Ugur Korkut Pata, Mustafa Tevfik Kartal, Zahoor Ahmed
et al.
Abstract This study analyzes the influence of green bonds on carbon neutrality. It examines the daily data of sectoral CO2 emissions of the top five CO2-emitting nations from January 2, 2019 to December 30, 2022 using wavelet transform coherence, quantile-on-quantile regression, Granger causality in quantiles, and quantile regression approaches. The results revealed that (i) green bonds are strongly related to sectoral CO2 emissions; (ii) green bonds reduce transport sector CO2 emissions in China, the US, and Japan while causing an upsurge in India and Russia; (iii) green bonds reduce industrial sector CO2 emissions only in the US; (iv) green bonds have a declining influence in energy sector CO2 emissions at lower quantiles in India, China, and the US, whereas the impact increases at higher quantiles; and (v) green bonds decrease residential sector CO2 emissions in the US, Russia, and Japan. The study revealed that green bonds help reduce CO2 emissions in the residential sector in various quantiles. Therefore, the US, Russia, and Japan should raise household awareness of green energy utilization by promoting them with green bonds. In addition, green bonds can effectively reduce transportation sector CO2 emissions in China and the US. Therefore, the policymakers of the two global powers should contribute to global CO2 reduction by promoting green transportation and clean energy transition in the transportation sector through green bonds. Thus, green bonds can play an effective role in the fight against global warming.
In the article, it is proved that international humanitarian law/the law of armed conflict is designed to limit and alleviate, as far as possible, the misfortunes of war. It draws boundaries between what is permitted (legal) and what is prohibited, that is, it defines the discipline of war. It is established that by its nature, the discipline of war is customary law based on the practice of warfare established in customs. Over time, the discipline of war further specifies the subject matter it regulates, primarily with regard to the preparation, organisation and conduct of operations, the use of troops (units), as well as the protection of civilians, participants and victims of armed conflict. It is proved that the discipline of warfare is not a spontaneous phenomenon, but rather an obligation to perform only lawful actions in the course of the task assigned to subordinate military units. The success of future operations (combat actions) depends on where and how the application of international humanitarian law/law of armed conflict should be integrated into operational and practical decision-making processes, as well as into combat orders during combat operations. This will create the necessary conditions for compliance with the law of war, considered during operations (combat operations). This requires a number of additional measures, such as appointing and training personnel, including legal advisers in the armed forces, as well as ensuring that military units are located in places where they do not pose a threat to persons and objects under protection. The article reveals that the purpose of operational law is to minimise negative humanitarian consequences, provide legal support for the preparation and combat use of troops in armed conflict, and ensure the protection of participants in armed conflict. Moreover, the scientific interest of the results obtained will contribute to resolving the issue of legal support for planning and conducting modern military operations in compliance with the provisions and principles of international humanitarian law/law of armed conflict, which transforms into a comprehensive process of integrating the provisions of the law of war into operational law. It is proved that operational law should become a guarantee for introducing headquarters procedures that will ensure the development of military plans and orders with the proper and effective application of the provisions of the law of armed conflict in operational practice (the practice of conducting combat operations), thereby reducing the consequences of armed conflict for those who are participating in combat operations or have already ceased to do so.
The issue of tender offers has gained prominence due to several high-profile cases involving the takeover of public companies, which have led to significant losses for shareholders, particularly public shareholders. The regulatory framework governing takeovers and tender offers is primarily established by Law No. 8 of 1995 concerning the Capital Market and Government Regulation No. 27 of 1998. The enactment of Law No. 21 of 2011 concerning the Financial Services Authority (OJK) in 2011 marked a significant shift in regulatory oversight, transferring authority over macroeconomic matters, including takeovers and tender offers, from Bank Indonesia to OJK. A notable example is the 2020 takeover of PT Garudafood Putra Putri Jaya Tbk. of PT Mulia Boga Raya Tbk. This study seeks to analyze the regulatory arrangements for tender offers in Indonesia and evaluate the impact of such takeovers on the public companies involved. The research employs normative legal research methodologies with a statutory approach, utilizing both primary and secondary legal materials.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
The article examines electronic document circulation from the standpoint of private law and public law aspects of legal regulation. A comprehensive analysis of legislative acts of Ukraine in the field of public administration and civil legal relations regarding the regulation of electronic document circulation, identification of key points affecting decision-making in the field of documentation management, carried out using a systematic approach and the method of comparative analysis, historical and comparative methods. Justification of the classification of the regulation of the organization of document circulation regarding the interaction of various subjects with state authorities as objects of law requiring special legal regulation. Attention drawn to the direct interrelationship of legal and technological procedures of documentation, production and protection of documents. The basis for recognizing the legal force and significance of a document is the implementation of technological and legal procedures for documenting information and producing documents. Based on the comprehensive analysis of legislative and regulatory documents, scientific research, on the materials obtained during the study of the functioning of electronic document circulation, distinctive features were formulated that are included in the complex documentary and archival functional requirements for information systems that automate document circulation and take into account the possibility of creating and maintaining multiple document movement schemes in order to ensure the corporate flow of documents, the need to integrate electronic document management systems with other information systems, the possibility of using technological solutions to optimize document management processes, increase the efficiency of information transmission, and eliminate errors during document processing. It indicated that the modular integration model of electronic document circulation in the authorities provides for the possibility of technological connection of a certain number of modules to increase the functionality of the system. An enterprise focusing on digitization should implement electronic document management.
El presente artículo es producto de un proyecto de investigación sustentado en teorías constitucionales, legales, prácticas profesionales y sobre todo en una actividad holística e investigativa sobre derecho al consumo. Pretendo determinar a través de una revisión y su correspondiente análisis, si la Superintendencia de Industria y Comercio protege a través de sus fallos los derechos de los consumidores respecto al reconocimiento de la garantía de los vehículos automotores. Metodológicamente realice operaciones inductivas y analíticas ya que revise varios casos en donde parto de situaciones
particulares y llego a una conclusión general sobre la protección de estos derechos. Encontré resultados en donde la delegatura de asuntos jurisdiccionales en algunos los protege y en otros no tanto debido a que a la luz del derecho siempre debe prevalecer la prueba. Concluyo manifestando que debe tenerse mas en cuenta por parte de la sic, el principio del Indubio pro consumidor, en donde en caso de que exista duda debe favorecerse siempre al consumidor debido a la situación de desequilibrio y desventaja contractual en la que se encuentra respecto a un productor y/o proveedor.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Marcelo Bidoia dos Santos, Antônio Luis de Oliveira
Trata-se de investigação à revisitar a problemática da doação de órgãos post mortem no Brasil, trazida com a inversão do sistema de consentimento presumido na doação de material humano, ocorrida com a Lei n. 10.211/2001, que alterou a redação do Art. 4º da Lei n. 9.434/97. A referida mudança conferiu à família do falecido a decisão final sobre a realização da doação, fundada na ideia do direito de personalidade – o que, paradoxalmente, pode contrariar a decisão tomada em vida pelo falecido em conceder seus restos mortais para fins altruísticos. De outro lado existe a preocupação ética e legal, quanto ao consentimento presumido, da assunção do corpo humano enquanto res communitatis que – apesar de coadunar-se com o princípio da solidariedade a orientar o Estado [Social] na concretização dos direitos à saúde e à vida – pode lesionar o direito individual à autodeterminação. Posto que ambas dimensões (individual e social) merecem proteção como direitos fundamentais a integrarem a Dignidade Humana – baluartes de um Estado Democrático de Direito – este trabalho visou harmonizá-las, através de uma exploração legal e bibliográfica à luz dos preceitos constitucionais, conciliando-as mediante raciocínio dedutivo e dialético, objetivando uma normatização que ensejasse maior eficiência às políticas públicas de doação de órgãos. Disso restou que a liberalidade familiar só deve se dar de modo subsidiário, no caso de ausência, por parte do falecido, de manifestação expressa em vida de fazer-se ou não doador.
Law, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
El eje del trabajo consiste en identificar vocablos propios del viejismo, estereotiposdiscriminatorios respecto de los adultos mayores, con el fin de identificarlo y erradicarlos de lapráctica judicial. Se trata de un análisis normativo y jurisprudencial con el foco puesto en detectarestereotipos discriminatorios. Se pretende visibilizar el daño que la utilización de estos términosocasiona en la comunidad jurídica y en la sociedad toda, respecto del adulto mayor y en la percepciónde la persona en sí misma.
Law, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
El presente análisis se centra específicamente en el error de prohibición que comete el integrante de una comunidad indígena, no solo porque desconoce absolutamente la antijuricidad de su conducta sino cuando cree que está actuando en estricto apego a sus creencias y costumbres ancestrales, las cuales riñen –en algunos casos– con el derecho positivo. Asimismo, se marca la imposibilidad de imponerle una pena –cuando el delito se comete fuera de la comunidad indígena– o purificación –cuando se comete un acto que altere la paz social dentro de la comunidad indígena– pero sobre todo centra su atención en la imposibilidad de imponerle una medida de seguridad cuando ha cometido un delito fuera de su comunidad, pues al hacerlo lo trata como inimputable y lo regresa a su comunidad, generando así un trato discriminante que le impide, al culturalmente diferente, autodeterminarse.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
This is a research after state responsibility for the damages suffered by tourists in relation with the violation of the right to tourism as a part of Human Rights, aims to describe and analyze about the liability of Indonesian Government to respect, protect and fulfill the right of every individual toward to enjoy his/her rights to tourism under Article 28I (4) of the Indonesian Constitution Year 1945 and Article 8 Statute Number 39 Year 1999 regarding Human Rights. Furthermore this research is willing to assess the circumstances that might create a possibility for tourists to file a claim of compensation against the Indonesian Government for the losses suffered as a result of the failure/the negligence of Indonesian Government to fulfill its responsibilities. Based on statement mentioned above, the question arises, whether in concept, tourists are able to file a claim of compensation against the Indonesian Government in relation with the recognition of the right to tourism as a part of Human Rights? And also in terms of how tourists can possibly file a claim of compensation against the Indonesian Government? The method used in this research is the method of normative legal research using the statute approach, the comparative approach as well as the conceptual approach. Based on the research that has been done, the conclusion is that in concept tourists can file a claim of compensation against the Indonesian Government, if they can prove that the damage or loss is caused by a violation of Human Rights conducted by the Indonesian Government and the result of this research further shows that the claim should be filed together with stating prove that the Indonesian Government has conducted a violation of the rights to tourism as a part of Human Rights.
Law, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Ownership with regard to human biological material (HBM) is addressed to some extent within South African law, specifically in chapter eight of the National Health Act (NHA) and its associated regulations. However, members of the legal fraternity struggle to conceptualise ownership of such materials without objectifying a person or people and risking reducing such individuals to a state of property. This then infers a reduction in human dignity by rendering one-self or parts of that same self as a commodity. The complexity of the issue raises much debate both legally as well as ethically.Â
O presente trabalho visa analisar tanto as suposições teóricas e legais da performance da ONU no Conselho de Segurança, quanto, dentro de certos limites, alguns aspectos da prática atual que tenta integrar o Direito Humanitário Internacional a seus parâmetros como base para uma intervenção eventual. Os limites dessa perspectiva, bem como os seus aspectos positivos, devem ser discutidos, e deve-se tentar ligar associar essa perspectiva com os padrões de segurança internacional estabelecidos pela ONU.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Esse artigo destina-se a sinalizar as reflexões de Zygmunt Bauman sobre Ética de Moral na Pós-Modernidade e quais são os seus efeitos nas Relações Humanas Jurídicas. A presença e compreensão da Ética e Moral nas diversas profissões exercidas pelos Bacharéis em Direito, especialmente os Advogados, não pode se limitar ao saber “o que se pode” e “o que não se pode” fazer. Na medida em que se constituem relações profissionais éticas se caracteriza a Estética da Convivência. Nessa condição de resgate à “Era da Moral”, cumpre-se os objetivos da Justiça no século XXI.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, Political science (General)
<p>This contribution, based on a statistical approach, undertakes to link data on resources (personnel and financial means) and the working of the administration of penal justice (prosecution, sentencing) taking into account the nationality of those prosecuted. In order to be able to distinguish prosecution and sentencing practices of judicial authorities and possible processes of discrimination, diverse sources have been used such as data from court administrations, public finances and police forces, collected by the Swiss Federal Statistical Office and the Swiss Federal administration of finances. The authors discuss discrimination in prosecution and sentencing between Swiss residents and foreigners taking into account localization and resources regarding personnel and public finances.</p>
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Objective: to determine and ground the development strategy of intellectual capital of a holding. Methods: abstract-logical, comparison, analysis, synthesis, induction, and deduction. Results: basing on the analysis of theoretical provisions and an example of certain holding the necessity was proved to elaborate the development strategy of intellectual capital of a holding. Nine principle of forming and developing the intellectual capital were proposed, which are integral to forming the holding strategy; necessity of each principle is proved. The main stages of forming the development strategy of intellectual capital of a holding are extinguished. Scientific novelty: basing on the analysis of existing scientific approaches, the author’s definition of the intellectual capital of a holding was proposed. The development strategy of intellectual capital is grounded, for which a system of principles is proposed for developing the intellectual capital of a holding; a part of which (for example, the principles of balancing, synergism) are specific for holding companies; the main stages of forming the development strategy of intellectual capital are extinguished. Practical value: possibility to broaden the range of competences of a holding structure by forming and improving all the elements of intellectual capital, which is essential for innovative economy with high competition, as well as to increase the possibilities of competences exchange between the holding departments.
Economics as a science, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
This book explores how globalisation influences the understanding of law. Adopting a broad concept of law and a global perspective, it critically reviews mainstream Western traditions of academic law and legal theory. Its central thesis is that most processes of so-called 'globalisation' take place at sub-global levels and that a healthy cosmopolitan discipline of law should encompass all levels of social relations and the legal ordering of these relations. It illustrates how the mainstream Western canon of jurisprudence needs to be critically reviewed and extended to take account of other legal traditions and cultures. Written by the one of the foremost scholars in the field, this important work presents an exciting alternative vision of jurisprudence. It challenges the traditional canon of legal theorists and guides the reader through a field undergoing seismic changes in the era of globalisation. This is essential reading for all students of jurisprudence and legal theory.