Hasil untuk "Law"

P. Wambua

G. Beaucage

L. Zacharias, F. Easterbrook, D. Fischel

C. Mackinnon

J. Hermia

Philip Selznick, L. Fuller

O. Reynolds

R. Hood, J. Skolnick

P. Thomas, C. Lombard

Lada A. Adamic, B. Huberman

O. Holmes

H. Hart, YoungMinChang

C. Sunstein

In a striking empirical regularity, deliberation tends to move groups, and the individuals who compose them, toward a more extreme point in the direction indicated by their own predeliberation judgments. For example, people who are opposed to the minimum wage are likely, after talking to each other, to be still more opposed; people who tend to support gun control are likely, after discussion, to support gun control with considerable enthusiasm; people who believe that global warming is a serious problem are likely, after discussion, to insist on severe measures to prevent global warming. This general phenomenon -- group polarization -- has many implications for economic, political, and legal institutions. It helps to explain extremism, "radicalization," cultural shifts, and the behavior of political parties and religious organizations; it is closely connected to current concerns about the consequences of the Internet; it also helps account for feuds, ethnic antagonism, and tribalism. Group polarization bears on the conduct of government institutions, including juries, legislatures, courts, and regulatory commissions. There are interesting relationships between group polarization and social cascades, both informational and reputational. Normative implications are discussed, with special attention to political and legal institutions.

Margaret M. Blair, L. Stout

J. Rawls

J. Eeckhout

Nancy C. Johnson, G. Wilson, Jacqueline A. Wilson et al.

Sahibpreet Singh, Lalita Devi

This paper examines the admissibility of AI-generated forensic evidence in criminal trials. The growing adoption of AI presents promising results for investigative efficiency. Despite advancements, significant research gaps persist in practically understanding the legal limits of AI evidence in judicial processes. Existing literature lacks focused assessment of the evidentiary value of AI outputs. The objective of this study is to evaluate whether AI-generated evidence satisfies established legal standards of reliability. The methodology involves a comparative doctrinal legal analysis of evidentiary standards across common law jurisdictions. Preliminary results indicate that AI forensic tools can enhance scale of evidence analysis. However, challenges arise from reproducibility deficits. Courts exhibit variability in acceptance of AI evidence due to limited technical literacy and lack of standardized validation protocols. Liability implications reveal that developers and investigators may bear accountability for flawed outputs. This raises critical concerns related to wrongful conviction. The paper emphasizes the necessity of independent validation and, development of AI-specific admissibility criteria. Findings inform policy development for the responsible AI integration within criminal justice systems. The research advances the objectives of Sustainable Development Goal 16 by reinforcing equitable access to justice. Preliminary results contribute for a foundation for future empirical research in AI deployed criminal forensics.

Konstantin V. Getman, Oleg Kochukhov, Joe P. Ninan et al.

We explore the empirical power-law relationship between X-ray luminosity (Lx) and total surface magnetic flux (Phi), established across solar magnetic elements, time- and disk-averaged emission from the Sun, older active stars, and pre-main-sequence (PMS) stars. Previous models of large PMS X-ray flares, lacking direct magnetic field measurements, showed discrepancies from this baseline law, which MHD simulations attribute to unusually strong magnetic fields during flares. To test this, we used nearly simultaneous Chandra X-ray and HET-HPF near-infrared observations of four young Orion stars, measuring surface magnetic fields during or just after powerful PMS X-ray flares. We also modeled these PMS X-ray flares, incorporating their measured magnetic field strengths. Our findings reveal magnetic field strengths at the stellar surface typical of non-flaring PMS stars, ruling out the need for abnormally strong fields during flares. Both PMS and solar flares deviate from the Lx-Phi law, with PMS flares exhibiting a more pronounced deviation, primarily due to their much larger active regions on the surface and larger flaring loop volumes above the surface compared to their solar counterparts. These deviations likely stem from the fact that powerful flares are driven by magnetic reconnection, while baseline X-ray emission may involve less efficient mechanisms like Alfven wave heating. Our results also indicate a preference for dipolar magnetic loops in PMS flares, consistent with Zeeman-Doppler imaging of fully convective stars. This requirement for giant dipolar loops aligns with MHD predictions of strong dipoles supported by polar magnetic surface active regions in fast-rotating, fully convective stars.

Adama Ouedraogo, Patrice Ngangue, David Jean Simon et al.

Objective This study estimated the proportion of children aged 12–23 months who were fully vaccinated in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), explored geographical disparities across subregions and countries, and identified country-level factors associated with full vaccination (FV).Design Cross-sectional study.Setting SSA.Participants Children aged 12–23 months.Primary outcome FV.Methods Data for this study were extracted from the most recent Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) conducted in 34 SSA countries between 2012 and 2023. The study included a total weighted sample of 69 218 children. Univariate analyses were performed to describe the socio-demographic profile of the participants and estimate the proportion of FV and the proportion for each of the eight vaccines (BCG, DTP1, DTP2, DPT3, Polio1, Polio2, Polio3, Measles1) at regional level. Bivariate and spatial analyses were produced to examine existing disparities at regional, subregional and countries’ income levels. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was fitted for identifying country-level factors associated with FV.Results 54.1% (95% CI 53.7% to 54.5%) children aged 12–23 months in SSA were fully vaccinated. In addition, substantial inequalities emerged in FV coverage across countries ranging from 23.9% in Guinea to a high of 95.5% in Rwanda. The same pattern was observed for the eight vaccines. Findings also showed that children of birth order 3 and above, who were delivered at home, had received less than four antenatal visits, from poor households and households with more than 5 members, whose mothers were under 25, had primary education level and below, and had no income-generating activities were less likely to be fully vaccinated.Conclusion To achieve WHO’s global vaccination coverage target of 90% by 2030 in SSA, vaccination programmes must take account of regional, subregional and national inequities. Our findings also underline the need for interventions tailored to each SSA country’s socio-cultural context.Ethical consideration Ethical approval was not required as this is a secondary analysis of publicly available data.