Hasil untuk "Lexicography"

W. Gale, Kenneth Ward Church

Paolo D’ACHILLE

For a History of the Names of Romance Languages in Italian. The study presents the names that the main Romance languages have had in the history of Italian, in order to examine how and when the different idioms derived from Latin were perceived, identified, and named. Particular attention will be given to the glottonyms referring to the peoples who inhabited the various regions before the Latinization. At the end of the essay, the various terms used over time to refer to Italian will be proposed, terms which, before this glottonym became dominant, did not distinguish it either from Florentine or Tuscan, nor from Latin, the mother tongue from which it is derived, and against which the Vulgar Latin originally stood. REZUMAT. Pentru o istorie a numelor limbilor romanice în italiană. Studiul prezintă numele pe care principalele limbi romanice le-au avut în istoria limbii italiene, pentru a verifica cum și când diferitele limbi derivate din latina au fost percepute, identificate și numite. Se va pune accent în mod special pe glotonimele care se referă la popoarele care locuiau diversele regiuni înainte de latinizare. La sfârșitul eseului vor fi propuse diferitele termene care au fost folosite de-a lungul timpului pentru a desemna limba italiană, care, înainte ca acest glotonim să se impună, nu a fost diferențiată nici de florentină sau toscană, nici de latină, limba maternă din care provine, împotriva căreia vulgarul se opunea inițial. Cuvinte-cheie: glotonime, limbi romanice, italiană, lexicografie Article history: Received 14 March 2025; Revised 1 May 2025; Accepted 31 May 2025; Available online 12 December 2025; Available print 30 December 2025

Olga V. Trefilova

This congratulatory message refers to the lead researcher of the Institute of Slavic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Philology Anna A. Plotnikova, a specialist in Serbian language, Balkanistics, ethnolinguistics, linguistic geography, Slavic dialectology, lexicology, lexicography. The researcher’s path is connected with the Institute of Slavic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, with which she began to cooperate while studying at the Lomonosov Moscow State University in the 1980s. After defending her PhD thesis “Ethnolinguistic dictionary as a linguistic, ethnographic and folklore source (based on the material of Slavic languages and traditions)” (1990), she began to work at the Institute of Slavic Studies as a junior researcher and worked her way up to the lead researcher of the Department of Ethnolinguistics and Folklore. Anna Plotnikova is actively developing areal ethnolinguistics. In 2005, she defended her doctoral thesis “Ethnolinguistic geography of South Slavia”. To date, she has authored 6 books and more than 500 research papers. She is a member of the author’s team of the ethnolinguistic dictionaries “Slavic antiquities” and “Slavic mythology”, a member of the editorial boards of some scholarly journals, editor of serial publications and some monographs of her colleagues. Since 2007, Anna Plotnikova has led the collective work in the Department of Ethnolinguistics and Folklore, which was aimed at creating an electronic database of the Archive of Polesie expeditions (were conducted in 1962–1985); at various times she managed or participated in a number of grants supported by Russian scientific foundations. She is a member of the Russian National Committee of Slavists, participates in the work of several commissions under the International Committee of Slavists: on Balkan linguistics, on ethnolinguistics, on the study of Russian Old Believers. She cooperates with university education, directs the work of graduate students, including foreign ones, and engages young researchers in research activities.

Dilem Dinc, Asli Aslan, Tolgay Ergenoglu

This study investigates whether cognitive styles have an effect on the interpretation of implications hidden in speech and examines the Event-Related Potential (ERP) pattern of this effect. In the first study (104 participants), a Cognitive Style Analysis (CSA) test, an interpretation task (meaning), Indirectness Scale, Cultural Communication Scale-Turkish (CCS-TUR), and information collection forms were used as data collection tools. In the second study (29 participants), an interpretation task (implicitness) and the EEG-ERP system were used. In the meaning interpretation task, the analyses revealed that individuals with an Analytic CS tendency preferred interpretations containing implications less than individuals with Holistic CS. In addition, it has been observed that individuals with an Analytic CS tendency focus their attention more when asking questions for the texts in the implicitness interpretation task according to the ERP patterns. This may be an indication that brain function is physically different in all individuals when interacting with each other.

A. V. Ivanov

The aim of the research is to study and systematize etymological, historical-linguistic and historiographic information about the terms fonema / phoneme / Phonem based on the results of the analysis of Russian, English and German theoretical and lexicographic sources published in the 19th—20th centuries. Sources in French are used where necessary. The methods of historical-linguistic, historiographical, definitional, etymological, semantic and lexicographical analysis are used in the study. It has been established that in the ancient Greek language, which is the source of the origin of the word φώνημα, the latter was used in two general meanings: (1) ‘voice, sound’, (2) ‘word, speech’. In the second half of the 19th century, in the new European languages, the word underwent adaptation, subsequent semantic rethinking and acquired a terminological status. The term phonème was first used by the French amateur linguist A. Dufriche-Desgenettes in 1861 in the generalized phonetic meaning ‘sound’. In the phonological sense, this term is found by F. de Saussure in 1879. The term fonema (phoneme) was introduced into Russian linguistic terminology in 1880 by N. V. Krushevsky and, starting from 1881, was widely used in the works of I. A. Baudouin de Courtenay, V. M. Dobrovsky and others. The first use of the English term phoneme in the meaning of ‘sound’ should presumably be attributed to 1914, and not to 1894, as evidenced by English lexicographical sources. In a highly specialized (phonological) sense, the term was fixed in English linguistic terminology already in 1919, when the corresponding word usage was recorded in the work of G. Perera and D. Jones. In the vocabulary of the German language, the term Phonem in the meaning of ‘sound’ appeared in 1855 thanks to the Bulgarian philosopher P. Beron. In a similar sense, the desired term is found in 1875 by E. Boehmer. In its phonological meaning, the German term Phonem occurs for the first time in the works of I. A. Baudouin de Courtenay in 1895.

Dmytro Bihunov, Ernest Ivashkevych

English-Language Advertising Slogans and Their Ukrainian Translations: Comprehension Among Ukrainians The article deals with the study of advertising slogans. A selection of English-language slogans and their translations into Ukrainian are presented. Their categorisation according to phonetic, lexical and syntactical principles facilitates the comparison between the inner meaning of the English slogans and their reflection or transformation into Ukrainian variants. The article attempts to investigate the perception and understanding of advertising slogans in English and their Ukrainian variants by the general Ukrainian-speaking public.   Anglojęzyczne slogany reklamowe i ich ukraińskie tłumaczenia, a ich pojmowanie przez Ukraińców Autorzy prowadzą badania nad sloganami reklamowymi. Przedstawiają wybrane slogany anglojęzyczne i ich tłumaczenia na język ukraiński. Ich klasyfikacja według cech fonetycznych, leksykalnych i składniowych pozwala na porównanie wewnętrznego znaczenia sloganów angielskich z ich odzwierciedleniem lub transformacją na warianty ukraińskie. Autorzy podejmują próbę analizy percepcji i zrozumienia sloganów reklamowych w języku angielskim i ich ukraińskich wariantów przez ogół ukraińskojęzycznych odbiorców.

Paweł Kowalski

The paper presents the structure of a multilingual dictionary of keywords, which is an integral part of the bibliographic database of Slavic linguistics iSybislaw representing the digital information retrieval system (www.isybislaw.ispan.waw.pl). The lexical units (keywords) of the language of keywords used in the system are represented primarily by linguistic terms. In spite of a different denotation – the keywords directly denote sets of documents, and indirectly the non-documentary reality, while the terms denote elements of linguistic reality – they are formally equal with linguistic terms, which allows them to map the semantic field of a particular discipline, in this case Slavic linguistics. The dictionary is therefore a domain-based online specialist dictionary, which is a tool for users of the bibliographic database of Slavic linguistics. The dictionary is addressed to all those who deal with linguistics and linguistic terminology, first of all to scholar-linguists, Ph.D. students and students of philologies, as well as translators of academic papers in the field of linguistics.

Luca Palmarini

The purpose of this is to analyze the toponyms present in some Italian-Polish and Polish-Italian bilingual dictionaries. After selecting a “skeleton” of the dictionaries that trace part of the history of the bilingual lexicography in question, we move on to the analysis of the toponyms used in the dictionaries. In a lexicultural context, understood as the transfer of the cultural elements of a given language, we observe the choices made by lexicographers of the different eras and try to understand the reasons, sometimes of a personal nature or dictated by the historical context, or sometimes influenced by the political system in a given country. At the same time, we want to highlight the evolution in the diachronic field that toponyms and their equivalents have had in the dictionaries in question, as well as their value in teaching a particular foreign language.

Vlatka Dugački, Krešimir Regan

This paper presents an overview of the history of healthcare and the development of health institutions in Croatia from prehistory till today. The developments in providing care for the sick and infirm in these lands are described based on relevant literature and periodicals. The presented data is a contribution to the research of the systematic history of the Croatian health system.

The article focuses on a relevant issue of the cognitive discourse study of mental integration of the identity and opposition relations in synonym-antonym complexes (hereinafter referred to as SACs). SACs are lexical sets that have not been considered in lexicology previously. The results of the research are presented in the Great Explanatory Ideographic Dictionary of SACs, a new format in lexicography whose usage also makes the research in question relevant. The title of the article reflects the approaches applied in studying antonymy. The subject matter of the article is joint analysis of antonymy and synonymy considered from different angles, i. e. denotative and ideographic, cognitive discourse, derivational and semantic, and structural and semantic. The purpose of the research is to work out a system of principles of lexicographic description of antonymy and their realization in the new ideographic dictionary. The source of the research material is the electronic database of the Laboratory of Computer Lexicography. For the purpose of the research, the author relies on a number of linguistic methods. As a result of the research, the author singles out some principles for studying and lexicographizing SACs, i. e. 1) the study of antonymy in the context of synonymy and in its interaction with it; 2) the interpretation of SACs as a completely new lexical set characterized by a specific structural and sematic organization; 3) singling out types of SACs; 4) the detection of regular derivational and grammatical variations of the basic antonymic oppositions in the structure of SACs; 5) the study of the mechanism underlying the realization of mental integration of the identity and opposition relations as the key factor in the formation of SACs; 6) singling out the main models for the realization of mental integration in the structure of SACs belonging to different denotative spheres; 7) the analysis of the place of SACs in the denotative and ideographic space of the Russian language; 8) detecting the nucleus and periphery of the linguistic synonymic and antonymic worldview in the Russian language and semantic distances in the structure of its semantic space. The results of the research may be used both for theoretical studies, i. e. in fundamental research in cognitive semantics, the theory of lexical sets, theoretic lexicography, and applied practically as lexicographic material in teaching practice both in schools and universities.

Ivana Crljenko

Uporaba egzonima jedan je od najranijih izazova za stručnjake koji se na međunarodnoj razini bave geografskim imenima. Prevladavajuće je motrište da egzonimi ometaju međunarodnu komunikaciju pa njihovu uporabu treba smanjiti. Drugo je mišljenje da su egzonimi sastavni dio rječnika jezične zajednice koja ih stvara i rabi, važan su dio njezina kulturnog nasljeđa i identiteta te ih ne treba zanemarivati. U novije se vrijeme učvršćuje ideja o srednjem rješenju prema kojem egzonime treba rabiti različito, ovisno o dobnim skupinama korisnika, namjeni publikacije i vrsti komunikacije (međunarodnoj ili nacionalnoj). Slijedeći to motrište, članovi Radne skupine za egzonime pri UNGEGN-u donijeli su zaključke vezane uz globalno zajedničke karakteristike egzonima i kriterije njihove uporabe. Tri kriterija odnose se na obilježja geografskoga objekta za koji se rabi egzonim (tip, veličina, važnost, poznatost i lokacija objekta). U radu se kvantitativnom analizom brojnosti i zastupljenosti hrvatskih egzonima u nekoliko kategorija pokazuje da je uporaba hrvatskih egzonima sukladna tim kriterijima, što znači da se egzonimi rabe: a) kad geografski objekt ima bliske i tradicionalne veze s hrvatskom jezičnom zajednicom, a najčešće je riječ o geografski bližim objektima; b) kad je objekt povijesno ili danas važan, globalno i/ili za hrvatske govornike; c) kad se objekt prostire na više govornih područja.

Zdenko Jecić

The technological heritage of Croatia, the history and current state of technology in Croatia are relatively poorly researched and documented in literature, and overviews regarding this field are noticeably absent. This state of affairs is partially reflected in contemporary Croatian encyclopaedics. In contrast to the Pomorska enciklopedija (Maritime Encyclopaedia) or Šumarska enciklopedija (Encyclopaedia of Forestry) of the Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography, the Tehnička enciklopedija (TE – Encyclopaedia of Technology), a major work encompassing 13 volumes and long-time indispensable reference book for students of faculties of engineering, focused on macropeadic interpretation of general technological terms without a systematic examination of the history and current state of affairs in Croatia. The Hrvatska tehnička enciklopedija (HTE – Croatian encyclopaedia of Technology) continues the TE and serves to complement it, including national topics and containing articles covering general terms, biographies, companies and institutions, journals and associations, striving to adapt the texts to a broader circle of users. The HTE project builds upon the values of the traditional encyclopaedic concept of organising and disseminating consolidated knowledge, adapted to the digital age, and is simultaneously published in printed and electronic form. It is expected that this approach will contribute towards increasing familiarity with Croatian technology and thus improve its perception in a cultural and social context).

Ольга Владимировна Митренина

Andrejs Veisbergs

Translation needs tools, the oldest and most widespread of which are (bilingual) dictionaries. In the absence of the necessary language pair dictionary, translators seek advice in foreign language dictionaries. Translators have frequently been the authors of dictionaries themselves. Latvian and Lithuanian nations and languages, though kindred, have had a rather different history. Both historically and politically, developments in Latvian have been more parallel to Estonian than Lithuanian as both fell under German and Lutheran influence while Lithuanian had a Polish-bound Catholic history. Yet the development of their writing, translation and lexicography has followed a remarkably similar process and testifies to the common space of knowledge (Wissensraum). As with their lexicography, their bilingual dictionaries grew out of a connection between translation and religion. Both countries underwent a national awakening/awareness in the 19th century that led to a greater variety of translations and dictionaries. Notably, monolingual Latvian and Lithuanian dictionaries appeared only in the 20th century, testifying to the importance of bilingual lexicography in ensuring language contact. Bilingual dictionaries have dominated the lexicography scene of Latvia and Lithuania from the start until the present day. The twentieth century, with its expanding translation needs, produced an even greater variety of translations and bilingual dictionaries in both countries.

Olga G Zgirovskaya

The article investigates the category of “value” in the structure of lexical meaning of words and methods of its fixation in dictionaries as a semantic component. It is relevant to study the ways of cultural lexicography in the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” of V.I. Dahl, because it included not only the linguistic information about words, but also cultural and ethnolinguistic information about the life of the people. The subject of the study was national-specific images, categories and cultural realities, the object was the cultural component in the structure of the lexical meaning of the word. The work was conducted using the method of component analysis based on the decomposition of lexical meaning at the minimum semantic components. One of the main tasks that must be solved is the development of a theoretical approach to culture in its interaction with lexicography. The purpose of this article is to identify the essence of cultural infor-mation in the dictionary and the ways of its introduction into the dictionary entry. Interpretation of zoonyms in the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” of V.I. Dahl was analyzed and the classification. The results can be used both for the inclusion of cultural information in traditional dictionaries (explanatory, dialectal, phraseological, etc.), and for creating dictionar-ies that directly capture the cultural elements reflected in the language (linguocultural, linguistic, language dictionaries, etc.). The analysis revealed that the most important ways of fixing national-specific compo-nents are the implicit ways (paremias, idioms, figurative meanings for the name of the person). Hierarchy of values prevailing in the minds of speakers is reflected in the language and culture through these im-plicit components.

A. Wierzbicka

Oddrun Grønvik

Martina Kokolari

U radu se nastoji osvijetliti književno djelovanje Vesne Parun u razdoblju socijalističkog realizma te se pritom naglasak stavlja na recepciju njezine pjesničke produkcije u tadašnjem javnom kritičkom diskursu, koji je funkcionirao kao tumač i promicatelj partijske politike. Demonstrira se pritom posredno kako je Parun bila onemogućena u svojoj umjetničkoj subjektivaciji u političkom režimu koji je, nametanjem vlastitoga kulturnog obrasca, zahtijevao identifikaciju s logosom poretka. Time je socrealizam, nesposoban i nevoljan priznati drugoga i drugačijega, odao da je u svojoj biti zapravo protivan izvornoj ideji ljevice, a na površinu je izbilo i pitanje autonomije i slobode umjetnosti odnosno njezina identificiranja i usklađivanja s poželjnim vrijednostima.

Sandro Nielsen

With their focus on terms, bilingual dictionaries are important tools for translating texts on economics. The most common type is the multi-field dictionary covering several related subject fields; however, multi-field dictionaries treat one or few fields extensively thereby neglecting other fields in contrast to single-field and sub-field dictionaries. Furthermore, recent research shows that economic translation is not limited to terms so lexicographers who identify and analyse the needs of translators, usage situations and stages in translating economic texts will have a sound basis for designing their lexicographic tools. The function theory allows lexicographers to study these basics so that they can offer translation tools to the domain of economics. Dictionaries should include data about terms, their grammatical properties, and their combinatorial potential as well as language varieties such as British, American and international English to indicate syntactic options and restrictions on language use. Secondly, translators need to know the meaning of domain-specific terms to properly understand the differences in the structure of the domains in the cultures involved. Finally, pragmatic data will tell authors and translators how textual resources are conventionally used and what is textually appropriate in communication within the fi eld of economics. The focus will mainly be on translations between Danish and English.

Paulina Radonić Vranjković