Hasil untuk "History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics"

Valery Konyshev, Alexander Sergunin

Introduction. The article examines cooperation between Russia and the US on Arctic research in the context of the Ukrainian crisis. One of the accompanying tasks is to study the motivations of both sides for continuing such cooperation. Methods and materials. The article uses the so-called liberal intergovernmental approach as a research method, aiming to explain the reasons for cooperation between countries with different socio-political structures and national interests on the world stage. The empirical basis for the study was the documents of international organizations, US and Russian state institutions, as well as research organizations in Russia and the US involved in the study of the Arctic. Analysis. The article demonstrates that currently there are four main levels of US-Russian scientific cooperation in the Arctic: interpersonal (individual), institutional (between various Russian and American organizations), state (government exchange programs), and international (within the framework of multilateral organizations of a global and regional nature). Results. It is concluded that despite the unfriendly actions taken by the US against Russian scientists and organizations, the “mechanism of interdependence” created in previous years did not allow to completely interrupt scientific ties between these countries. Both sides are well aware of the value of cooperation in this area and therefore try to maintain certain channels of interaction. Natural science topics (climate change, meteorology, environmental protection, biodiversity conservation, oceanology, glaciology, etc.) dominate the priorities of US-Russian scientific cooperation in the Arctic. However, socio-humanitarian and interdisciplinary issues (local communities, indigenous peoples, gender studies, urban development and planning, etc.) have recently become increasingly important. The authors believe that scientific cooperation between Russia and the US in the Arctic will revive as the international situation and bilateral relations between the two countries normalize after the settlement of the Ukrainian conflict. Authors’ contribution. V.N. Konyshev: Introduction and Analysis. A.A. Sergunin: Abstract, methods and materials, results, and design of the scientific apparatus.

Ivan N. Lopatkin, Ravilya R. Khisamutdinova

The authors reveal the peculiarities of the Soviet press coverage of the issues related to culture and education in the United States during the “Thaw” period. Both qualitative and quantitative analysis of the domestic press materials of the period under review showed that the rhetoric used in relation to the US cultural development share many similarities with post-war rhetoric. In their opinion, this fact is explained by the ideological confrontation of the two systems, between - the “American dream” and the “Soviet way of life,” which excluded the possibility of peaceful coexistence. The materials on the culture issue were intended, on the one hand, to demonstrate the rapid decline of art and education in the United States, and, on the other hand, the impossibility of cooperation in that area. The authors also demonstrate that the positive aspects of American art were simultaneously sharply criticized. However, despite the continuity, the press of the “thaw” period had a number of unique features. It was distinguished by greater objectivity as well as reasoning, and on reliance of facts. In addition, presented information became more meaningful and was accompanied by photographic materials. The press published statements by American politicians, public figures and ordinary Americans, which made the publications more interesting for the reader.

Muhammad Zubair Khan, Oleg E. Peil, Apoorva Sharma et al.

In the rapidly expanding field of two-dimensional materials, magnetic monolayers show great promise for the future applications in nanoelectronics, data storage, and sensing. The research in intrinsically magnetic two-dimensional materials mainly focuses on synthetic iodide and telluride based compounds, which inherently suffer from the lack of ambient stability. So far, naturally occurring layered magnetic materials have been vastly overlooked. These minerals offer a unique opportunity to explore air-stable complex layered systems with high concentration of local moment bearing ions. We demonstrate magnetic ordering in iron-rich two-dimensional phyllosilicates, focusing on mineral species of minnesotaite, annite, and biotite. These are naturally occurring van der Waals magnetic materials which integrate local moment baring ions of iron via magnesium/aluminium substitution in their octahedral sites. Due to self-inherent capping by silicate/aluminate tetrahedral groups, ultra-thin layers are air-stable. Chemical characterization, quantitative elemental analysis, and iron oxidation states were determined via Raman spectroscopy, wavelength disperse X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry measurements were performed to examine the magnetic ordering. These layered materials exhibit paramagnetic or superparamagnetic characteristics at room temperature. At low temperature ferrimagnetic or antiferromagnetic ordering occurs, with the critical ordering temperature of 38.7 K for minnesotaite, 36.1 K for annite, and 4.9 K for biotite. In-field magnetic force microscopy on iron bearing phyllosilicates confirmed the paramagnetic response at room temperature, present down to monolayers.

Poli Nemkova, Solomon Ubani, Suleyman Olcay Polat et al.

The present-day Russia-Ukraine military conflict has exposed the pivotal role of social media in enabling the transparent and unbridled sharing of information directly from the frontlines. In conflict zones where freedom of expression is constrained and information warfare is pervasive, social media has emerged as an indispensable lifeline. Anonymous social media platforms, as publicly available sources for disseminating war-related information, have the potential to serve as effective instruments for monitoring and documenting Human Rights Violations (HRV). Our research focuses on the analysis of data from Telegram, the leading social media platform for reading independent news in post-Soviet regions. We gathered a dataset of posts sampled from 95 public Telegram channels that cover politics and war news, which we have utilized to identify potential occurrences of HRV. Employing a mBERT-based text classifier, we have conducted an analysis to detect any mentions of HRV in the Telegram data. Our final approach yielded an $F_2$ score of 0.71 for HRV detection, representing an improvement of 0.38 over the multilingual BERT base model. We release two datasets that contains Telegram posts: (1) large corpus with over 2.3 millions posts and (2) annotated at the sentence-level dataset to indicate HRVs. The Telegram posts are in the context of the Russia-Ukraine war. We posit that our findings hold significant implications for NGOs, governments, and researchers by providing a means to detect and document possible human rights violations.

Alexander Yu. Rozhkov, Timofey A. Runaev

Using mass sources in historical research makes it possible to improve the representativeness of knowledge about the historical period. However, qualitative text analysis has limitations when working with a large array of data. Thus, in modern historical science is a need to involve computer («intellectual») analysis of texts for processing mass sources. Based on principles of the discourse-historical approach, authors indicated the possibility of using the RStudio computer program for intellectual analysis of the voluminous corpus of information reports and reviews of the GPU–OGPU of the 1920s on the materials of the North Caucasus. In the first stage, the contextualization of the studied sources was carried out. The authors found that reports and reviews of the GPU-OGPU of different years had similar terminological, emotive and thematic composition. While maintaining the internal unity of the OGPU information documents on the North Caucasus, an increase in the number of topics in summaries and reviews has been revealed since 1925. Emotional aggravation and complication of the «Chekist» discourse intensified so much by the end of the 1920s that terminological composition of the documents of 1928-1929 differed significantly from composition of texts of previous years. Thus, the text mining of the reports and reviews of the GPU–OGPU demonstrated the transformation of the regional «Chekist» discourse, which was broadcast to the top leadership of the country. The applied approach allows minimizing subjectivity of researcher’s assessments and conclusions.

Albina F. Noskova

At the request of the editorial board of the journal Slavic World in the Third Millennium, Albina Fedorovna Noskova (born 1936), Doctor of Historical Sciences and chief researcher of the Institute of Slavic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, recounts her life and career path in science. She graduated from the Department of Southern and Western Slavs of the History Faculty of Moscow State University in 1959 and then studied at the graduate school of the Institute from 1961 to 1964. Albina Fedoovna is the recognised specialist in both the modern history of Poland and the problems in the history of Soviet-Polish relations. The principal lines of her investigations included the history of Poland and other Eastern European countries during and after World War II, the problems of Slavic-German relations, and the policy of Moscow in Eastern Europe. A. F. Noskova is the author of several hundred academic works, as well as the organiser of and a participant in many international projects and conferences. Albina Fedorovna discusses her childhood, her parents and teachers, her studies at the Department of Southern and Western Slavs of the History Faculty of Moscow State University, and her work in archives and at the Institute of Slavic Studies, as well as her business trips abroad.

Alexander G. Sboev, Nikolay A. Kudryshov, Ivan A. Moloshnikov et al.

Currently, the evolution of Covid-19 allows researchers to gather the datasets accumulated over 2 years and to use them in predictive analysis. In turn, this makes it possible to assess the efficiency potential of more complex predictive models, including neural networks with different forecast horizons. In this paper, we present the results of a consistent comparative study of different types of methods for predicting the dynamics of the spread of Covid-19 based on regional data for two countries: the United States and Russia. We used well-known statistical methods (e.g., Exponential Smoothing), a "tomorrow-as-today" approach, as well as a set of classic machine learning models trained on data from individual regions. Along with them, a neural network model based on Long short-term memory (LSTM) layers was considered, the training samples of which aggregate data from all regions of two countries: the United States and Russia. Efficiency evaluation was carried out using cross-validation according to the MAPE metric. It is shown that for complicated periods characterized by a large increase in the number of confirmed daily cases, the best results are shown by the LSTM model trained on all regions of both countries, showing an average Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 18%, 30%, 37% for Russia and 31%, 41%, 50% for US for predictions at forecast horizons of 14, 28, and 42 days, respectively.

Bohdan Novosyadlyj, Bohdan Hnatyk, Yurij Kulinich et al.

Samuil Kaplan (1921-1978) was a productive and famous astrophysicist. He was affiliated with a number of scientific centers in different cities of former Soviet Union. The earliest 13 years of his career, namely in the 1948-1961 years, he worked in Lviv University in Ukraine (then it was called the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic). In the present paper, the Lviv period of his life and scientific activity is described on the basis of archival materials and his published studies. Kaplan arrived in Lviv in June 1948, at the same month when he obtained the degree of Candidate of science. He was a head of the astrophysics sector at the Astronomical Observatory of the University, was a professor of department for theoretical physics as well as the founder and head of a station for optical observations of artificial satellites of Earth. He was active in the organization of the astronomical observational site outside of the city. During the years in Lviv, Kaplan wrote more than 80 articles and 3 monographs in 9 areas. The focus of his interests at that time was on stability of circular orbits in the Schwarzschild field, on white dwarf theory, on space gas dynamics, and cosmic plasma physics, and turbulence, on acceleration of cosmic rays, on physics of interstellar medium, on physics and evolution of stars, on cosmology and gravitation, and on optical observations of Earth artificial satellites. Some of his results are fundamental for development of theory in these fields as well as of observational techniques. The complete bibliography of his works published during the Lviv period is presented. Respective scientific achievements of Samuil Kaplan are reviewed in the light of the current state of research in these areas.

Himanshu Mavani, Navinder Singh

The way the topic of black-body radiation is presented in standard textbooks (i.e. from Rayleigh-Jeans to Max Planck) does not follow the actual historical timeline of the understanding of the black-body radiation problem. Authors believe that a presentation which follows an actual timeline of the ideas (although not a logical presentation of the field) would be of interest not only from the history of science perspective but also from a pedagogical perspective. Therefore, we attempt a concise history of this very interesting field of science.

K. Mikhailov

Recent (2017) calculations of spider species richness in the boundaries of Russia and other former Soviet Union republics, as well as between physiographical regions of these territories, are provided in comparison with earlier data. By December 31st, 2017, 3437 and 2445 spider species were reported from the FSU territories and Russia, respectively. A prediction for a spider species richness of the FSU and Russia is given. 39 spider species lists of both the post-Soviet republics and physiographical regions are provided as electronic supplementary data. How to cite this paper: Mikhailov K.G. 2021. Advances in the study of the spider fauna (Aranei) of Russia and adjacent regions: a 2017 update // Invert. Zool. Vol.18. No.1. P.25– 35, Supplements 1.01–1.15, 2.01–2.24. doi: 10.15298/invertzool.18.1.03

M. S. Yanitskiy, A. V. Seryy, O. A. Braun et al.

The image of the world is a set of space-temporal and value-semantic chronotopic components. It is a functional system of psychological adaptation to the constant changes in the human lifeworld. The COVID-19 pandemic is a model of severe changes in lifeworld and lifestyle. The research objective was to identify the chronotopic characteristics of the image of the world in a crisis. The study was conducted twice, i.e. before the outbreak and during the period of maximum restrictions, and featured 92 people. The COVID-19 pandemic transformed the structure of the image of the world. The changes occurred in the orientation of the identification of one’s characteristics, followed by a certain reorientation of these characteristics from the national and civil identity to the human one. The family-role components of the self-image became more significant. The past perspective expanded, while the future perspective shrank. The emotional  coloring of the present became more negative, the past was seen as positive, while the future appeared moderately optimistic. All three time modes proved to be more event-filled. These processes were observed against the background of the polarization of value preferences. The level of meaningfulness of life showed multidirectional dynamics, probably, as a result of different crisis-coping mechanisms with different levels of productivity. The pandemic restructured all components of the image of the world, which had a mobilizing and productive character.

Arnaud Mazier, Alexandre Bilger, Antonio E. Forte et al.

In this paper, we develop a framework for solving inverse deformation problems using the FEniCS Project finite element software. We validate our approach with experimental imaging data acquired from a soft silicone beam under gravity. In contrast with inverse iterative algorithms that require multiple solutions of a standard elasticity problem, the proposed method can compute the undeformed configuration by solving only one modified elasticity problem. This modified problem has a complexity comparable to the standard one. The framework is implemented within an open-source pipeline enabling the direct and inverse deformation simulation directly from imaging data. We use the high-level Unified Form Language (UFL) of the FEniCS Project to express the finite element model in variational form and to automatically derive the consistent Jacobian. Consequently, the design of the pipeline is flexible: for example, it allows the modification of the constitutive models by changing a single line of code. We include a complete working example showing the inverse deformation of a beam deformed by gravity as supplementary material.

Galina Sinkevich

A short history of Russian researches in Chinese astronomy in 19-20 centuries

Liliia Iliasova

The article analyses the novels about the “new people” published at the turn of the 1860s and 1870s. These are Znameniia vremeni (‘Signs of the time’) by D. L. Mordovtsev, Shag za shagom (‘Step by step’) by I. V. Omulevsky, Nikolai Negorev, ili Blagopoluchnyi rossiianin (‘Nikolai Negorev, or the Prosperous Russian’) by I. A. Kushchevsky. The aim of the study is to identify the ideological agenda of the Russian intelligentsia of miscellaneous ranks (Rus. разночинная интеллигенция) of that time. The literature on the “new people”, starting from the novel by N. G. Chernyshevsky Chto delat’? (‘What to do?’), attempted to provide ideological guidelines for the new generation; the novels of this kind were “manuals” for young intellectuals, where they looked for answers to questions about what to they should do and be like. Due to the clearly opinionated nature of these texts, they are a valuable historical source for the study of the ideology of intelligentsia, its intellectual and moral quests. In historiography, these novels were described mainly in the context of the history of the Russian literature and literary criticism, but were not used in an integrated way as a specifi c topic of research in the light of the study of world outlook of intelligentsia, which makes this article particularly relevant. The main part of the article describes plot-related and thematical units, shows the features of personalities of the characters of the novels, studies the ideas that they proclaim. The article concludes that these novels refl ected the mindset of the intelligentsia of the period of transition, i.e. between the Sixtiers and the Narodniks, and were incorporated in the process of development of its ideology.

Oleg V. Kuznetsov, Konstantin A. Lotarev, Vasiliy V. Tarakanov

Introduction. The introduction identifies one of the most important problems in the political history of Russia – the problem of determining and choosing the path of the long-term civilizational development in the aspect of liberal and conservative paradigm. Methods and materials. As the main methods the authors apply: the historical-comparative, systemic, typological and historical-political ones. The main sources are the following: ”Plan of State Transformation” by M.M. Speransky and “Note on Ancient and New Russia in Its Political and Civil Relations” by N.M. Karamzin. Analysis. In the course of the comparative analysis the authors carry out the study of the plan of M.M. Speransky’s state reforms and N.M. Karamzin’s political program in the aspect of the liberal and conservative axiology. The authors conclude that there were two different models of civilizational development of the state. One of them, represented by M.M. Speransky, suggested radical changes in the political system, legislation, social relations and led Russia to the liberal Western path of development. N.M. Karamzin proceeded from the priority of national and state traditions and the perniciousness of transferring European political institutions, customs and practicies to the Russian soil. Results. The result of the study is the conclusion that in the complete absence of a basis for the formation of liberalism in Russia, M.M. Speransky’s constitutional search was doomed to failure and resulted in the practice of building a system of the rational public administration within the framework of absolutism. Centuries-old historical traditions of Russia were much stronger than the desire of Alexander I to give the country a Constitution.

I. Scarborough

Galina O Lukyanova, Elena A Paymakova

The article is devoted to the development of Russian-Egyptian relations in terms of intercivilizational dialogue; there are analyzed the dynamics of their development in various historical epochs as well as the factors that have had decisive influence on the nature of the bilateral interaction. The globalization processes in which the modern world lives are shaking all the models of national and cultural identity that have developed over many centuries. These processes jeopardize the existence of the peoples, nations and cultures in their present form. In these conditions the interethnic cultural dialogue acquires special significance. This article is devoted to the consideration of a similar dialogue between Russian and Egyptian cultures in which political, economic, cultural, scientific and spiritual ties played and continue to play a special role. The ideas of Leo Tolstoy, M. Gorky and other Russian writers got in Egypt a special popularity and had a significant impact on progressive minds of the Egyptian intelligentsia as well as on the Egyptian literature. Although Arab, in particular Egyptian historians and public figures for a long time considered Russia as part of the West, after the October revolution of 1917 in Russia the Soviet state began to be perceived as a force that opposes the materialistic West. From the fifties of the 20th century, the military-technical and economic cooperation with the USSR, subsequently with Russia is of great importance for Egypt. At the same time, the article analyzes the influence of Egyptian culture and art on the spiritual and intellectual life of Russia.

Zura Kakushadze, Jim Kyung-Soo Liew

We discuss Russia's underlying motives for issuing its government-backed cryptocurrency, CryptoRuble, and the implications thereof and of other likely-soon-forthcoming government-issued cryptocurrencies to some stakeholders (populace, governments, economy, finance, etc.), existing decentralized cryptocurrencies (such as Bitcoin and Ethereum), as well as the future of the world monetary system (the role of the U.S. therein and a necessity for the U.S. to issue CryptoDollar), including a future algorithmic universal world currency that may also emerge. We further provide a comprehensive list of references on cryptocurrencies.

A. G. Marochkin, L. Yu. Bobrova

The article introduces for scientific use and achaeological interpretation the items from the collection of the Kemerovo Regional Local History Museum, Museum-Preserve "Tomskaya Pisanitsa", the Archaeology, Ethnography and Ecology of Siberia museum (Kemerovo State University Museum) and the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography (Tomsk State University). The methodology of the research is based on the definition of the term «incidental find» for particular cases of incidental finding of an archaeological site which allows one to use this type of sources for historical and cultural reconstructions in that region for the first time. The research applies the methods of mapping and landscape-geomorphological analysis, comparative and typological method, periodization method. The article determines the main meaning of accidental finds for updating the archaeological map of the least researched Tom region areas connected to the territory of Kemerovo and watershed areas of the right bank of the River Tom. The work outlines the chronological group of the items and presents some conclusions about the possible connection of the stone tools with those from Izylinka, Irbinsko-Novo Kuskovo or Krokhalevo Neolithic-Early period of the Developed Bronze Age settlements; about the accidentally found knives and diggers confirming Irmen cultural domination in Late Bronze period and exchanges with cross-border cultural groups; about typological proximity of a number of Scythian period accidental finds with the same period complex in the Middle Yenissey area, Achinsk-Mariinsk forest-steppe and Tomsk Ob River area; about the association of the Kulay and Post-Kulay period findings with ritual practices at cult places.

Galina Sinkevich

This article focuses on evolvement of the history of mathematics as a science and development of its methodology from the 4th century B.C. to the age of Enlightenment.