Hasil untuk "Industrial electrochemistry"

Ananthu Shibu Nair, Xiao-Yu Wu, Prodip K. Das et al.

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are pivotal in electric vehicles (EVs), grid storage, and portable electronics, but their high energy density introduces safety risks, particularly thermal runaway (TR). TR can lead to fires, explosions, and hazardous emissions, posing severe health and environmental threats. Experimental investigation of TR commonly relies on abuse testing methods, among which mechanical abuse via nail penetration (NP) and thermal abuse (TA) are widely used to simulate crash-induced and heat-driven failure scenarios, respectively. This review provides a comprehensive and comparative synthesis of NP and TA testing methodologies, examining how variations in test configuration, cell parameters (capacity, state of charge, and chemistry), and environmental conditions influence TR behavior and emission characteristics. Particular emphasis is placed on comparing reported emission profiles from NP- and TA-triggered TR events, including CO₂, CO, HF, hydrocarbons, and solvent vapors, and identifying the methodological origins of discrepancies across studies. By systematically linking emission variability to gas collection methods, analytical techniques, and data normalization approaches, this review highlights key limitations in current testing standards related to emission characterization. Finally, recommendations are offered for harmonizing abuse testing protocols and improving experimental design to enhance reproducibility, enabling meaningful cross-study comparison, and supporting safer deployment of LIBs in high-risk applications such as EVs and grid-scale energy storage.

Eliana Fuentes‐Mendoza, Mahla Talari, Eugen Zemlyanushin et al.

Rechargeable aluminum (Al) batteries (RABs) are promising electrochemical energy storage systems due to their claimed high safety standards, low cost, and lightweight materials. However, their application is limited by the corrosivity of the chloroaluminate ionic liquid‐based electrolyte, which is currently the only type of electrolyte able to plate and strip Al efficiently. Despite there are several recent reviews discussing progress in the field of Al batteries, it is believed that it is also necessary to consider the challenges and the many failures often not presented in publications, which are required to further develop the technology. This review examines the technical challenges in developing RAB technologies, based on the direct experience of research group, emphasizing the critical role of selecting appropriate electrolytes, passive components, and cell setups for understanding and correctly assessing electrode material performance. RABs are still in their infancy and to build a comprehensive bibliography, technical challenges should be thoroughly documented and addressed. The authors aim to provide practical guidelines to help researchers and newcomers in the RAB field avoid common pitfalls and overcome the challenges that impede achieving the theoretical advantages of RABs.

Aditya Rianjanu, Tarmizi Taher, Fuji Desriani et al.

Additive manufacturing technology, with its potential for improved material efficiency, cost reduction, and capability to fabricate complex structures, is increasingly being leveraged in environmental engineering applications. This study harnesses this technology for fabricating natural zeolite adsorbents using an extrusion-based 3D printer, examining the influence of different sintering temperatures (300, 600, 900, and 1200 °C) on the adsorbents' properties. The study finds that samples sintered at 300 °C disintegrated in water, while those at 1200 °C underwent melting, changing their shape. Focus was then shifted to samples sintered at 600 °C (3D-Ze-600) and 900 °C (3D-Ze-900), with the former displaying a remarkable methylene blue (MB) adsorption efficiency of 82.5%, significantly higher than the latter's 20.1%. This disparity in adsorption performance is closely linked to the difference in porosity; the 600 °C samples exhibited a notably higher apparent porosity, which was instrumental in their enhanced adsorption capability. In contrast, the 900 °C samples, despite their lower porosity, showed diminished adsorption efficiency. XRD analysis further revealed that the superior performance of the 600 °C samples could be attributed to their preserved crystalline structure, which was altered in the 900 °C samples. These findings highlight the critical role of sintering temperature in determining the structural and functional properties of 3D-printed zeolites, demonstrating their potential as efficient adsorbents in wastewater treatment and offering valuable insights for optimizing the fabrication process for environmental applications. Highlights: • 3D-Printed natural zeolite have been fabricated for MB dyes pollution adsorbent material. • The 3D-Ze-600 sample has the highest adsorption performance for MB dye. • Kinetics-model show that the process is predominantly driven by physical interactions. • Isotherm-model shows that the process obeys monolayer adsorption on a homogeneous surface.

Wenting Liu, Xianzhong Sun, Xinyu Yan et al.

Capacitors exhibit exceptional power density, a vast operational temperature range, remarkable reliability, lightweight construction, and high efficiency, making them extensively utilized in the realm of energy storage. There exist two primary categories of energy storage capacitors: dielectric capacitors and supercapacitors. Dielectric capacitors encompass film capacitors, ceramic dielectric capacitors, and electrolytic capacitors, whereas supercapacitors can be further categorized into double-layer capacitors, pseudocapacitors, and hybrid capacitors. These capacitors exhibit diverse operational principles and performance characteristics, subsequently dictating their specific application scenarios. To make informed decisions in selecting capacitors for practical applications, a comprehensive knowledge of their structure and operational principles is imperative. Consequently, this review delved into the structure, working principles, and unique characteristics of the aforementioned capacitors, aiming to clarify the distinctions between dielectric capacitors, supercapacitors, and lithium-ion capacitors.

Shagun Kainth, Piyush Sharma, O.P. Pandey

Rapid growth in socio-economic requirements and climatic change has put much pressure on the quality of water resources. To prevent the future shortage of fresh water and to keep up with the current demand for water, wastewater reuse, and recycling are among the most pressing issues that must be addressed immediately. So far, many technologies have been used to remove both inorganic and organic pollutants from wastewater. Unfortunately, modern water treatment technologies are still out of reach financially for many developing nations, making it difficult for them to eliminate these toxins. Moreover, increasing environmental toxicity from solid waste exposures is also a major cause of worry. Intending to combat these issues, research efforts have increased to develop an efficient, eco-friendly and low cost biosorbent from agricultural waste to treat wastewater. As a result, there has been an increased focus on identifying locally and regionally accessible agriculture wastes for the removal of heavy metals/metalloids and dyes. This article aims to review a multidisciplinary approach to handle agriculture waste as a potential resource for wastewater treatment. A comprehensive discussion is included on the fundamentals of the biosorption and the involved mechanism. The strategies to improve the efficiency of biosorbents are discussed. In addition, current developments in various biosorbents derived from different agricultural waste and their application to remove toxic elements using diverse methods have been reviewed to set the stage for further investigation. Finally, regeneration of biosorbents and current challenges to implement biosorbents are addressed. This article will help to bridge the gap between laboratory findings and industrial application, leading to the development of more efficient systems for removing pollutants.

Naftali Kanovsky, Taly Iline-Vul, Shlomo Margel

Superhydrophobic surfaces are receiving increasing attention due to their real-world applications. However, these surfaces suffer from a lack of durability and complicated synthetic processes. This research uses a combination of a simple in-situ coating process between oxygen-activated polypropylene films and unreacted silane monomers. The in-situ process uses a modified Stöber method with the addition of the surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) which aggregates silica (SiO 2) particles in a basic aqueous solution. This resulted in a layer of covalently bonded hierarchical coating of individual and aggregated SiO 2 “flakes” and particles. These coatings were found to have at least double the surface roughness than samples prepared without CTAB with superhydrophilic properties due to their high surface roughness and hydrophilic surface chemical groups. A second layer of fluorocarbon silane monomers was reacted with the hydroxyl groups on the hierarchical SiO 2 coating resulting in films with excellent superhydrophobic and self-cleaning properties. The sample containing aggregated SiO 2 particle structures exhibited higher chemical and physical durability against external irritations including adhesion, different pH levels, detergent, abrasion and UV radiation by retaining high contact angles and low rolling angles. Samples coated with flake structures were negatively affected by mechanical irritations. This simple in-situ SiO 2 coating process in combination with different concentrations of CTAB has not been investigated and has promising potential for many practical applications such as superhydrophilic, superhydrophobic and self-cleaning surfaces.

Gokul Gopinath, Pavithra Shanmugaraj, M. Sasikumar et al.

The growing demand for environmentally friendly materials in energy storage has led to a significant focus on using biopolymer membranes derived from renewable resources. This study focuses on creating eco-friendly biopolymer electrolytes for Electric Double Layer Capacitors (EDLC) by blending Magnesium trifluoromethanesulfonate (Mg(CF3SO3)2) with Cellulose Acetate (CA) through a solution casting method. To enhance performance, plasticized membranes were developed using nontoxic Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as a plasticizer. The addition of PEG reduced membrane crystallinity, as shown by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy indicated complexation among electrolyte constituents. The optimal composition, containing 25 wt% PEG, exhibited the highest ion conductivity (3.76 × 10−4 S/cm) according to Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). EIS data allowed determination of important ion transport parameters, such as Diffusion Coefficient, Ionic Mobility, and Carrier Density. The EDLC device showed a Specific Capacitance (Csp) of 13.14 F/g at a scan rate of 5 mV/s, with excellent stability (3.2 V) in Linear Sweep Voltammetry (LSV). Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Galvanostatic Charge Discharge (GCD) tests confirmed no redox processes, yielding a Csp of 12.94 F/g at 0.1 A/g. The EDLC device demonstrated exceptional cyclic stability, high coulombic efficiency, and maintained consistent results in terms of Power Density (Pd) and Energy Density (Ed) over 1000 cycles. Incorporating PEG into biopolymer membranes enhances the electrochemical energy storage of EDLC devices, contributing to sustainable energy storage solutions.

Fang Ge, Xin Huang, Yi Zhang et al.

The corrosion behavior of 2205 duplex stainless steel (DSS) base metal (BM) and ER2209 weld metal (WM) in an ash/water suspension composed of deposited ash on the flue gas side of a low-temperature heat exchanger in a waste-to-energy plant and water was studied by polarization curve analysis, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), localized electrochemical measurements, microscopic surface morphology observation, and metallographic analysis. The results showed that the corrosion resistance of both the BM and the WM decreased with the increase in immersion time. After 4 h of immersion, active sites where the current density increased suddenly appeared on the surface of the WM, and the surface roughness increased significantly, indicating the beginning of pitting on the WM surface. However, it took 8 h for the active sites to appear on the BM, and the pitting corrosion on the BM surface was obviously less than that of the WM surface under the same immersion time. The pitting corrosion resistance of the 2205 DSS BM was obviously better than that of the WM. According to the metallographic analysis results, the high proportion of dendritic ferrite in the metallographic structure of the WM may be the reason for its poor corrosion resistance.

Zhong Li, Baozhuang Sun, Yue Pan et al.

In this work, the corrosion mechanism of X80 steel under AC interference was studied with electrochemical measurements. The surface potential was monitored at various AC current densities. EIS (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) measurements were conducted at various AC voltage amplitudes and for various time durations. Variations in the modulus values of the real part and imaginary part were studied. In addition, to simplify the problem, EIS was measured under the effect of various DC potentials. The surface potential was of the same frequency as the AC interference, and the amplitude of the electrode surface potential was linear with the applied current density. As the AC current density increased, the charge transfer resistance decreased due to the acceleration of both the anodic and cathodic processes. When the AC current density reached a certain value, hydrogen and oxygen evolution occurred because the effective Faraday potential exceeded the corresponding critical reaction potential. With an increasing AC time, the charge transfer resistance increased, which was due to the formation of a protective corrosion product film. With the application of low-amplitude AC voltages, there was only a small change in the capacitance of the electric double layer. Nevertheless, with the application of AC voltages at higher amplitudes, the modulus values of the real and imaginary parts of EIS were all less rapid, and the ratio of the imaginary part and real part decreased.

Jingwen Ai, Gaoxu Huang, Yuming Zhao et al.

Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) are promising energy storage system due to the lowest reduction potential and high specific capacity. However, the uncontrolled growth of Li dendrites during cycling processes might induce the low coulombic efficiency and severe safety hazards. Herein, our work focus on improving the performances of lithium metal batteries by constructing a new 3D current collector decorated with CuO nanowire array (CuO NWA@Cu). As a result, in contrast to the coulombic efficiency (about 90%) and voltage hysteresis (about 100 mV) of planar Cu after 10 cycles, the obtained CuO NWA@Cu has a higher coulombic efficiency (close to 98%) and lower voltage hysteresis (about 50 mV) at the current density of 0.5 mA cm-2 after 100 cycles. This work provides a simple and scalable method to obtain CuO NWA@Cu 3D anode current collector for dendrite-free and high coulomic efficiency LMBs.

V.S. Bethapudi, M. Maier, G. Hinds et al.

Understanding water management is a crucial aspect in the development of improved polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs). Separating the performance degradation due to dehydration, water flooding and reactant starvation in PEFCs is a major challenge. In this study, acoustic emission (AE) analysis, a non-invasive and non-destructive diagnostic tool, is utilised to probe water formation and removal inside an operating fuel cell. In the acoustic emission as a function of polarisation (AEfP) method, AE activity from the PEFC is measured in terms of cumulative absolute AE energy (CAEE) hits during operation at discrete points on the polarisation curve. AEfP can identify the presence of liquid water in flow channels and correlate its formation and removal with the level of cell polarisation, and consequent internal temperature. Correlation between acoustic activity and water generation, supply and removal is achieved by varying current (polarisation), cathode air feed relative humidity (RH) and cell temperature, respectively. Features such as initial membrane hydration, liquid water formation, ‘flushing’ and the transition from ‘wet-channel’ to ‘dry-channel’ operation are identified using AE analysis, thereby providing a powerful and easy to implement diagnostic for PEFCs. Keywords: Acoustic emission, Flushing, Start-up, In-operando, Flooding, Water management

Zhonghua Lu, Zeyin Guo, Xiaoxia Ren et al.

Carbon micro-coils (CMCs) with a coiled spring-like morphology and hard carbon structure were prepared using metal Ni powder as a catalyst by chemical vapor deposition method at 750 °C in a mixed gas atmosphere (N2:H2:C2H2=1:3:1). The obtained CMCs have a screw diameter of approximately 10 gm and a modest surface area of 61.2 m2 g-1 with a total pore volume of 0.076 cm3 g-1. When used as an anode material in lithium-ion batteries, CMCs electrodes exhibit excellent electrochemical performances. In particular, a comparable good cycling stability with no obvious capacity loss, preserving almost over 99.0% of capacity retention ratio can be achieved at 100 mA g-1 after 200 cycles. A lithium storage mechanism for the CMCs has been proposed based on the quantity of the mesopores, which can be applied to explain the irreversible capacity of the CMCs during the first cycle. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results show that the CMC electrode has small values for both the electrolytic resistance and combined resistances including the contact resistance and passivation film resistance. This study illustrates the great promise of CMCs and other hard carbon materials with unique morphologies for application in energy storage and conversion systems such as lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries and supercapacitors.

C.A. Ottoni, C.E.D. Ramos, R.F.B. de Souza et al.

The performance of platinum-copper electrocatalysts synthesized in different ratios (100:0, 90:10, 70:30, 50:50, and 0:100), using a borohydride reduction method for electrochemical oxidation of different fuels, was evaluated in an alkaline direct alcohol fuel cell. X-ray diffraction of Pt/C and PtCu/C showed a face-centered cubic structure (fcc) of the platinum and its alloys. Transmission electron microscopy analysis allowed us to see a good dispersion of metallic particles with some regions with clusters of nanoparticles, for all the synthesised materials in the presence of copper. Cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry tests demonstrated that the PtCu/C (50:50) and PtCu/C (70:30) electrocatalysts exhibited the highest activity and stability for the glycerol and ethanol oxidation, respectively. The tests made in fuel cells, directly fed with glycerol and ethanol, presented the PtCu/C (90:10) electrocatalyst as the most effective on the oxidation reaction of the fuels when compared with Pt/C and Cu/C.

Yinyu Fang, Xiaohua Tu, Chengping Miao et al.

The oxide coatings were produced on AZ31B Mg alloy using plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) process in alkaline electrolyte with and without addition of starch. The properties and surface morphologies of the PEO coatings were studied by voltage—time curves, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and potentiodynamic polarization, respectively. It was found that the coating formed in the electrolyte with starch has more compact and uniform morphology than that formed in the electrolyte without starch. The XRD analysis showed that the compositions of coatings formed in the electrolytes with and without starch are almost the same, containing MgO, MgSiO3, and Mg2SiO4. The results of potentiodynamic polarization tests showed that the coating formed in the electrolyte with starch enhanced the anti-corrosion characteristic.

Jingfang Hu, Guowei Gao, Shanhong Xia

A mediated microsensor for assessing biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) was proposed based on poly(neutral red) (PNR) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) bacteria modified interdigited ultramicroelectrode array (IUDA). IUDA was fabricated by micro-electro-mechanism system (MEMS) technique. NR was directly electropolymerized on IUDA to form poly(neutral red) (PNR) layer as immobilized mediator. The gram-negative bacteria P. aeruginosa was entrapped into polypyrrole (PPy)-alginate matrix by electropolymerization on PNR layer acted as biocatalyst film. The electropolymerization method provided possibility for immobilization of mediator and bacteria on IUDA for mediated BOD measurement. The mediated microsensor can determine BOD value within 20min and possesses an analytical linear range from 5 to 100 mg/L, with a limit detection of 3 mg/L. The as-prepared BOD microsensor exhibited good stability, repeatability and anti-interference ability to heavy metal ions of Cu2+, Zn2+, Mn2+ and Fe3+. The measurement results of the BOD microsensor method showed a good agreement with those obtained from conventional BOD5 method for real river water samples.

Xuewu Liu, Tiezhu Feng, Shuhua Chen et al.

In this study, LiFePO4/C has been synthesized by supercritical-hydrothermal method followed with solid phase calcination using three different templates; hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), sucrose and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP). The effects of different templates on the properties of the synthesized LiFePO4/C, including crystalline structure, particle size, morphology, and electrochemical performance, were examined. It was found that the use of the template of PVP led to better-crystallized and smaller-sized LiFePO4/C particles. As a result, a higher discharge capacity was observed with particles synthesized with PVP as template when compared with discharge capacities of those synthesized using CTAB and sucrose. The LiFePO4/C particles synthesized using the PVP as template delivered a relatively high specific discharge capacity of 141.2 mAh/g at 0.1 C, and good cycling performance.

Jingmao Zhao, Hanbing Duan, Ruijing Jiang

The synergistic inhibition effects of the coptis extract (CP)/berberine (BB) and thiourea (TU) on the corrosion of mild steel in 3% NaCl solution saturated with CO2 at 60 °C was investigated by potentiodynamic polarization curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) methods. CP and BB act as moderate inhibitors, and inhibition efficiency of the former is higher than that of the latter. The adsorption of them obeys Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The inhibition performance was significantly improved by the combined use of them with TU, and obvious synergistic corrosion inhibition effect was achieved.

Jiwei Huang, Chuanbo Hu, Yongquan Qing

In the presence of nano silicon carbide (SiC) particles, using o-toluidine monomer as raw material and ammonium persulfate as the oxidant, the poly(o-toluidine)/nano SiC composite was prepared by in situ polymerization method. Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the composition and structure of the composite. Poly(o-toluidine) or poly(o- toluidine)/nano SiC composite fillers were mixed with epoxy resin through a solution mixing method and the composite coatings were coated onto the surface of iron coupons. The corrosion resistance of the composite coatings was evaluated by electrochemical measurements in 3.5% NaCl solution as corrosion environment. The results obtained showed that poly(o-toluidine)/nano SiC composite containing coatings has got higher corrosion resistance than that of poly(o-toluidine). The enhancement of corrosion protection efficiency of poly(o-toluidine)/nano SiC composite containing coating is due to the formation of more uniformly passive film on iron surface and the addition of nano SiC particles increase the tortuosity of the diffusion pathway of corrosive substance.

Jasna Halambek, Katarina Berkovic

The inhibition effect of Anethum graveolens L. essential oil on the corrosion of aluminium in 1 M hydrochloric acid solution was investigated by weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods. Inhibition efficiency increased with increasing oil concentration, but decreased with temperature. The adsorption of Anethum graveolens L. essential oil obeys Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Polarization curves show that Anethum graveolens L. essential oil in acidic medium behaves as cathodic inhibitor. The Nyquist plots showed that on increasing the inhibitor concentration, the charge transfer resistance increased, confirming the adsorption process mechanism. Values of inhibition efficiency obtained from weight loss and electrochemical measurements are in good agreement.

N. Jayaprakash, N. Kalaiselvi, P. Periasamy

An attempt has been made for the possible augmentation and exploration of partially substituted LiFePO4 material as a positive electrode for lithium battery applications. In this regard, cationic substitution of Cu and Sn (2%) to the native LiFePO4/C electro active material has been carried out via. ball milling, with a view to understand the effect of respective transition and non-transition metals upon LiFePO4 individually. Uniformly distributed particles (SEM) of LiMXFe1-XPO4/C (M= Cu, Sn) with phase pure nature (XRD) and finer crystallite size (<1mm) were obtained. Further, it is interesting to note that irrespective of the nature of the dopant metal, the simple route of ball milled LiMXFe1-XPO4/C [M= Cu, Sn] cathodes endowed with improved conductivity and stable reversible capacity values (chare-discharge). In other words, the LiCu0.02Fe0.98PO4/C cathode delivered a reversible capacity of ~105 mAh/g with an excellent capacity retention characteristic. On the other hand LiSn0.02Fe0.98PO4/C cathodes exhibited an average specific capacity of ~100mAh/g with progressively enhanced efficiency values. Results of Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) spectroscopy and Cyclic Voltammetric studies of LiMXFe1-XPO4/C (M= Cu, Sn) composites are also appended and correlated suitably.