Hasil untuk "History of Germany"

R. Darnton

Felix Bitterer, Simon Kühne

A large body of research shows that police officers hold more conservative political orientations than the general population, both across countries and over time. Studies seeking to explain this phenomenon report inconclusive findings. This paper studies two possible explanations: self-selection of politically conservative individuals into the police force (selection hypothesis) and growing conservatism over the course of police work (occupational socialization hypothesis). We focus on Germany, a police force with an authoritarian history and extensive modernization in the past decades, thereby representing an important case study for the long-term interplay between conservative political orientation and police service. For our analysis, we are relying on longitudinal data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), a large-scale representative panel study of German households, covering the years 1984–2020. In line with previous research, our results show that the police force differs significantly from individuals in other occupations as well as the general population, reporting more politically conservative attitudes in left–right self-placement and stronger identification with conservative parties. Furthermore, we find evidence that selection effects contribute to attitudinal differences in party orientation.

Stanislav Serhiienko

This paper explores perceptions of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) in Eisenhüttenstadt, the “first socialist town of Germany,” following the collapse of the state socialist dictatorship in East Germany. Despite its being the most well-known “socialist town” in Eastern Bloc, no systematic research has been done into how the town dealt with its troubled past. By analyzing discussion and representation of the town’s past in the public space through the year 2010, this study investigates how a town like Eisenhüttenstadt, which has no pre-socialist history, dealt with its past as East Germany transitioned away from state socialism. It also examines the impact of the town’s unique past on its current identity. The author argues that Diktaturgedächtnis [the memory of dictatorship], the lack of a pre-socialist past, and the town’s rejection of radical strategies for dealing with the past have led to complex collective memories and town identity in Eisenhüttenstadt. This complexity manifests itself in the embrace of different symbolic representations of history in different parts of the town and in splits in the public and private, and internal and external, collective memories.

G. Aad, E. Aakvaag, B. Abbott et al.

A combination of searches for singly and doubly charged Higgs bosons, H± and H±±, produced via vector-boson fusion is performed using 140 fb−1 of proton–proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, collected with the ATLAS detector during Run 2 of the Large Hadron Collider. Searches targeting decays to massive vector bosons in leptonic final states (electrons or muons) are considered. New constraints are reported on the production cross-section times branching fraction for charged Higgs boson masses between 200 GeV and 3000 GeV. The results are interpreted in the context of the Georgi-Machacek model for which the most stringent constraints to date are set for the masses considered in the combination.

Jerzy S Respondek

The author was encouraged to write this review by numerous enquiries from researchers all over the world, who needed a ready-to-use algorithm for the inversion of confluent Vandermonde matrices which works in quadratic time for any values of the parameters allowed by the definition, including the case of large root multiplicities of the characteristic polynomial. Article gives the history of the title special matrix since 1891 and surveys algorithms for solving linear systems with the title class matrix and inverting it. In particular, it presents, also by example, a numerical algorithm which does not use symbolic computations and is ready to be implemented in a general-purpose programming language or in a specific mathematical package.

Pascal Marquet, Max Planck

This is an English (annotated) translation of the German paper by Max Planck (1943) about "The history of the discovery of the physical quantum of action"

Zoe S. Oftring, Doortje M. Mehrtens, Julian Mollin et al.

Abstract Background Button battery (BB) ingestions (BBI) are increasingly prevalent in children and constitute a significant, potentially life-threatening health hazard, and thus a pediatric emergency. Ingested BBs are usually charged and can cause severe symptom within 2 h. Discharged BBs ingestion is very rare and protracted symptom trajectories complicate diagnosis. Timely imaging is all the more important. Discharged BBs pose specific hazards, such as impaction, and necessitate additional interventions. Case presentation We present the case of a previously healthy 19-month-old girl who was admitted to our pediatric university clinic in Germany for assessment of a three-month history of intermittent, mainly inspiratory stridor, snoring and feeding problems (swallowing, crying at the sight of food). The child’s physical examination and vital signs were normal. Common infectious causes, such as bronchitis, were ruled out by normal lab results including normal infection parameters, negative serology for common respiratory viruses, and normal blood gas analysis, the absence of fever or pathological auscultation findings. The patient’s history contained no evidence of an ingestion or aspiration event, no other red flags (e.g., traveling, contact to TBC). Considering this and with bronchoscopy being the gold standard for foreign body (FB) detection, an x-ray was initially deferred. A diagnostic bronchoscopy, performed to check for airway pathologies, revealed normal mucosal and anatomic findings, but a non-pulsatile bulge in the trachea. Subsequent esophagoscopy showed an undefined FB, lodged in the upper third of the otherwise intact esophagus. The FB was identified as a BB by a chest X-ray. Retrieval of the battery proved extremely difficult due to its wedged position and prolonged ingestion and required a two-stage procedure with consultation of Ear Nose Throat colleagues. Recurring stenosis and regurgitation required one-time esophageal bougienage during follow-up examinations. Since then, the child has been asymptomatic in the biannual endoscopic controls and is thriving satisfactorily. Conclusion This case describes the rare and unusual case of a long-term ingested, discharged BB. It underscores the need for heightened vigilance among healthcare providers regarding the potential hazards posed by discharged BBIs in otherwise healthy children with newly, unexplained stridor and feeding problems. This case emphasizes the critical role of early diagnostic imaging and interdisciplinary interventions in ensuring timely management and preventing long-term complications associated even to discharged BBs.

S. Molloy, T. Butler, I. Merrigan et al.

Objective: Molecular methods offer a more rapid alternative for the detection of H. pylori resistance to antibiotics than traditional culture-based methods. The aim of the study was to evaluate the RIDAGENE H. pylori real-time PCR assay compared to culture-based methods for the detection of H. pylori and clarithromycin resistance using gastric biopsies. Patients and Methods: Following ethical approval and informed consent, adults were recruited prospectively from Tallaght University Hospital and Letterkenny University Hospital, Ireland, regardless of H. pylori treatment history. During routine gastroscopy, subjects had 1 antrum and 1 corpus biopsy taken for H. pylori culture and DNA extraction. Clarithromycin susceptibility testing on cultures was performed by ETEST (Biomerieux, UK). The RIDAGENE H. pylori assay (R-Biopharm AG, Germany) was used for detection of H. pylori DNA and clarithromycin resistance-associated point mutations. Results: In all, samples from 191 culture-positive patients (mean age 48.4 ± 15.3 years; 45.0% (N=86) female) were analysed. The RIDAGENE assay detected H. pylori in 100% of biopsy samples from which H. pylori was cultured. The clarithromycin resistance rate by culture was significantly higher than by real-time PCR (49.2% (N=94/191) and 38.7% (N=74/191, respectively; p=0.04; χ2 test). Results agreed between both methods in 84.3% (N=161/191) of cases. The sensitivity and specificity of the RIDAGENE assay compared to culture for the detection of clarithromycin resistance were 74.0% (95% CI: 64.0-82.4%) and 94.7% (95% CI: 88.1-98.3%), respectively. The positive predictive value was 93.4% (95% CI: 85.7-97.1%) and the negative predictive value was 78.3% (95% CI: 71.9-83.5%). Conclusions: The RIDAGENE assay detected H. pylori in all culture-positive samples. However, the low sensitivity compared to culture for clarithromycin susceptibility testing in our cohort may limit its use to cases where culture-based methods are unsuccessful. Further studies are required to fully characterise H. pylori clarithromycin resistance mechanisms in our study population.

Hosny El-Adawy, Helmut Hotzel, Herbert Tomaso et al.

Contagious bovine genital campylobacteriosis (BGC), also known as bovine venereal campylobacteriosis, is a disease relevant to international trade listed by the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH). It is caused by <i>Campylobacter fetus</i> subsp. <i>venerealis</i> (<i>Cfv</i>), one of three subspecies of <i>Campylobacter fetus</i>. Bulls are the reservoir but BGC may also be spread by artificial insemination (AI). BGC is characterized by severe reproductive losses such as infertility, early embryonic death and abortion with considerable economic losses. This significant economic impact has prompted several countries to adopt stringent eradication and surveillance measures to contain the disease. While there are commercial and autologous vaccines available, scientific evidence for the effectiveness of vaccination is still lacking. In Germany, BCG was already found to be endemic in the 1920s, shortly after the agent and the disease had been described for the first time. It can be assumed that BCG had already circulated uncontrolled for a long time in the predecessor states of Germany, influenced only by the political situation and trading networks of the time. After WW II, BCG was eradicated in the German Democratic Republic due to industrialized cattle production based on AI but it was still endemic at low levels in the Federal Republic of Germany with its diverse cattle production. There has been a steady decline in BGC incidence in re-unified Germany over the past 28 years. A single genetic <i>Cfv</i> lineage was identified which probably emerged in the 19th century and diversified over time. Interestingly, no recurrent cross-border introduction became evident. This review gives insight into the history of bovine genital campylobacteriosis considering the structural change in cattle farming in Germany and reflecting on the political background of the time.

Jeffrey A. Houser, A. Desrosières, C. Naish

Aziz Mensah, Aziz Mensah, Susanna Toivanen et al.

ObjectivesThis study examined the gender and cross-country differences in the relationship between working hours and self-assessed health among working men and women in Europe, and further explored the moderating role of sleep disturbance in the relationship.MethodsWe used cross-sectional data from the 6th European Working Condition Survey on 14,603 men and 15,486 women across 30 countries in Europe. A multivariate logistic regression was applied to evaluate the relationship between working hours, sleep disturbance, and self- assessed health. In addition, we employed a two-stage multilevel logistic regression to assess the cross-country variations in the relationship between working hours and self-assessed health.ResultsThe study showed a slightly U-shaped relationship between working hours and less-than-good self-assessed health among working adults in Europe (&lt;31 h: aOR = 1.11; 95% CI: 1.00–1.25, 41–50 h: aOR = 0.98; 95% CI: 0.84–1.15, and 50+ h: aOR = 1.31; 95% CI: 1.07–1.59). However, working men had higher odds of reporting less-than-good self-assessed health as compared to women when they devote longer hours to paid work. The results further showed that there are cross-country variations in the association between working hours and less-than-good self-assessed health for both men and women, and that men had slightly lower variations as compared to women. Contrary to expectation, sleep disturbance did not moderate the relationship between working hours and less-than-good self-assessed health for both men and women in Europe.ConclusionsAlthough there are gender differences and cross-country variations in the association between working hours and less-than-good self-assessed health, sleep disturbance did not moderate the associations. These findings underscore the importance for strict work time regulation and generous work-family policies that may promote good working conditions and health.

G. Aad, B. Abbott, D.C. Abbott et al.

A search for the dimuon decay of the Standard Model (SM) Higgs boson is performed using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 139 fb−1 collected with the ATLAS detector in Run 2 pp collisions at s=13 TeV at the Large Hadron Collider. The observed (expected) significance over the background-only hypothesis for a Higgs boson with a mass of 125.09 GeV is 2.0σ (1.7σ). The observed upper limit on the cross section times branching ratio for pp→H→μμ is 2.2 times the SM prediction at 95% confidence level, while the expected limit on a H→μμ signal assuming the absence (presence) of a SM signal is 1.1 (2.0). The best-fit value of the signal strength parameter, defined as the ratio of the observed signal yield to the one expected in the SM, is μ=1.2±0.6.

V. Abraham, S. Hicks, S. Hicks et al.

<p>The collection of modern, spatially extensive pollen data is important for the interpretation of fossil pollen assemblages and the reconstruction of past vegetation communities in space and time. Modern datasets are readily available for percentage data but lacking for pollen accumulation rates (PARs). Filling this gap has been the motivation of the pollen monitoring network, whose contributors monitored pollen deposition in modified Tauber traps for several years or decades across Europe. Here we present this monitoring dataset consisting of 351 trap locations with a total of 2742 annual samples covering the period from 1981 to 2017. This dataset shows that total PAR is influenced by forest cover and climate parameters, which determine pollen productivity and correlate with latitude. Treeless vegetation produced PAR values of at least 140 grains cm<span class="inline-formula">⁻²</span> yr<span class="inline-formula">⁻¹</span>. Tree PAR increased by at least 400 grains cm<span class="inline-formula">⁻²</span> yr<span class="inline-formula">⁻¹</span> with each 10 % increase in forest cover. Pollen traps situated beyond 200 km of the distribution of a given tree species still collect occasional pollen grains of that species. The threshold of this long-distance transport differs for individual species and is generally below 60 grains cm<span class="inline-formula">⁻²</span> yr<span class="inline-formula">⁻¹</span>. Comparisons between modern and fossil PAR from the same regions show similar values. For temperate taxa, modern analogues for fossil PARs are generally found downslope or southward of the fossil sites. While we do not find modern situations comparable to fossil PAR values of some taxa (e.g. <i>Corylus</i>), <span class="inline-formula">CO₂</span> fertilization and land use may cause high modern PARs that are not documented in the fossil record. The modern data are now publicly available in the Neotoma Paleoecology Database and aid interpretations of fossil PAR data.</p>

Anna-Sophia Wahl, Gloria Benson, Lucrezia Hausner et al.

Background. The COVID-19 pandemic and governmental lockdown measures disproportionally impact older adults. This study presents the results from a psychiatric helpline for older adults in Mannheim, Germany, during the lockdown, set up to provide information and psychosocial support. We aim to elucidate the needs of older adults, their reported changes, and the psychological impact during the initial stages of the health crisis. Methods: A total of 55 older adults called the psychiatric helpline between April and June 2020. Information on demographics, medical and psychiatric history. as well as changes in daily life due to the pandemic was collected anonymously. Mental health status was assessed using the 7-Item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-7) and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A). Results: Most callers were women, older adults (<i>M</i> = 74.69 years), single, and retired. In total, 69% of callers reported new or an increase in psychiatric symptoms, with anxiety and depressive symptoms being the most common ones. Age was significantly negatively correlated to higher levels of anxiety and depression symptoms. Individuals with a previous diagnosis of a psychiatric disease reported significantly higher levels of depressive and anxiety symptoms than those without a diagnosis. Conclusion: In older adults, the perceived psychological impact of the COVID-19 crisis appears to ameliorate with age. Individuals with a history of psychiatric disease are most vulnerable to negative mental health outcomes. Rapid response in the form of a geriatric helpline is a useful initiative to support the psychosocial needs of older adults during a health crisis.

Hisashi Hayakawa, Yusuke Ebihara

This section shows an overview of a recent development of the studies on great space weather events in history. Its discussion starts from the Carrington event and compare its intensity with the extreme storms within the coverage of the regular magnetic measurements. Extending its analyses back beyond their onset, this section shows several case studies of extreme storms with sunspot records in the telescopic observations and candidate auroral records in historical records. Before the onset of telescopic observations, this section shows the chronological coverages of the records of unaided-eye sunspot and candidate aurorae and several case studies on their basis.

Саяқбаева Г.А., Ботобаева Ж.А., Батырханова Ж.А.

Abstract. At this stage of society's development, packaging is perceived as one of the main means of forming the consumer space, an object of communication between the manufacturer, seller and consumer. The history of printed packaging dates back to the third century. Packaging as an object of graphic design, included in the sphere of modern marketing – only the second hundred years. The United States, Germany, Japan, and Russia are leading the way in this process. Despite its long history, domestic packaging has not been sufficiently studied. Its artistic component, which was updated during the period of design training, remained out of the attention of researchers. The topic of this article is devoted to current development trends in the field of packaging and packaging materials. The authors consider and theoretically justify the possibility of improving the packaging process in Kazakhstan using modern technologies, including 3D printing methods. The authors conduct a comparative analysis of foreign and Kazakh packagingbased on specific data, they note that the packaging of domestic products does not meet international standards, and there are significant shortcomings in the protective, aesthetic, consumer, and environmental properties of packaging. The purpose of the article is to study the practice and development trends of modern packaging, as well as problems related to the peculiarities of packaging functioning in marketing conditions. The article analyzes the relevance and characteristics of the packaging process. The practical significance of the research is that the authors, by analyzing trends in the development of the packaging process abroad, identify ways to introduce new practical approaches to packaging in Kazakhstan. The article reviews materials on this topic, studies articles and scientific works of famous foreign and domestic scientists: I.S. Stefanov, N.N. Poliyansky, K.E. Petrov, V.Sitnikov, Zh.Bazilov, Sh.Eleukenov, B.Omarova. This research is relevant for University teachers, printing specialists, students and young scientists who are engaged in packaging as an effective tool for product promotion.

A. Gehrig, K. Hartmann, F. Günther et al.

Murray Gell-Mann, James Hartle

We continue our efforts to understand, within the framework of the quantum mechanics of the universe as a whole, the quasiclassical realm of familiar experience as a feature emergent from the Hamiltonian of the elementary particles and the initial condition of the universe. Quantum mechanics assigns probabilities to exhaustive sets of alternative decoherent histories of the universe. We introduce and define the notion of strong decoherence. We replace the notion of maximal sets of alternative decohering histories by defining the more useful concept of "full" sets of alternative strongly decohering histories. These full sets fall into equivalence classes each of which is characterized by a basis in Hilbert space. Finally we describe our continuing efforts to find measures of classicality --- measures that could be applied to such full sets of alternative strongly decohering so as to characterize a quasiclassical realm.

Alexei V. Tkachenko

We outline the Minimalistic Measurement Scheme (MMS) compatible with regular unitary evolution of a closed quantum system. Within this approach, a part of the system becomes informationally isolated (restricted) which leads to a natural emergence of the classical domain. This measurement scenario is a simpler alternative to environment-induced decoherence. In its basic version, MMS involves two ancilla qubits, $A$ and $X$, entangled with each other and with the System $S$. Informational or thermodynamic cost of measurement is represented by $X$-qubit being isolated, i.e. becoming unavailable for future interactions with the rest of the system. Conditional upon this isolation, $A$-qubit, that plays the role of an Apparatus, becomes classical and records the outcome of the measurement. The procedure may be used to perform von Neumann-style projective measurements or generalized ones, that corresponds to Positive-Operator Value Measure (POVM). By repeating the same generalized measurement multiple times with different $A$- and $X$-qubits, one asymptotically approaches the wave function collapse in the basis determined by the premeasurement process. We present a simple result for the total information extracted after $N$ such weak measurements. Building upon MMS, we propose a construction that maps a history of a quantum system onto a set of $A$-qubits. It resembles the Consistent History (CH) formulation of Quantum Mechanics (QM), but is distinct from it, and is built entirely within the conventional QM. In particular, consistency postulate of CH formalism is not automatically satisfied, but rather is an emerging property. Namely, each measurement event corresponds to the branching of mutually exclusive classical realities whose probabilities are additive. In a general case, however, the superposition between different histories is determined by the history density matrix.

Wiktor Dziemski

On December 5-7, 2018 in Erlangen in Germany as a part of the SCRIPTO program a conference entitled Bibliotheken im Mittelalter und in der Früheren Neuzeit took place. The presented papers concerned at the history of European libraries and librarians from the 9th to the 15th century. The proceedings were accompanied by presentations of manuscripts and trips to libraries in Neustadt and Bamberg.