Hasil untuk "History of Spain"

Sasha Boguraev, Qing Yao, Kyle Mahowald

Sentences like "She will go to France or Spain, or perhaps to Germany or France." appear formally redundant, yet become acceptable in contexts such as "Mary will go to a philosophy program in France or Spain, or a mathematics program in Germany or France." While this phenomenon has typically been analyzed using symbolic formal representations, we aim to provide a complementary account grounded in artificial neural mechanisms. We first present new behavioral evidence from humans and large language models demonstrating the robustness of this apparent non-redundancy across contexts. We then show that, in language models, redundancy avoidance arises from two interacting mechanisms: models learn to bind contextually relevant information to repeated lexical items, and Transformer induction heads selectively attend to these context-licensed representations. We argue that this neural explanation sheds light on the mechanisms underlying context-sensitive semantic interpretation, and that it complements existing symbolic analyses.

Cristina Rius, Rut Lucas-Domínguez

Objective: The inadequate collection, analysis, presentation and dissemination of sex and/or gender disaggregated data leads to persistent gender bias in biomedical research, clinical trials, publications and health information systems which have a negative impact on medical practice. In addition, gender gap persists in many scientific institutions and among researchers, despite various initiatives to promote equality among all professionals involved in research teams. The aim of this study is to create a tool to assess the inclusion of a gender perspective in biomedical research. Method: Relevant scientific publications on gender inclusion and biomedical studies indexed in the Web of Science were analysed, and guidelines and recommendations developed by leading governmental institutions, funding agencies and academic organisations were also reviewed. A panel of experts then used the Delphi method to identify useful variables for designing a questionnaire on gender inclusion in health sciences research. Results: For the first time, the questionnaire HEIRES assesses the integration of a gender perspective in a transversal way at all stages of biomedical research, from team composition to study development and dissemination. The final result is an immediate and objective score that allows professionals, institutions and policy-makers to identify strengths and potential areas for improvement in the integration of gender perspective in their research and/or within their organisations. Conclusions: Identifying gaps in the biomedical research process improves the quality of research centres, teams and studies and bring them closer to a fairer, more inclusive and equitable scenario towards personalised health. Resumen: Objetivo: La recolección, el análisis, la presentación y la difusión de datos de manera inadecuada por falta de desagregación de las variables por sexo o género conducen a la persistencia de sesgos en la investigación biomédica, los ensayos clínicos, las publicaciones y los sistemas de información sanitaria, lo que repercute negativamente en la práctica médica. Además, la brecha de género persiste en muchas instituciones científicas y equipos investigadores, a pesar de las diversas iniciativas para promover la igualdad entre todas las personas que participan en la investigación. El objetivo de este estudio es crear una herramienta para evaluar la inclusión de la perspectiva de género en las investigaciones biomédicas. Método: Se analizaron las publicaciones científicas relevantes sobre inclusión de género y estudios biomédicos indexadas en Web of Science, así como las directrices y las recomendaciones elaboradas por destacadas instituciones gubernamentales, organismos de financiación y organizaciones académicas. A continuación, un grupo de personas expertas utilizó el método Delphi para identificar variables útiles para diseñar un cuestionario sobre la inclusión de la perspectiva de género en la investigación en ciencias de la salud. Resultados: Por primera vez, el cuestionario HEIRES evalúa la integración de la perspectiva de género de forma transversal en todas las etapas de la investigación biomédica, desde la composición de los equipos hasta el desarrollo y la difusión de los estudios. El resultado final es una puntuación inmediata y objetiva que permite a profesionales, instituciones y responsables políticos identificar los puntos fuertes y las posibles áreas de mejora en la integración de la perspectiva de género en su investigación o dentro de sus organizaciones. Conclusiones: La identificación de lagunas en el proceso de investigación biomédica mejora la calidad de los centros, los equipos y los estudios de investigación, y los acerca a una sociedad más justa y equitativa.

Markus Virtanen

This article explores the media representation of Finnish-born composer Ann-Elise Hannikainen in the Spanish media during the early 1970s, focusing on the gender dynamics and the influence of the male gaze on her public image. Despite the presence of numerous female composers in Spain at the time, Hannikainen’s and Valencia-based Matilde Salvador’s works were among the few by women featured by Spanish orchestras in the 1970s. This study aims to understand how Hannikainen’s gender intersected with various aspects of her identity, such as age, appearance, social class, family background, education, and nationality, in the critiques and other texts related to her orchestral piece Anerfálicas premiered in Valencia in 1973. The methodology employs resistant reading by Judith Fetterley to analyse how gender and the male gaze shaped the discourse around Hannikainen’s work, underscoring the necessity of a feminist perspective in musicology that acknowledges the contributions of women composers and challenges the traditional narratives of music history. Additionally, by contrasting Hannikainen’s media image with that of Salvador, the article reveals that Hannikainen’s gender not only shaped her public image through descriptions of her appearance and familial relations but also affected the depth of authorship and artistic integrity attributed to her work, often overshadowing her professional credentials and accomplishments. This gendered narrative extended to the way influential figures, such as Hannikainen’s teacher Ernesto Halffter, represented Hannikainen.

Stefan Kulk, Frederik Zuiderveen Borgesius

When reviewing a job application letter, going on a first date, or considering doing business with someone, the first thing many people do is entering the person's name in a search engine. A search engine can point searchers to information that would otherwise have remained obscure. If somebody searched for the name of Spanish lawyer Mario Costeja González, Google showed search results that included a link to a 1998 newspaper announcement implying he had financial troubles at the time. González wanted Google to stop showing those links and started a procedure in Spain. After some legal wrangling, the Spanish Audiencia Nacional (National High Court) asked the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) for advice on the application of the Data Protection Directive, which led to the controversial judgment in Google Spain. In its judgment, the CJEU holds that people, under certain conditions, have the right to have search results for their name delisted. This right can also extend to lawfully published information.

Pascuala Garcia-Martinez, Carmen Ocal, Ana Xesus Lopez et al.

In this paper, we present the main actions of the Women in Physics Group of the Spanish Royal Physics Society over the period of 2022 to 2023, in which we celebrated the 20th anniversary of the group. We also outline relevant equality initiatives implemented during this period by the Spanish Government as well as analyse their impact on the status of women in Physics in our country. In 2023, our scientific society approved the Gender Equality Plan, thus becoming a pioneer scientific society in Spain in implementing this relevant measure

Lionel J. Garcia, Daniel Foreman-Mackey, Catriona A. Murray et al.

The detection of planetary transits in the light curves of active stars, featuring correlated noise in the form of stellar variability, remains a challenge. Depending on the noise characteristics, we show that the traditional technique that consists of detrending a light curve before searching for transits alters their signal-to-noise ratio and hinders our capability to discover exoplanets transiting rapidly rotating active stars. We present nuance , an algorithm to search for transits in light curves while simultaneously accounting for the presence of correlated noise, such as stellar variability and instrumental signals. We assess the performance of nuance on simulated light curves as well as on the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite light curves of 438 rapidly rotating M dwarfs. For each data set, we compare our method to five commonly used detrending techniques followed by a search with the Box-Least-Squares algorithm. Overall, we demonstrate that nuance is the most performant method in 93% of cases, leading to both the highest number of true positives and the lowest number of false-positive detections. Although simultaneously searching for transits while modeling correlated noise is expected to be computationally expensive, we make our algorithm tractable and available as the JAX-powered Python package nuance, allowing its use on distributed environments and GPU devices. Finally, we explore the prospects offered by the nuance formalism and its use to advance our knowledge of planetary systems around active stars, both using space-based surveys and sparse ground-based observations.

Yu. L. Obolenskaya

The article seeks to determine the extent to which the national cultural code of the Spaniards is influenced by the designations of people’s place of residence or birth. The historical, cultural, etymological, psycholinguistic and conceptual analysis of such nominations as capital, ciudad, villa, pueblo, aldea, burgo reveals their role in the formation of the national and social identity of the Spaniards, as well as in their mythological, conceptual and linguistic picture of the world. The history and semantics of Spanish toponyms, the mythologems associated with them, as well as the structure of Spanish cities and the way of life there, which are reflected in the language people use, further justify the multicultural nature of their linguistic consciousness. Nearly 80 % of the country’s population perceive themselves as city residents, which is decisive for the social self-identification of Spaniards, as not only the residents of Madrid and other capitals of autonomous communities suffer from the ‘capital resident complex’, but also those who inhabit the ancient capitals of both Christian kingdoms and Muslim Spain of the «Al Andalus» era. The Spanish concepts of ciudad, villa, pueblo, capital and the history of the mythologem of Madrid are regarded as deep-rooted historical and cultural phenomena. Mentioning the symbolic cities of Sagunto, Numancia and Zaragoza, which also play a crucial role in the worldview of the Spanish, is equal to describing the heroism and resilience of the Spanish people. The «carnival element» and the love for puns, which clearly characterize both the national linguistic consciousness and the way the Spaniards speak, nurtured another mythologem — a small Andalusian town of Lepe acquired the status of «capital of jokes».

Josef Opatrný

Book review: Claudia Varella – Manuel Barcía, Wage-Earning Slaves. Coartación in Nineteenth-Century Cuba. Gainesville, Florida: University of Florida Press 2020, 217 p. ISBN 9781683401650.

Fernando García Naharro

Introducción al dossier.

Andrea Anderlini

The essay analyzes the two different burials of Francisco Franco: that of 1975 and that of 2019. Both symbolize political meanings and represent fundamental moments in the recent history of Spain, engaged in the tortuous process of transition to democracy. The treatment of the leader’s body records two symbolic passages of great importance. In the first funeral ceremony, the Caudillo was placed in the significant monument of the Valle de los Caídos together with the fallen of the civil war of 1936. In the second, the dictator was expelled and delivered to a smaller, private, and almost secret location. Between the two burials, there was a complex repositioning of the country’s ruling class and the reworking of the national memory.

Ram Sagar

The Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), a premier autonomous research institute under the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India has a legacy of about seven decades with contributions made in the field of observational sciences namely atmospheric and astrophysics. The Survey of India used a location at ARIES, determined with an accuracy of better than 10 meters on a world datum through institute participation in a global network of Earth artificial satellites imaging during late 1950. Taking advantage of its high-altitude location, ARIES, for the first time, provided valuable input for climate change studies by long term characterization of physical and chemical properties of aerosols and trace gases in the central Himalayan regions. In astrophysical sciences, the institute has contributed precise and sometime unique observations of the celestial bodies leading to a number of discoveries. With the installation of the 3.6 meter Devasthal optical telescope in the year 2015, India became the only Asian country to join those few nations of the world who are hosting 4 meter class optical telescopes. This telescope, having advantage of geographical location, is well-suited for multi-wavelength observations and for sub-arc-second resolution imaging of the celestial objects including follow-up of the GMRT, AstroSat and gravitational-wave sources.

Faical Ndairou, Ivan Area, Juan J. Nieto et al.

A fractional compartmental mathematical model for the spread of the COVID-19 disease is proposed. Special focus has been done on the transmissibility of super-spreaders individuals. Numerical simulations are shown for data of Galicia, Spain, and Portugal. For each region, the order of the Caputo derivative takes a different value, that is not close to one, showing the relevance of considering fractional models.

Safa El Kefi

This article presents a Benchmarking methodology to support decision-making for international market selection (IMS). In order to do so, we will be using an output-oriented Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model. This methodology considers multiple variables validated with a correlation analysis. The methodology is applied to all of the products directly exported from Spain, it takes into consideration different Inputs variables and returns us the efficient and regions generating higher benefits to access international markets with the lowest costs possible.

Josef Opatrný

Obituary

Murray Gell-Mann, James Hartle

We continue our efforts to understand, within the framework of the quantum mechanics of the universe as a whole, the quasiclassical realm of familiar experience as a feature emergent from the Hamiltonian of the elementary particles and the initial condition of the universe. Quantum mechanics assigns probabilities to exhaustive sets of alternative decoherent histories of the universe. We introduce and define the notion of strong decoherence. We replace the notion of maximal sets of alternative decohering histories by defining the more useful concept of "full" sets of alternative strongly decohering histories. These full sets fall into equivalence classes each of which is characterized by a basis in Hilbert space. Finally we describe our continuing efforts to find measures of classicality --- measures that could be applied to such full sets of alternative strongly decohering so as to characterize a quasiclassical realm.

Haiming Tang, Angela Wilkins

Gene duplication is a major mechanism through which new genetic material is generated. Although numerous methods have been developed to differentiate the ortholog and paralogs, very few differentiate the "Parent-Daughter" relationship among paralogous pairs. As coined by the Mira et al, we refer the "Parent" copy as the paralogous copy that stays at the original genomic position of the "original copy" before the duplication event, while the "Daughter" copy occupies a new genomic locus. Here we present a novel method which combines the phylogenetic reconstruction of duplications at different evolutionary periods and the synteny evidence collected from the preserved homologous gene orders. We reconstructed for the first time a deep evolutionary history of "Parent-Daughter" relationships among genes that were descendants from 2 rounds of whole genome duplications (2R WGDs) at early vertebrates and were further duplicated in later ceancestors like early Mammalia and early Primates. Our analysis reveals that the "Parent" copy has significantly fewer accumulated mutations compared with the "Daughter" copy since their divergence after the duplication event. More strikingly, we found that the "Parent" copy in a duplication event continues to be the "Parent" of the younger successive duplication events which lead to "grand-daughters".

Joshua Abah Abah

The amount of information available to the mathematics teacher is so enormous that the selection of desirable content is gradually becoming a huge task in itself. With respect to the inclusion of elements of history of mathematics in mathematics instruction, the era of Big Data introduces a high likelihood of Recency Bias, a hitherto unconnected challenge for stakeholders in mathematics education. This tendency to choose recent information at the expense of relevant older, composite, historical facts stands to defeat the aims and objectives of the epistemological and cultural approach to mathematics instructional delivery. This study is a didactic discourse with focus on this threat to the history and pedagogy of mathematics, particularly as it affects mathematics education in Nigeria. The implications for mathematics curriculum developers, teacher-training programmes, teacher lesson preparation, and publication of mathematics instructional materials were also deeply considered.

Helge Kragh

The present discussion concerning certain fundamental physical theories (such as string theory and multiverse cosmology) has reopened the demarcation problem between science and non-science. While parts of the physics community see the situation as a beginning epistemic shift in what defines science, others deny that the traditional criterion of empirical testability can or should be changed. As demonstrated by the history of physics, it is not the first time that drastic revisions of theory assessment have been proposed. Although historical reflection has little to offer modern physicists in a technical sense, it does offer a broader and more nuanced perspective on the present debate. This paper suggests that history of science is of some indirect value to modern physicists and philosophers dealing with string theory, multiverse scenarios, and related theoretical ideas.

Carlos Gutiérrez-García, Ander Jiménez-Landazuri, María Teresa Gómez-Alonso et al.

Manuel Jesús García Martínez

This study reveals the work developed by the nurses of the Hospital general of Madrid (Spain) in the treatment of the plague, and the training they received for their welfare tasks in the 17th century. Since the end of the 16th century, nurses knew and implemented a set of techniques and medicines to alleviate the terrible disease of the plague and, despite the scarce knowledge about the disease existing at the time, they sought to prevent the contagion with hygienic and dietary measures, and physical isolation. This study shows through which actions and in which conditions nurses worked to deal with such a terrible disease. All this helps to get a full knowledge of the development of the work done by nurses in the last five centuries and, therefore, to determine the evolution and shaping of the nursing profession in our country.