada una de ellas. Tomando como punto de partida una de las biografías del segundo libro, la de la heroína romana Clelia, el trabajo pretende ejemplificar el uso de las fuentes y de los materiales por parte del autor, para enmarcar su obra en el clima cultural cuatrocentista, tan fundamental para el desarrollo y evolución de las letras hispanas en épocas posteriores.
Se analiza el papel desempeñado por el clero regular en los conflictos en los que se vio inmersa la nobleza castellana durante la Baja Edad Media. Estos respondieron a varias tipologías, siendo la más frecuente la intervención de los religiosos en conflictos intrafamiliares, muchos de ellos, fruto de los repartos de herencias. También participaron en los problemas y pleitos surgidos entre dos linajes, dentro de las ciudades y en algunos conflictos que implicaban a miembros de la nobleza y a la monarquía. Destaca el gran número de religiosos de la Orden de San Jerónimo a los que la nobleza encomendó diversos encargos, principalmente como mediadores, jueces, árbitros, compromisarios y testigos, sin desdeñar el encargo de otros cometidos.
History (General) and history of Europe, History (General)
Burrows' Delta was introduced in 2002 and has proven to be an effective tool for author attribution. Despite the fact that these are different languages, they mostly belong to the same grammatical type and use the same graphic principle to convey speech in writing: a phonemic alphabet with word separation using spaces. The question I want to address in this article is how well this attribution method works with texts in a language with a different grammatical structure and a script based on different principles. There are fewer studies analyzing the effectiveness of the Delta method on Chinese texts than on texts in European languages. I believe that such a low level of attention to Delta from sinologists is due to the structure of the scientific field dedicated to medieval Chinese poetry. Clustering based on intertextual distances worked flawlessly. Delta produced results where clustering showed that the samples of one author were most similar to each other, and Delta never confused different poets. Despite the fact that I used an unconventional approach and applied the Delta method to a language poorly suited for it, the method demonstrated its effectiveness. Tang dynasty poets are correctly identified using Delta, and the empirical pattern observed for authors writing in European standard languages has been confirmed once again.
This paper provides an overview of recent historical research regarding scientifically-informed challenges to the idea that the stars are other suns orbited by other inhabited earths -- an idea that came to be known as "the Plurality of Worlds". Johannes Kepler in the seventeenth century, Jacques Cassini in the eighteenth, and William Whewell in the nineteenth each argued against "pluralism" based on what in their respective times was solid science. Nevertheless, pluralism remained popular despite these and other scientific challenges. This history will be of interest to the astronomical community so that it is better positioned to avoid difficulties should the historical trajectory of pluralism continue, especially as it persists in the popular imagination.
John Clark was inventor of the Eureka machine to generate hexameter Latin verse. He labored for 13 years from 1832 to implement the device that could compose at random over 26 million different lines of well-formed verse. This paper proposes that Clark should be regarded as an early cognitive scientist. Clark described his machine as an illustration of a theory of "kaleidoscopic evolution" whereby the Latin verse is "conceived in the mind of the machine" then mechanically produced and displayed. We describe the background to automated generation of verse, the design and mechanics of Eureka, its reception in London in 1845 and its place in the history of language generation by machine. The article interprets Clark's theory of kaleidoscopic evolution in terms of modern cognitive science. It suggests that Clark has not been given the recognition he deserves as a pioneer of computational creativity.
From the reign of King Yekuno-Amlak (r. 1270–85) to that of Emperor Tewodros II (r. 1855–68), the army of Ethiopia, one of the East African counties, was divided into two major categories: The first category consisted of local militias under regional governors who had no special type of war combat training. In times of national crisis, they engaged in warfare only when the king called them. Immediately after battle, they were sent back to their regional base. The second category of the army was the royal army (chewa, from fourteenth to sixteenth centuries). Chewa was the regular army of the kings and many of its regiments were deployed in various regions of Ethiopia. It was established only for the purpose of military services, and the members of this army were not allowed to do any other work. This article examines the chewa military system and its dynamics in the medieval period of Ethiopia, roughly covering the period between fourteenth and sixteenth centuries.
The research is devoted to one of the many creative ideas of Gogol in 1834. The textual analysis shows the unity of the two historical works of the writer, which were previously published as separate works. These manuscripts testify that Gogol's “Bibliography of the Middle Ages” and the course of medieval history written at the same time (of ten lectures) represent a special edition that was being prepared for publication (which remained unpublished for unknown reasons). For the first time, the reader got acquainted with the “Bibliography of the Middle Ages” and Gogol’s ten university lectures in 1896, but until that moment these materials, published separately, have not been comprehended as a single whole prepared for publication. The publication of the book, which did not take place in 1834, is put in connection with Gogol's then cooperation with the Minister of Public Education S.S. Uvarov. During this period, thanks to the minister, Gogol entered the department of general history of St. Petersburg University and published four articles in the ministerial journal. The article analyzes the content of Gogol's lecture course and its relation to his other works. The author of the article proposes a possible title for the untitled book, based on the surviving Gogol lecture program.
Literature (General), Slavic languages. Baltic languages. Albanian languages
The Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), a premier autonomous research institute under the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India has a legacy of about seven decades with contributions made in the field of observational sciences namely atmospheric and astrophysics. The Survey of India used a location at ARIES, determined with an accuracy of better than 10 meters on a world datum through institute participation in a global network of Earth artificial satellites imaging during late 1950. Taking advantage of its high-altitude location, ARIES, for the first time, provided valuable input for climate change studies by long term characterization of physical and chemical properties of aerosols and trace gases in the central Himalayan regions. In astrophysical sciences, the institute has contributed precise and sometime unique observations of the celestial bodies leading to a number of discoveries. With the installation of the 3.6 meter Devasthal optical telescope in the year 2015, India became the only Asian country to join those few nations of the world who are hosting 4 meter class optical telescopes. This telescope, having advantage of geographical location, is well-suited for multi-wavelength observations and for sub-arc-second resolution imaging of the celestial objects including follow-up of the GMRT, AstroSat and gravitational-wave sources.
This article examines how people formed and negotiated relations to time in routine engagements with materials and places in medieval South India. Questions of history and memory, which have become central to our understanding of precolonial Indian social and political practices, are frequently considered in relation to courtly epigraphical and textual production or monumental building projects. Positing that experiences of time are formed in everyday acts of production, consumption and maintenance, this article problematises the term ‘social memory’ to propose an alternative framework for exploring temporal relations: the concept of historicity. Historicity provides a robust analytical vocabulary for discussing how historical actors inhabited their own present, how they oriented themselves towards pasts and futures, and the kinds of timescales that both framed their actions and were formed in action. Operationalising this framework, I build on an analysis of excavated ceramics from a twelfth- to thirteenth-century settlement at Maski (northern Karnataka) to foreground the diverse ways in which individuals and communities drew upon available pasts and acted with initiative within an intersubjective present world of tasks and activities.
This paper discusses the relation between the decoherent histories approach to quantum mechanics that is based on coarse-grained decoherent histories of a closed system, and the approximate quantum mechanics of measured subsystems, as in the Copenhagen interpretation. We show how the a classical world used in such formulations is not to something to be postulated but rather explained by suitable sets of alternative histories of quasiclassical variables. We discuss the general definition of measurement, the collapse of the wave function, and irreversibility from the perspective of decoherent histories quantum theory..
La transmisión textual de la obra en verso de Pedro de Gracia Dei se extiende durante cuatro siglos y se caracteriza, fundamentalmente, por la abundante difusión a través de copias manuscritas. Su producción poética evidencia una importante heteregoneidad temática, pues los textos se insertan en líneas tan diferentes como la heráldica, la historiografía o los panegíricos a Isabel la Católica. En este trabajo se establece un estudio y delimitación del corpus poético de Pedro de Gracia Dei a partir de los testimonios en que transmiten cada una de las composiciones, con el objetivo de solventar los problemas que afectan a los títulos, contenido y estructura métrica de los poemas.
The article is studying the historical process of formation of rulemaking activity and rulemaking powers of medieval states (after the fall of the Roman Empire before the discovery of America, namely 476–1492 years), including Kievan Rus, on the basis of legal monuments and historiographical sources. The reasons for the monopolization of rulemaking by the ruling elite and rulers, influence on the process of formation of external forms of law of the historical, cultural and socio-economic conditions of the existence of states, power and tradition of the peoples are revealed. Features of procedures of preparation and adoption of legal acts are considered, the history of codification of customary law, peculiarities of elaboration of rules of legal technique, as well as the process of gradual reception of the revised, codified and updated European University of Roman Law in Italy, Germany, France, Switzerland, France cantons, Scandinavian countries, which replaced the ancient custom and resulted from the development of socio-economic relations. The article substantiates the conclusion that the nature of rule-making powers of the states during the Middle Ages stemmed from the theological justification of power and the corresponding conception of the divine election of the ruler, which led to the increase of absolutist tendencies in the exercise of state power, although some manifestations of influence and traceability were observed, although there were some manifestations of the influence of the population on power, and there were elements of the election of rulers in separate historical periods. However, there was a predominant concentration of rulemaking functions in the hands of the supreme power, which were used to effectively control the population with broad discretionary powers of the supreme power. Also noted as a general tendency is the further increase in the professionalisation of rulemaking activities in the period under review, the strengthening of the process of codification of customary law and the almost universal reception of Roman law in Western Europe, which was also characteristic of Kievan Rus.