Hasil untuk "History of Great Britain"

Anton V. Buriak

This integrated study explores the diverse effects and the intricate history of protectionist policy impacts in relation to trade and economic development. The article carefully narrates the rise of protectionism as a recurring economic policy adopted during the tender phases of national economic depression, preceeding it’s emergence from the mercantilist practices of the European World Powers of the 16th and 17th century. The policy frameworks were mostly shaped by the interwoven logic behind state regulation of foreign trade intended to defend a nations economic welfare from international competition. One of the main look was for the 1930 Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act, which is suggested as a case study of history caused by aggressive protective policies. The artickle examines the retelling of this legislation, that enacted tariffs and duties on over 20,000 imported products, which had set off bans and restrictions on trade by Canada, Britain, and Germany. The chain reaction of such trade restrictions as punitive tariffs resulted the lowest point in trade history when volume of global trade fell by 66% from 1929 and 1934, rapidly changing what could’ve merely been an economical low from the Great Depression. The statistics trade pourposes during this timeframe, such as the drop of American imports from Europe from 1929 to 1932 shows how desperate consequences of protective policies can be. Despite these historical warnings, the article demonstrates that contemporary states continue to implement protectionist measures, often disregarding the economic lessons of the past in favor of short-term political advantages. The study offers in-depth comparative analyses of modern protectionist such as “America First” agenda in USA, China’s “Made in China 2025” industrial program and India’s “Make in India” initiatives. Through careful cross-sectional comparison of key economic indicators, particularly GDP growth and employment figures from 2016 to 2023, the study evaluates the effectiveness of these varying protectionist strategies against their stated objectives. So, the findings shows that while protecting certain industries might help them out for a bit, it’s not a great plan in the long run. It usually backfires and weakens the whole economy, which is the opposite of what states want. This adds to the discussion about how much we should open up markets versus protecting our own stuff, especially now that the world is so connected.

Wit Pietrzak

The essay focuses on the poetry of Moya Cannon and her idea of poetic language as a link between people and the material environment in which they dwell. Throughout her oeuvre, Cannon shows that poetic language, which she often associates with music, is rooted in nature through its sonic organisation. The present essay sets out to demonstrate that by investigating the relationship between song, language and material environments, she seeks not only to express the mystery of nature but also, through her poems’ semantic and prosodic contours, to inscribe it in the construction of her verse.

Christopher M. Graney

This paper provides an overview of recent historical research regarding scientifically-informed challenges to the idea that the stars are other suns orbited by other inhabited earths -- an idea that came to be known as "the Plurality of Worlds". Johannes Kepler in the seventeenth century, Jacques Cassini in the eighteenth, and William Whewell in the nineteenth each argued against "pluralism" based on what in their respective times was solid science. Nevertheless, pluralism remained popular despite these and other scientific challenges. This history will be of interest to the astronomical community so that it is better positioned to avoid difficulties should the historical trajectory of pluralism continue, especially as it persists in the popular imagination.

Elena S. Arlyapova, Elena G. Ponomareva

The Western Balkans has been and remains a particularly dense zone in terms of the number of actors present, where the interests of all the leading actors in world politics are bizarrely intertwined. The Ukrainian crisis has added spice to the Balkan agenda, reviving “frozen conflicts” not only within the borders of the region but also beyond its perimeter. Directly dependent on the outcome of the armed confrontation in Ukraine and separately from it, a clash or, at least, an intensification of external actors in the Balkan direction seems inevitable. The historical-systemic approach used in the study and the paradigm of multipolarity made it possible to trace the probable directions of activity of both regional and external actors. Based on a wide range of sources, the work provides a panorama of the foreign policy positioning of regional capitals; identifies major and minor external actors; shows the transformation of approaches and practical steps of key actors through the prism of the ongoing crisis. External actors - the European Union (EU), China, Great Britain, Russia and the United States - are divided into groups in accordance with their positions regarding the pre-crisis Balkans and the Balkans in the face of the fierce confrontation between Russia and the West. Among Western interests, special attention is paid to Great Britain, whose activity in the Western Balkans after Brexit is affiliated with the West in general, but not with the United States (despite all the history of strategic partnership in the region) and, moreover, with the EU separately. Against the background of the dominance of Western institutions in the region, the paper traces, however, the growing role of China, as well as external actors of the “second plan” with an oriental flavor: Türkiye, Iran, and the states of the Persian Gulf. An analysis of Russia’s prospects in the region has shown that the crisis in the system of international relations has largely nullified the results achieved earlier. The degree of Russia’s involvement in the crisis raises the question of its resource capacity, the ability to further maintain its own positions. Additional difficulties will be associated with the consolidated efforts of the Western allies and other external actors, including China, to balance Russian influence and presence in the Western Balkans.

Agnès Alexandre-Collier

Mike Sharples

John Clark was inventor of the Eureka machine to generate hexameter Latin verse. He labored for 13 years from 1832 to implement the device that could compose at random over 26 million different lines of well-formed verse. This paper proposes that Clark should be regarded as an early cognitive scientist. Clark described his machine as an illustration of a theory of "kaleidoscopic evolution" whereby the Latin verse is "conceived in the mind of the machine" then mechanically produced and displayed. We describe the background to automated generation of verse, the design and mechanics of Eureka, its reception in London in 1845 and its place in the history of language generation by machine. The article interprets Clark's theory of kaleidoscopic evolution in terms of modern cognitive science. It suggests that Clark has not been given the recognition he deserves as a pioneer of computational creativity.

S. Deser

I describe the early, from the nineteen sixties, history of attempts at quantizing General Relativity.

Bogatov Egor, Korenev Artem, Mikhailov Ilya

One of the variants for systematizing the activities of the historian of mathematics is proposed, as well as a scheme for organizing research and search work in the preparation of scientific articles and reports on the history of science.

Murray Gell-Mann, James B Hartle

This paper discusses the relation between the decoherent histories approach to quantum mechanics that is based on coarse-grained decoherent histories of a closed system, and the approximate quantum mechanics of measured subsystems, as in the Copenhagen interpretation. We show how the a classical world used in such formulations is not to something to be postulated but rather explained by suitable sets of alternative histories of quasiclassical variables. We discuss the general definition of measurement, the collapse of the wave function, and irreversibility from the perspective of decoherent histories quantum theory..

M. B. Hastings

This is a personal history of the Hastings-Michalakis proof of quantum Hall conductance quantization.

Sjang L. ten Hagen

This article contributes to a global history of relativity, by exploring how Einstein's theory was appropriated in Belgium. This may sound as a contradiction in terms, yet the early-twentieth-century Belgian context, because of its cultural diversity and reflectiveness of global conditions (the principal example being the First World War), proves well-suited to expose transnational flows and patterns in the global history of relativity. The attempts of Belgian physicist Théophile de Donder to contribute to relativity physics during the 1910s and 1920s illustrate the role of the war in shaping the transnational networks through which relativity circulated. The local attitudes of conservative Belgian Catholic scientists and philosophers, who denied that relativity was philosophically significant, exemplify a global pattern: while critics of relativity feared to become marginalized by the scientific, political, and cultural revolutions that Einstein and his theory were taken to represent, supporters sympathized with these revolutions.

John Alexander Arredondo García, Camilo Ramírez Maluendas

In this paper, we chronologically recount several situations that have contributed to the development and formalization of the objects known as imaginary or complex numbers. We will begin by introducing the earliest documented knowing for calculating the square root of a negative quantity, attributed to the Greek mathematician Heron of Alexandria. From there, we will progress through history to explore the formal concept of complex numbers given by William Rowan Hamilton.

Takeshi Hirai

An overview of the history of projective representations (= spin representations) of groups, preceded by the prehistory of studies on the theory of quaternion due to Rodrigues and Hamilton. Beginning with Schur, we cover many mathematicians until today, and also physicists Pauli and Dirac. This is a self translation of Appendix A of my book "Introduction to the theory of projective representations of groups" in Japanese, 2018, Sugakushobo, and may serve as an introduction to our paper arXiv: 1804.06063 [math.RT] which will appear in Kyoto J. Math.

Daniel Parrochia

One usually refers the concept of Feynman path integral to the work of Norbert Wiener on Brownian motion in the early 1920s. This view is not false and we show in this article that Wiener used the first path integral of the history of physics to describe the Brownian motion. That said, Wiener, as he pointed out, was inspired by the work of some French mathematicians, particularly Gateaux and Levy. Moreover, although Richard Feynman has independently found this notion, we show that in the course of the 1930s, while searching a kind of geometrization of quantum mechanics, another French mathematician, Adolphe Buhl, noticed by the philosopher Gaston Bachelard, had himself been close to forge such a notion. This reminder does not detract from the remarkable discovery of Feynman, which must undeniably be attributed to him. We also show, however, that the difficulties of this notion had to wait many years before being resolved, and it was only recently that the path integral could be rigorously established from a mathematical point of view.

F. Fragkoudi, R. J. J. Grand, R. Pakmor et al.

We explore the chemodynamical properties of a sample of barred galaxies in the Auriga magneto-hydrodynamical cosmological zoom-in simulations, which form boxy/peanut (b/p) bulges, and compare these to the Milky Way (MW). We show that the Auriga galaxies which best reproduce the chemodynamical properties of stellar populations in the MW bulge have quiescent merger histories since redshift $z\sim3.5$: their last major merger occurs at $t_{\rm lookback}>12\,\rm Gyrs$, while subsequent mergers have a stellar mass ratio of $\leq$1:20, suggesting an upper limit of a few percent for the mass ratio of the recently proposed Gaia Sausage/Enceladus merger. These Auriga MW-analogues have a negligible fraction of ex-situ stars in the b/p region ($<1\%$), with flattened, thick disc-like metal-poor stellar populations. The average fraction of ex-situ stars in the central regions of all Auriga galaxies with b/p's is 3% -- significantly lower than in those which do not host a b/p or a bar. While the central regions of these barred galaxies contain the oldest populations, they also have stars younger than 5Gyrs (>30%) and exhibit X-shaped age and abundance distributions. Examining the discs in our sample, we find that in some cases a star-forming ring forms around the bar, which alters the metallicity of the inner regions of the galaxy. Further out in the disc, bar-induced resonances lead to metal-rich ridges in the $V_φ-r$ plane -- the longest of which is due to the Outer Lindblad Resonance. Our results suggest the Milky Way has an uncommonly quiet merger history, which leads to an essentially in-situ bulge, and highlight the significant effects the bar can have on the surrounding disc.

Églantine Jamet-Moreau

This paper aims to analyse how the issue of women’s access to priesthood and episcopacy in the Church of England has challenged patriarchy. Indeed, the point is not simply to ordain women alongside men, but to reconsider several issues such as the interpretation of Scripture, the teachings of the Church, institutional practices or even ministry itself, in the light of gender equality.

F. Dikötter

Anne-Florence Gillard-Estrada

Bertrand M. Roehner

The purpose of this note is to explain what is "analytical history", a modular and testable analysis of historical events introduced in a book published in 2002 (Roehner and Syme 2002). Broadly speaking, it is a comparative methodology for the analysis of historical events. Comparison is the keystone and hallmark of science. For instance, the extrasolar planets are crucial for understanding our own solar system. Until their discovery, astronomers could observe only one instance. Single instances can be described but they cannot be understood in a testable way. In other words, if one accepts that, as many historians say, "historical events are unique", then no testable understanding can be developed.

S. Deser

I summarize, at its 41st--and what would have been Bruno's 94th--birthday, the history of the discoveries of Supergravity and some of its structure and later developments.