The inclusion of the so-called ‘horizontal social clause’, namely Article 9 TFEU, in EU primary law imposes on the EU legislator an obligation to balance the objectives of a specific policy area with the social interests contained therein. For instance, when adopting internal market measures pursuant to Article 114 TFEU, the EU legislator would need to reconcile free trade aims and social interests. At the same time, this process also has consequences on the scope of EU competences. Hence, this article analyses which implications related to the scope of EU competences stem from the obligation to read Article 114 TFEU in light of Article 9 TFEU. In addition, it accounts for the consequences that this process entails for the division of powers between the EU and the Member States. The main argument proposed is that the obligation to read internal market powers in light of Article 9 TFEU not only influences the use of EU competences to pursue certain social objectives, but also leads to an expansion of EU harmonising powers in domains that remain of national competence. Thus, the division between EU and Member State competences becomes increasingly blurred. The Court of Justice of the EU has favoured this tendency by recognising on many occasions the possibility for the EU to rely on Article 114 TFEU, while developing a restrictive interpretation of the limitations of EU competences in social fields enshrined in the Treaties.
Manuel Octavio del Campo Villares, Eladio Jardón Ferreiro, Karla Ladrón de Guevara Marín
et al.
The purpose of this document is to identify which actions in the Equal Opportunities Plan 2023–2026 of the Ourense Provincial Council have the potential to increase equality of opportunity between women and men in positions of similar status, with respect to an analysis of the objectives of the First Equality Plan of (2017–2021). The methodology for measuring the achievements of these strategic objectives consisted of a descriptive comparative study, where the changes in the stated objectives were analyzed, and a quantitative functional study was undertaken to determine the relationship between the typology and functionality of each position. A clear distinction was made between the goals achieved and those requiring more decisive intervention in future. In addition, it recognizes that women are very underrepresented in the most desirable positions at Ourense Provincial Council.
Political institutions and public administration (General), Public law
The article deals with the foreign course of President Joe Biden’s administration in regard to making an anti-iranian coalition in the Middle East. Due to a plethora of intra and extra factors, this particular deal has become crucial. The significance is defined by analyzing one of the most important aspects of American foreign policy in the Middle East for the last short period of time. Its realization will help not only oppose Iranian expansionism in the region but also stand against a possible alliance of two dictators regimes – Putin’s and Ayatollahs’ – in the Russian-Ukrainian war, and in the future could lead to serious danger for all regional security system in the Middle East.
The aim of the article is to systematic investigation of the US’ foreign strategy to create an anti-Iranian alliance in the Middle East, mentioning new features, that occur from late 2022 and the beginning of 2023. The article shows the importance of the anti-Iranian alliance as one of the pivotal fronts of war between the global democratic team led by the US and the global dictators’ bunch, which can possibly doom the future of humanity.
Methods include a broad mix of general scientific and narrow methods like systemic method, comparative analysis, sources’ critic analysis.
The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that the author is first in Ukrainian historiography, who tried to investigate the ongoing process of reforming the political and security situation in the Middle East and made a complex analysis of one of the top priority foreign policy themes, conducted by President Joe Biden’s administration in the Middle East, with inventing into research agenda new American, Israel and Arab sources. New reasons and facets in the Middle Eastern geopolitical situation are highlighted, which indicate the cruciality of the research problem. The author draws a conclusion about the correlation of processes in the Middle East and Ukraine, in particular, that the policy of J. Biden’s administration in the specified direction allows more effective resistance to Russian aggression in Ukraine.
The introduction of Law 92/2019 has renewed attention on the goals not only of Civic Education itself, but also of the whole school system, on its being truly democratic, equal and inclusive, issues that have become even more urgent with the emergence of the pandemic that has amplified inequalities. Already the 2016 Council of Europe document Competences for Democratic Culture had stressed the fundamental need to take «measures to tackle social inequalities and structural disadvantages». The paper presents a thematic analysis of the text of the law, the guidelines and the goals in order to identify, on the one hand, the fundamental conceptual cores that guided the legislator in the selection of the topics to be taught and its objectives and, on the other hand, whether and how the underlying concepts of citizenship and citizen are consistent with the urgent need to tackle growing social inequality.
(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2021 6(2), 941-954 | European Forum Insight of 9 October 2021 | (Table of Contents) I. Introduction. - II. Case c-718/19. - II.1. Legal and factual background. - II.2. Judgment of the Grand Chamber. - III. Case C-719/19. - III.1. Factual background. - III.2. Judgment of the Grand Chamber. - IV. New clarifications on ending the Union citizen's right of residence. - V. Conclusion. | (Abstract) In two Grand Chamber decisions of 22 June 2021 (case C-718/19 Ordre des barreaux francophones and germanophone and Others ECLI:EU:C:2021:505; and case C-719/19 Staatssecretaris van Justitie en Veiligheid ECLI:EU:C:2021:506), the European Court of Justice (ECJ) delivered new clarifications on ending the Union citizen's right of residence. The ECJ clarified, on the one hand, what measures EU Member States can take to effectively enforce an expulsion order against Union citizens and, on the other hand, in which cases they must grant a returning Union citizen a new right of residence. In addition, the Court confirmed its view expressed in the Petrea case, according to which national law implementing EU migration rules for third-country nationals may also apply to Union citizens, provided that their situation is comparable.
(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2020 5(1), 621-631 | European Forum Insight of 7 May 2020 | (Table of Contents) I. Introduction. - II. Art. 107, para. 3, let. b), TFEU and the Temporary Framework to support the economy in the context of the virus outbreak. - III. Art. 107, para. 3, let. c), TFEU and the Temporary Framework to support the economy in the context of the COVID-19 outbreak. - IV. Other paths: Art. 107, para. 2, let. b), TFEU, the GBER, and the de minimis Regulations. - V. The way forward? | (Abstract) The purpose of this Insight is to illustrate how State aid law will work in this troubled time. First, it focuses on Art. 107, para. 3, let. b) and c), TFEU and the Temporary Framework adopted by the European Commission to support the economy in the context of the COVID-19 outbreak. Furthermore, it clarifies the role that Art. 107, para. 2, let. b), TFEU may play. Finally, it takes into consideration the General Block Exemption Regulation, and the de minimis Regulations. It is argued that a new approach to State aid law will be needed in the coming years, based on a compensation mechanism and some other expedients to avoid competitive distortions.
Gli anni Venti del Novecento rappresentano un periodo di intenso confron-to di Benedetto Croce tanto con la politica del fascismo, dalla quale il filo-sofo di Pescasseroli prese progressivamente le distanze sino ad arrivare al-la critica aperta ed alla sottoscrizione del Manifesto degli intellettuali anti-fascisti, quanto con la scienza giuridica e con la sua pretesa di offrire un’autonoma prospettiva di conoscenza. Segnano in modo particolare que-sto secondo campo di intervento, la polemica con gli orientamenti giusna-turalistici del filosofo Giorgio Del Vecchio e quella con il romanista Pietro Bonfante. In questa seconda, soprattutto, emergeva in tutta la sua intensità il motivo dominante la visione crociana del diritto ossia la contestazione della stessa autonomia del discorso giuridico. La presa di distanza dalla po-litica del fascismo e gli attacchi portati alla scienza giuridica consentivano peraltro a Benedetto Croce di sviluppare un’intensa e significativa rifles-sione su taluni temi generalissimi e basilari, come quello sulla origine della libertà, nella contrapposizione fra dimensione individuale e dimensione istituzionale, di essa. Diversi gli effetti del confronto tra lo storicismo cro-ciano e gli orientamenti dei giuristi italiani nel terzo decennio del secolo ventesimo. Un primo, non secondario (e verosimilmente non voluto) risul-tato della posizione assunta da Croce nei confronti della scienza giuridica fu paradossalmente quello di stimolare l’assunzione all’interno della se-conda di chiavi lettura neo idealistiche del diritto. Nel tentativo di afferma-re la supremazia della filosofia neo idealistica, si verificò una sorta di in-corporazione di essa nel metodo impiegato dai giuristi nella formulazione della loro scienza. Un secondo piano su cui si radicò quel confronto fu senz’altro quello del tema della qualificazione della legge, terreno dogma-tico sul quale si verificò la progressiva evoluzione del rapporto fra momen-to individuale e momento sociale dell’esperienza giuridica italiana nella di-rezione di una definizione in senso totalitario delle regole di condotta pre-poste a costituire i parametri dell’attività dell’individuo.
A dossier from the Carolingian Tuscany allows us to know the long and complex judicial case of the priest Alpulo. Born from a simple affair between a priest and a nun, the trial then disturbed a king, a count, an imperial messenger, five bishops and a large number of of people including lay people and clergymen. The reasons for such an expenditure of judicial energies can be recognised in the design of the Lucca episcopate to increase its land endowment in the area. Reading the dossier, however, we can get a more precise idea of the real functioning of Carolingian justice. It seems that the intentions declared by the Carolingian rulers – ensuring a greater protection of people’s rights and pomoting a justice less exposed to the arrogance of the powerful – must be understood with more scepticism than we usually do. Moreover, the interest of legal historians for the long judicial process is also recalled by certain passages which show compliance with a procedural discipline that is not at all elementary.
Este artículo no pretende analizar la realidad de la globalización, ni de la Unión Europea, ni de su relación, de amplitud, complejidad y dinamismo casi insondables y aquí inabarcables, sino ofrecer solo una introducción a su estudio, que ayude a proseguir el debate. Éste ha generado en el siglo XXI numerosos y poderosos esfuerzos de definición, conceptualización y teorización; aquí se indican algunos puntos de referencia relevantes y algunas lógicas, que pueden servir como anclajes y cuerda para una posible vía por esos universos. La clave está en la paradoja de Castells: «la integración europea es, al mismo tiempo, una reacción al proceso de globalización y su expresión más avanzada» y se presentan tres estudios muy diferentes. A continuación, desde el constructivismo social, se exponen la «actoridad» («actorness») de la UE , constituida por la oportunidad, presencia y capacidad, y su identidad colectiva y se termina con la presentación de varias estrategias europeas globales.
Recibido: 20 noviembre 2015
Aceptado: 18 enero 2016
Publicación en línea: 30 abril 2016
Giuseppe Cordiano, Antonietta Barricelli, Elena Insolera
et al.
All around the Bracciano Lake, several roman villae (especially I cent. B.C. - II cent. A.D.) show their ruins and until today 54 stamped lateres have been found there. Their texts provide precious informations about the provenance of this kind of building materials from the figlinae in particular of Rome, of Tiber area, of ager Caeretanus and from the neighbourhood of lacus Sabatinus; they show the rich possibilities of the domini of these villae especially in the late republican age and during the first centuries of Imperial period.
History of the Greco-Roman World, Greek language and literature. Latin language and literature
Anti-Semitism as the official government policy in Germany has been enforced before the adoption of the Nuremberg racial laws of September 15th, 1935 (the first anti-Semitic regulation is considered to be the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, passed on April 7th, 1933). The Nuremberg racial laws – the Reich Citizenship Law and the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor – have been prepared very hastily and did not address several issues (e.g. the definition of “Jew”). In the following years several supplementary decrees were therefore adopted and other laws were passed those have opened the space for implementation of anti-Jewish policy, which have culminated into a systematic genocide of Jews in Europe (Endlösung der Judenfrage).
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
La primera gran crisis de la globalización ha sumido a las economías del mundo en un estado de incertidumbre que requiere la adopción de decisiones eficaces para hacer frente a la misma. Lógicamente, la Unión Europea como interlocutor político en la arena mundial no puede permanecer ajena a esta situación. En el actual debate entre gobernanza global-gobierno de la globalización, las instituciones europeas han hecho valer el paradigma jurídico-político y su correspondiente modelo económico, sobre el que se construye el proyecto de integración. El Estado-mercado y su correlato de actuación económica, el Estado regulador, han estado muy presentes en los ejes de actuación propuestos por la Comisión para el establecimiento de una gobernanza económica global sólida frente a la crisis, en las Cumbres del G-20 celebradas en el 2010. Principios de actuación que también han dejado sentir sus efectos en el propio espacio europeo a través de la propuesta de reforma del Pacto de Estabilidad y Crecimiento.
Publicación en línea: 15 abril 2016
No general part was created in the French Code de commerce of 1807, which was one of the basic objections to this act since its very beginnings. Book I was in fact entitled Of Commerce in General, however, even superficial analysis of its content indicates irrefutably that it contained regulations governing a specific subject matter. The lack of a general part did not mean that codifiers were not guided in the works on the code by any higher principles. On the contrary, while creating or copying given standards from earlier binding acts, they realised a legislative policy which had been adopted in advance, and which, paradoxically, did not aim at creating a liberal background for trade, but at managing the economic crisis with intense state control.
History (General) and history of Europe, History of Law
Niemcy, wycofując się z terenów okupowanej Polski w 1944 roku, likwidowali całą strukturę swojej administracji publicznej, w tym także administracji wodnej, która funkcjonowała na naszych ziemiach w czasie okupacji hitlerowskiej. Opuszczając w pośpiechu urzędy i jednostki wodne, z pełną determinacją zacierali wszelkie ślady swojej działalności, niszcząc przy okazji przedwojenny dorobek polskiej administracji wodnej. Zniszczyli także wszelkie urządzenia i maszyny wykorzystywane do robót wodnych oraz znaczną część dróg wodnych, wysadzając w powietrze mosty, jazy i śluzy. Uszkodzili także wiele urządzeń melioracji podstawowych i szczegółowych. W wyniku działań frontowych i fortyfikacyjnych uszkodzeniu uległy na odcinku 1464 km korpusy wałów przeciwpowodziowych. Poważne straty zanotowano również w żegludze śródlądowej; z taboru wiślanego po II wojnie światowej pozostało 50% jednostek, natomiast z taboru odrzańskiego jedynie 5%.
History (General) and history of Europe, History of Law