Muhammad Abu Ahmad, Mohamad Ballout, Raia Abu Ahmad
et al.
This paper presents our submission to the QIAS 2025 shared task on Islamic knowledge understanding and reasoning. We developed a hybrid retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) system that combines sparse and dense retrieval methods with cross-encoder reranking to improve large language model (LLM) performance. Our three-stage pipeline incorporates BM25 for initial retrieval, a dense embedding retrieval model for semantic matching, and cross-encoder reranking for precise content retrieval. We evaluate our approach on both subtasks using two LLMs, Fanar and Mistral, demonstrating that the proposed RAG pipeline enhances performance across both, with accuracy improvements up to 25%, depending on the task and model configuration. Our best configuration is achieved with Fanar, yielding accuracy scores of 45% in Subtask 1 and 80% in Subtask 2.
Despite recent advancements in Multilingual Information Retrieval (MLIR), a significant gap remains between research and practical deployment. Many studies assess MLIR performance in isolated settings, limiting their applicability to real-world scenarios. In this work, we leverage the unique characteristics of the Quranic multilingual corpus to examine the optimal strategies to develop an ad-hoc IR system for the Islamic domain that is designed to satisfy users' information needs in multiple languages. We prepared eleven retrieval models employing four training approaches: monolingual, cross-lingual, translate-train-all, and a novel mixed method combining cross-lingual and monolingual techniques. Evaluation on an in-domain dataset demonstrates that the mixed approach achieves promising results across diverse retrieval scenarios. Furthermore, we provide a detailed analysis of how different training configurations affect the embedding space and their implications for multilingual retrieval effectiveness. Finally, we discuss deployment considerations, emphasizing the cost-efficiency of deploying a single versatile, lightweight model for real-world MLIR applications.
Noor Wahidatul Muyasaroh, Zulham Qudsi Farizal Alam
Background and Objectives: Popular culture has become a major arena for identity construction and value negotiation among youth worldwide. In Indonesia, the global rise of Korean Pop (K-Pop) has sparked tension with religious values, particularly as some Muslim preachers on social media reject K-Pop by citing specific hadith. This study investigates how hadith are represented in online preaching discourses against K-Pop and explores their role in shaping Muslim youth identity within the digital public sphere. Methods: A qualitative approach was employed using Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis. Data were collected from Instagram, YouTube, and TikTok content where hadith were invoked to criticize K-Pop. To deepen interpretation, the analysis combined Abou El-Fadl’s hermeneutics of moral reading with a socio-historical contextual approach, enabling the distinction between literal and contextual uses of hadith in digital da‘wah narratives.
Main Findings: The findings demonstrate that hadith such as man tasyabbaha biqawmin fahuwa minhum and al-mar’ ma‘a man ahabba are often interpreted literally to portray K-Pop admiration as a threat to Islamic faith. However, moderate preachers adopt contextual readings that integrate ethical and historical considerations, offering more inclusive approaches to engaging youth. Contribution: This article contributes by filling a gap in existing literature that rarely foregrounds hadith as the core analytical object in the study of religion and popular culture. It provides a critical framework for understanding how sacred texts function in digital identity negotiation. Conclusion: The study concludes that contextual and ethically grounded interpretations of hadith are essential for developing communicative, relevant, and non-authoritarian da‘wah strategies, empowering Muslim youth to engage critically with global cultural flows while retaining strong religious identity.
The discourse of ‘urf in Islamic fiqh has been a topic of discussion and attention in recent years. One of the related discourses is the emergence of Fiqh Nusantara as part of the Islam Nusantara discourse that was established and promoted by Nahdlatul Ulama in its Congress held in Jombang in 2015. This discourse is an effort to renew Islamic fiqh by paying more attention to local customs, the prevailing ‘urf, as well as the diverse cultures in Indonesia. Fiqh Nusantara uses the theory of ‘urf as the main method to understand shar‘i texts and formulate Islamic laws. This research also compares the theory of ‘urf in Fiqh Nusantara with the discussion of classical scholars in the treasures of Islamic fiqh and examines how Orientalists study this theory. This research highlights how the concept of ‘urf underwent a transformation, from being considered as an independent argument, following other valid arguments, to an independent argument equal to the Qur’an, Hadith, Ijma‘, and Qiyas. In addition, this research also examines how Orientalist and modernist studies influenced this change in concept, as well as how modern nation-states transformed ‘urf from a mere source of shar‘i law in Islamic fiqh to a symbol of national identity that every country should build and be proud of. This transformation is even used as a differentiator between one country and another around the world.
Joaquín Arias, Mar Moreno-Rebato, José A. Rodríguez-García
et al.
Automated legal reasoning and its application in smart contracts and automated decisions are increasingly attracting interest. In this context, ethical and legal concerns make it necessary for automated reasoners to justify in human-understandable terms the advice given. Logic Programming, specially Answer Set Programming, has a rich semantics and has been used to very concisely express complex knowledge. However, modelling discretionality to act and other vague concepts such as ambiguity cannot be expressed in top-down execution models based on Prolog, and in bottom-up execution models based on ASP the justifications are incomplete and/or not scalable. We propose to use s(CASP), a top-down execution model for predicate ASP, to model vague concepts following a set of patterns. We have implemented a framework, called s(LAW), to model, reason, and justify the applicable legislation and validate it by translating (and benchmarking) a representative use case, the criteria for the admission of students in the "Comunidad de Madrid".
While large language models (LLMs) have showcased impressive capabilities, they struggle with addressing legal queries due to the intricate complexities and specialized expertise required in the legal field. In this paper, we introduce InternLM-Law, a specialized LLM tailored for addressing diverse legal queries related to Chinese laws, spanning from responding to standard legal questions (e.g., legal exercises in textbooks) to analyzing complex real-world legal situations. We meticulously construct a dataset in the Chinese legal domain, encompassing over 1 million queries, and implement a data filtering and processing pipeline to ensure its diversity and quality. Our training approach involves a novel two-stage process: initially fine-tuning LLMs on both legal-specific and general-purpose content to equip the models with broad knowledge, followed by exclusive fine-tuning on high-quality legal data to enhance structured output generation. InternLM-Law achieves the highest average performance on LawBench, outperforming state-of-the-art models, including GPT-4, on 13 out of 20 subtasks. We make InternLM-Law and our dataset publicly available to facilitate future research in applying LLMs within the legal domain.
Jnaneshwar Baslingker, Riddhipratim Basu, Sudeshna Bhattacharjee
et al.
It is well-known that the largest eigenvalue of an $n\times n$ GUE matrix and the length of a longest increasing subsequence in a uniform random permutation of length $n$, both converge weakly to the GUE Tracy-Widom distribution as $n\to \infty$. We consider the sequences of the largest eigenvalues of the $n\times n$ principal minor of an infinite GUE matrix, and the the lengths of longest increasing subsequences of a growing sequence of random permutations (which, by the RSK bijection corresponds to the top row of the Young diagrams growing according to the Plancherel growth process), and establish laws of fractional logarithms for these. That is, we show that, under a further scaling of $(\log n)^{2/3}$ and $(\log n)^{1/3}$, the $\limsup$ and $\liminf$ respectively of these scaled quantities converge almost surely to explicit non-zero and finite constants. Our results provide complete solutions to two questions raised by Kalai in 2013. We affirm a conjecture of Paquette and Zeitouni (Ann. Probab., 2017), and give a new proof of $\limsup$, due to Paquette and Zeitouni (Ann. Probab., 2017), who provided a partial solution in the case of GUE minor process.
İnsanoğlunun gündelik hayat içerisinde ihtiyaç duyduğu gereksinimleri karşılayabilmesini mümkün kılan meşru yollardan biri de malî sözleşmelerdir. Karşılıklı rıza ve dürüstlük temeline dayalı borç sözleşmeleri yoluyla insanlar, ihtiyaç duyulan şeylere bizzat mülk yoluyla sahip olabilir veya menfaatle sınırlı süreli mülkiyet tesis edebilirler. Bunlar malî karşılığı olan veya teberru nitelikli sözleşmeler olabilir. İslâm, insanların birbirlerine ait olan mal ve hizmetlerden faydalanmasını mutlaka bedel şartına bağlamamıştır. Bilakis inanç temeline bağlı karşılıksız olarak sunulacak her türlü faydayı kendi katından ödüllendirmeyi vaat etmiştir. Bununla birlikte bireyin kazanç sağlama amaçlı sözleşme ilişkilerinde bulunması da kendisine tanınan en temel haklardan biri olarak görülmüştür. Buradaki temel ölçü, taraflar arası karşılıklı rıza ve sözleşmelerin haksız kazanç sağlamaya sebep olabilecek unsurlardan arındırılmış olmasıdır. Nitekim İslâm’da dokunulmaz kabul edilen malın muhafazası ve zaruret ya da ihtiyaç düzeyindeki gereksinimlerin meşru bir zeminde elde edilmesi, İslâmî ölçülere uygun iktisadî ilişkilerin tesis edilmesi ve yasaklanan yollardan uzak kalınması ile mümkündür. Genel hukuk düzeni ve temel ahlak sınırları çerçevesinde bireylerin dilediği taraflarla dilediği koşullarda sözleşme yapması, kendilerine tanınan en temel haklardan biridir. Bu kapsamda insanlar arası borç ilişkilerini düzenleyen sözleşmelerde tarafları yükümlülük altına sokan her bir hükmün serbestçe belirlenmesi esastır. Ancak günümüzde sosyal ve ekonomik alanda meydana gelen gelişmeler, hüküm ve koşulların standart olarak belirlendiği yeni tip sözleşmeler ortaya çıkarmıştır. Yaygın olarak tek taraflı genel işlem koşullarının belirlenmesi esasına dayalı düzenlenen bu tür sözleşmelerde hukukî açıdan gözetilmesi gereken bir takım genel ölçü ve sınırlar olmakla birlikte mer’î hukuka uygun kabul edilen bazı koşullar İslâm hukuku açısından problem olarak görülebilmektedir. Sözleşmelerde borçların ifasına yönelik ileri sürülen ceza koşulu uygulaması bunlardan biridir. Tarafların anlaşmasına bağlı olarak geçerlilik kazanan ve borç sözleşmelerinde alacağın gereği gibi ya da hiç ifa edilmemesi durumunda borçluya karşı ileri sürülebilen ceza koşulu, asıl borç ve zarardan bağımsız bir edimdir. İslâm’ın faiz konusundaki ilkesel duruşu, sözleşmelerde yer alan ceza koşulunun meşruiyeti noktasında zihinlerde şüphe bırakabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, gündelik hayatın olağan akışı içerisinde birey veya kurumların ihtiyaç duyduğu mal, hizmet ya da finansmanın temininde, taraflar arası akdedilen sözleşmelerde standart olarak ileri sürülen gecikme bedeli koşulunun müşteri sorumluluğuna etkisi İslâm hukuku açısından ele alınmaktadır. Çalışmada öncelikle standart sözleşmeler ve gecikme bedeli uygulamasının hukukî zeminine İslâm borçlar hukuku ile mukayeseli olarak yer verilmiştir. Daha sonra sözleşmelerde gecikme bedeli ileri sürülmesinin hükmüne dair öne çıkan yaklaşımlara ve gerekçelerine genel olarak değinilmiştir. Son olarak günümüz şartlarında borç sözleşmelerinin ayrılmaz bir parçası olarak uygulanan ceza koşulunun bu konuda seçim hakkına sahip olamayan müşterinin sorumluluğuna etkisi, sözleşmenin sıhhati ve toplumun içerisinde bulunduğu genel ihtiyaç ve zorunluluk hali açısından tartışılmıştır. Çalışmada sonuç olarak; sözleşme ilişkisine dayalı ve zimmette para olarak tayin edilen borçların ifasında kasıtlı geciktirme ve istismarın önlenmesi amacıyla da olsa sözleşmeye eklenen gecikme bedeli uygulamalarının faiz gibi bir sakınca içermesi bakımından problemsiz görülemeyeceği düşünülmektedir. Bununla birlikte bu tür şartlar, doğrudan akdin konusunu oluşturmadığı gibi, günümüz şartlarında pek çok temel ihtiyacın giderilmesinde taraflara bu koşullarda sözleşme yapmak dışında başka bir imkân da sunulmamaktadır. İslâm hukukunun toplumun ihtiyaçlarını gözeten dinamik yapısı ve metodolojisinin sunduğu imkânlar incelendiğinde, bu tür koşullarda mal/hizmet alan tarafın umûmu’l-belvâ, genel ihtiyaç ve zaruret kapsamında fıkhen muaf kabul edilmesinin mümkün olabileceği düşünülmektedir.
The issue of land occupation and water utilization is a vital matter that requires the establishment of specific regulations. Furthermore, according to Article 45 of the Iranian Constitution and Articles 1 and 2 of the Law on the Fair Distribution of Water, waters are considered public common property, the possession and utilization of which have been entrusted to the Islamic State. To preserve, protect, and ensure the proper utilization of water resources, the preservation of the riparian zone is essential. Following this approach, the Iranian legislature in the Law on the Fair Distribution of Water has designated them as public common property and made the utilization of these waters contingent upon obtaining a permit from the Ministry of Energy. On the other hand, the utilization of waters on private property may conflict with the State’s authority in the utilization of waters. Through the analysis of the descriptions provided in this regard, it was concluded that the lands constructed within the riparian zone of rivers are under the jurisdiction of the State, and their possession is solely considered a right of the State, based on the purport of the Law on the Fair Distribution of Water and its compatibility with the relevant articles of the Civil Code. Similarly, any form of utilization, whether through construction or water extraction, within the riparian zone must be authorized by the Ministry of Energy, even if the land belongs to the municipality or other public legal entities. Furthermore, even in the event that the encroachment on the riparian zone has been carried out with the permission of the relevant organization, the authority to determine its continuation or demolition rests with the Ministry of Energy, in which case the compensation for the owner and the builder will be provided according to Articles 43 and 44 of the same law.
The purpose of this study was to analyze the implications of Islamic religious education for the religiosity of the coastal community in the village of Tanjung Luar. This research method uses a qualitative-phenomenological approach. The research location is located in Tanjung Luar Village, Keruak District, East Lombok Regency. The data sources in this study consist of primary and secondary data. Data was obtained from observation, interviews, and documentation. The population of this research is the coastal fishing community of Tanjung Luar. The research sample was taken from community leaders, religious leaders, youth leaders, and madrasah students proportionally. Data analysis in this study used descriptive qualitative analysis, by collecting data, classifying data, reducing, evaluating, and making conclusions. Based on the results of the study, shows that Islamic religious education in fishermen's families in the village of Tanjung Luar has significant implications for carrying out Islamic worship and law in everyday life. There are two categories of fishing families in implementing Islamic religious education. First, parents who implement Islamic religious values in their family. Second, parents who lack the motivation in implementing Islamic religious values in their family
Istianah Zainal Asyiqin, M. Fabian Akbar, Muhammad Daffa Auliarizky Onielda
et al.
The housing business continues to grow along with the increasing need for the fulfillment of housing. This research delves into the application of mushārakah mutanāqiṣah in housing finance within Indonesia and Malaysia, scrutinizing their regulations and relevant governing institutions. Employing a normative legal approach, it explores legal principles, systematics, synchronization, and historical context about this financing method. Employing inductive, deductive, and comparative methods, it analyzes regulations and practices in both countries. By offering insights into the potential and challenges of implementing mushārakah mutanāqiṣah in housing finance, the study aims to provide recommendations for regulatory enhancements, fatwa institutions, product development, and adherence to sharī’ah principles. This research is crucial for deepening understanding and facilitating improvements in various sectors related to housing finance within the context of Islamic finance in Indonesia and Malaysia.
Muhammad Latif Fauzi, Mohammad Harazi Al Abyari Fauzi
The adoption of Muslim children is one of the familial issues in Indonesia. At the law level, the Indonesian law authorizes two judicial institutions, namely Islamic and public courts, to handle the case. Here, conflicts of jurisdiction occur obviously and, as a consequence, the parties have the choice to decide which court to request based on their wishes. This article answers the question of why and what the consequences of conflicts of jurisdiction are in the case of the adoption of Muslim children? The study found that two judicial institutions both accepted and examined cases of the adoption of Muslim children. However, there is a difference in the legal consequences. If the adopted child is to be treated as a biological child and can inherit, the application is filed to a public court. On the contrary, if the child is to be maintained, it is an Islamic court that judges. In the case of family lineage (nasab), both the courts do not break the ties of the adopted child with his/her biological parents, including the right of guardianship.
Muhammadiyah, as an Islamic organization together with Nahdatul Ulama, are two Islamic organizations that oversee Islamic moderation in Indonesia. The role of Muhammadiyah in developing the idea of Islamic moderation has been manifested in educational institutions, social services, almsgiving, and health institutions such as Muhammadiyah hospitals. This research used qualitative methods based on manuscripts from journal articles, books, and interviews with expert narrators as material for analyzing the themes studied. This article is based on the theory of maqāṣid sharī`ah put forward by Jasser Auda, which provides a framework for understanding Islamic law based on multidisciplinary obedience and paying attention to the main purpose of Islamic law, not to its legal consequences. The study found that Muhammadiyah, an Islamic organization, is the guardian and propagator of moderate Islam in Indonesian society. Muhammadiyah activities for all citizens have no limits to religion. However, there were considerable obstacles to spreading Islamic moderation by Muhammadiyah. These obstacles come from internal Muslims who consider that Islamic moderation promoted by Muhammadiyah can weaken the Islamic creed of Muslims. They are less familiar with applying maqāṣid sharī`ah in understanding and practicing Islamic law in Indonesia. They are textualists towards the Qur’an and hadith.
This article presents evidence that the construction of Islamic law is influenced by women's voices, experiences, and problems. It also offers a critique of the misogynistic narrative of Islamic law. Adopting a socio-historical approach with a women's perspective, this research demonstrates the inadequacy of current studies that argue that Islamic law places women in an inferior and subordinate position to men. Critical analysis of the asbabun nuzul text of the Qur'an is the primary analytical tool used in this study. Polygamy, khulu', zhihar, and inheritance are the four main issues examined, and the study shows that the complaints and advocacy of women played a critical role in shaping the Islamic law system. Women's perspectives serve as a spiritual foundation in the development of Islamic law and cannot be disregarded. By considering women's perspectives, fair benefits can be realised, and a sense of justice can be achieved for vulnerable groups, such as women. Keywords: Women’s rights, women’s perspectives, Islamic legal construction, discrimination
Employment selection processes that use automated hiring systems based on machine learning are becoming increasingly commonplace. Meanwhile, concerns about algorithmic direct and indirect discrimination that result from such systems are front-and-center, and the technical solutions provided by the research community often systematically deviate from the principle of equal treatment to combat disparate or adverse impacts on groups based on protected attributes. Those technical solutions are now being used in commercially available automated hiring systems, potentially engaging in real-world discrimination. Algorithmic fairness and algorithmic non-discrimination are not the same. This article examines a conflict between the two: whether such hiring systems are compliant with EU non-discrimination law.
This comprehensive treatise is written for the special occasion of the author's 70th birthday. It presents his lifelong endeavors and reflections with original reasoning and re-interpretations of the most critical and misleading issues in thermodynamics; since now, we have the advantage to look at the historical developments more comprehensively and objectively than the pioneers. Starting from Carnot (grandfather of thermodynamics-to-be) to Kelvin and Clausius (fathers of thermodynamics), and other followers, the most relevant issues are critically examined and put in historical and contemporary perspective. From original reasoning of energy forcing and displacement to logical proofs of the fundamental laws, to ubiquity of thermal motion and heat, and indestructibility of entropy, including the new concept of "thermal roughness" and the inevitability of dissipative irreversibility, to "dissecting Carnot true reversible-equivalency" and critical concept of "Carnot-Clausius heat-work equivalency (CCHWE)" regarding the interchangeability of heat and work, and to demonstrating "no hope" for the "challengers" of the Second Law of thermodynamics, among others, are offered. It is hoped that the novel contributions presented will enhance comprehension and resolve some of the fundamental issues, as well as promote collaboration and future progress.
Purpose – The present study examines the impact of Islamic corporate governance and social responsibility on financial performance.
Methodology – The study was designed with a quantitative approach. Purposive sampling was used in this study. Data were garnered through panel data from annual reports on Islamic banking in Indonesia and Malaysia from 2018 to 2020. The data were analyzed employing the Path Analysis.
Findings – Study findings demonstrate that Islamic social responsibility and corporate governance did not significantly impact financial performance. Additionally, disclosing its Islamic ethical identity, Islamic corporate governance had a substantial impact on financial performance. Islamic social responsibility, however, had no impact on financial performance when Islamic ethical identity was disclosed.
Implication – The findings offer empirical insights for managing Islamic commercial banks in Indonesia and Malaysia to elevate the application of Islamic corporate governance and social responsibility. This transparently demonstrates the quality of governance and social responsibility of Islamic banking with the disclosure of Islamic ethical identity following the standards applied by Islamic banking affecting stakeholder satisfaction.
Originality – This research contributes significantly to the realm of Islamic banking management. It examines the level of stakeholder satisfaction through the enactment of Islamic corporate governance as a form of supervision of management performance, Islamic social responsibility as a form of corporate concern for the surrounding environment and Islamic ethical identity disclosure to promote the image of Islamic banking.
إن رعاية البيئة في الإسلام جاءت بصورة شاملة لجميع عناصرها، واليوم ومع هذا التطور الهائل والتقدم التكنولوجي، أصبحت قضايا البيئة في مقدمة اهتمام المجتمعات الحديثة نظراً لتدهور الحياة البرية والبحرية، ومن بين الدول التي برزت فيها المشكلات البيئية جمهورية بنغلاديش الشعبية والتي ازداد فيها حد التلوث والفساد البيئي، فجاء هذا البحث بعنوان: (معالجة الفساد البيئي من منظور الاقتصاد الاسلامي مع دراسة الواقع البنغلاديشي) لإبراز الدور الإسلامي الحضاري في رعاية البيئة وحمايتها، وكيفية معالجة ومواجهة الفساد البيئي والحد من التلوث، عبر التوجيهات والتدابير الشرعية التي تعتبر كفيلة بحفظ التوازن البيئي ومواجهة تحدياتها، ثم الكشف عن الفساد البيئي في بنغلاديش وأسبابه وسبل مواجهته، مع بيان التوجيهات المقترحة لمعالجة التلوث البيئي في بنغلاديش، متتبعًا في ذلك المنهج الوصفي، وتوصل البحث إلى أن حماية البيئة أصبحت قضية عالمية تهم كل البشر، وأن تطبيق التوجيهات والتشريعات الإسلامية السامية مآله تنمية اقتصادية مستدامة وخضراء، فبالتالي يجب تطبيق القواعد الفقهية في القضايا البيئية، لتحقيق رعاية البيئة وحمايتها، وتعزيز التمويل الأخضر الإسلامي، والتوسع في الصناعات الخضراء، مع وضع برامج في القيم البيئية، وضرورة اتخاذ تدابير قوية لمنع التدهور البيئي والتلوث.
Abstract: Joint property is property acquired either individually or jointly by the husband and wife during the marriage bond, regardless of the name of the item. The purpose of this research is to find out the distribution of joint assets after divorce according to Islamic law and civil law and the benefits of the research that the results of this research can provide knowledge for academics in studying law, especially marriage law. For the community as information material or input for the process of fostering legal awareness for the community to minimize the occurrence of disputes regarding the distribution of joint assets. The research method used in this writing is library research using descriptive qualitative methods or library research. The results of this study indicate that in civil law and Islamic law it is emphasized that a divorced husband and wife are each entitled to half of the joint property. only in the Civil Code there is a clause namely "without questioning which party the property comes from" this shows that the wife and husband have the same contribution to the existence of property in their marriage. We recommend that the division of joint assets be done fairly, so as not to cause injustice between what is the right of the husband and what is the right of the wife. If there is a dispute between husband and wife regarding joint property, then the settlement of the dispute is submitted to the court. Settlement through court is an option. Provisions regarding the distribution of joint assets are based on conditions accompanying a marriage relationship, such as death, divorce, and so on.Keywords : Distribution, Joint Property, Islamic Law, Civil Law