THE POLITICAL and intellectual leaders of Eastern Europe's revolution of 1989 describe their aim as a "return to Europe." Their overwhelming judgment is that the postwar division of Europe into East and West was artificially imposed by the Soviet Union, at enormous human and economic cost. They underscore the artificiality of the division by referring to their region as East Central Europe (or Middle Europe), rather than Eastern Europe, thereby stressing their countries' place in the mainstream of European history, politics, arts, and economy. The policy dimension of the return to Europe is the creation of political and economic institutions in the style of Western Europe. I In this spirit, these countries are directed toward the creation of multiparty parliamentary democracies and market economies with large private sectors.2
A new Digital Europe Programme (DEP), a funding instrument for development and innovation, was established in the European Union (EU) in 2021. The paper makes an empirical inquiry into the projects funded through the DEP. According to the results, the projects align well with the DEP's strategic focus on cyber security, artificial intelligence, high-performance computing, innovation hubs, small- and medium-sized enterprises, and education. Most of the projects have received an equal amount of national and EU funding. Although national origins of participating organizations do not explain the amounts of funding granted, there is a rather strong tendency for national organizations to primarily collaborate with other national organizations. Finally, information about the technological domains addressed and the economic sectors involved provides decent explanatory power for statistically explaining the funding amounts granted. With these results and the accompanying discussion, the paper contributes to the timely debate about innovation, technology development, and industrial policy in Europe.
This article argues that So Long a Letter (1979) constructs African female subjectivity as a dialogical self forged through the confessional epistle’s denouncement of colonial and patriarchal forces that have long sought to bend African women’s heads to external and internal orderings of their society. It contends that Bâ carves temporal and narrative spaces for African women by casting a subversive gaze on the interlocking systems of oppression that repress their sense of agency. Through the enabling potential of epistolary writing, the Senegalese writer fashions her heroine into a subjectivity that is neither given nor fixed, but constructed in the shifting positions of friend, wife, mother, widow, and at times Bâ’s own mouthpiece, and through a continuing dialogue with past memories, present dilemmas, and alternative temporalities beyond dominant chrononorms. Drawing on Bakhtinian dialogism, Anzaldúa’s mestiza consciousness, Freeman’s chrononormativity, and Barrett’s affective continuum, this analysis therefore seeks to offer a transdisciplinary investigation into the ways how the novel reimagines African female subjectivity as a dialogic process of becoming emanating from the interstices of epistolary voice, affective temporalities, and the repudiation of colonial and patriarchal chrononormative imperatives. Ultimately, the paper concludes that the novel becomes a canvas onto which Bâ inscribes alternative modes of self-articulation, collective agency, and female futurity for African women.
History of Africa, African languages and literature
The purpose of this paper is to illustrate new techniques for computing multiday extreme precipitation taken from recent theoretical advancements in extreme value theory in the framework of dynamical systems, using historical precipitation data along the eastern coast of Australia as a case study. We explore the numerical pitfalls of applying standard extreme value techniques to model multiday extremes. Then, we illustrate that our data conforms to the appropriate setting for the application of recently derived extreme value distributions for runs of extremes in the dynamical framework and adapt these to the non-stationary setting. Finally, we use these distributions to make more informed predictions on the return times and magnitudes of consecutive daily extreme precipitation and find changes in the dependence of increasing consecutive daily rainfall extremes on the Southern Oscillation Index. Although our case study is focused on extreme precipitation across eastern Australia, we emphasize that these techniques can be used to model expected returns and magnitudes of consecutive extreme precipitation events across many locations.
The study of brain differences across Eastern and Western populations provides vital insights for understanding potential cultural and genetic influences on cognition and mental health. Diffusion MRI (dMRI) tractography is an important tool in assessing white matter (WM) connectivity and brain tissue microstructure across different populations. However, a comprehensive investigation into WM fiber tracts between Eastern and Western populations is challenged due to the lack of a cross-population WM atlas and the large site-specific variability of dMRI data. This study presents a dMRI tractography atlas, namely the East-West WM Atlas, for concurrent WM mapping between Eastern and Western populations and creates a large, harmonized dMRI dataset (n=306) based on the Human Connectome Project and the Chinese Human Connectome Project. The curated WM atlas, as well as subject-specific data including the harmonized dMRI data, the whole brain tractography data, and parcellated WM fiber tracts and their diffusion measures, are publicly released. This resource is a valuable addition to facilitating the exploration of brain commonalities and differences across diverse cultural backgrounds.
This article focuses on the Roman provincial coins found during the excavations of the Parion Slope Bath between 2008 and 2018. A total of 58 coins were discovered, which belonged to Parion (41), Alexandria Troas (7), Coela (6), Lampsakos (2), Byzantion (1), and Ilion (1). The earliest of the coins dates to the reign of Julius Caesar (45 BCE), and the latest to the reign of Gallienus (253—268 CE). Seven of the coins are PseudoAutonomous. The coins found in the excavations of the Slope Bath represent three centuries, from the first Roman colonial coins minted by Parion during the reign of Julius Caesar to the end of the Gallienian period, when Parion minted its last colonial coins. The coins consist of examples of six different cities and 19 different emperors/empresses. Most of the coins are from Parion’s own mint, with 41 samples (71%). Furthermore, the coins recovered from the Slope Bath, which was built in the 1st century CE, underwent extensive renovation in the 4th century CE and is assumed to have fallen into disuse in the late 5th century CE, support the suggestions for the construction and early use phases of the bath. The coins in question also provide essential information about both the usage phases of the building and the circulation of Roman provincial coins in Parion, as well as the relations of Parion with the surrounding cities during the Roman Period.
Мета статті – реконструювати студентську аудиторію М. Грушевського Львівського університету неукраїнського походження, а саме з’ясувати її кількісні параметри, етнічний склад і дидактичні преференції.
Наукова новизна дослідження полягає у першій спеціальній спробі комплексної реконструкції студентської аудиторії М. Грушевського Львівського університету неукраїнського походження.
Висновки. Опрацьовані деканатські каталоги показують М. Грушевського як популярного викладача не тільки в середовищі українських студентів, але й молоді іноземного походження. При цьому серед етнічних акторів дидактичної сцени історика у Львівському університеті майже паритетно домінували поляки та євреї. Обираючи факультативні для себе курси українського професора, вони мотивувалися як на поглибленні фахових знань, так і, здебільшого, на з’ясуванні особливостей історії та культури рідних для них теренів, що у ментальній географії того часу маркувалися східноєвропейськими. Поряд із ними, курс М. Грушевського «Вибрані питання історії Східної Європи» відвідували й поодинокі росіяни, німці, чехи, а також білоруска і словенець. В їхній мотивації, з огляду на подальшу професійну кар’єру, домінували культурно-просвітницькі мотиви. Наразі складно сказати, наскільки переконливими для молоді іншоетнічного походження виявилися історичні реконструкції М. Грушевського, здійснені з погляду українського історичного інтересу. Та вже сам набутий на його викладах досвід деконструкції імперських наративів змушував їх як пізніших публічних інтелектуалів якщо не погодитися з політичними аспіраціями українців, то принаймні визнати їхнє право на власну історію і культуру. Таким чином, освідомлююча педагогічна праця М. Грушевського сприяла налагодженню міжкультурного діалогу українців з представниками інших народів. З’ясування впливу цього діалогу на міжнаціональні взаємини у Центрально-Східній Європі в першій половині ХХ ст. є перспективним сюжетом сучасної інтелектуальної історії.
There is no individual museum dedicated to the Łódź Ghetto in which 200,000 Jews were confined. However, there are institutions actively working to preserve the memory of the Jewish community in Łódź. This article focuses on two recently established museums in the city: the Radegast Station, founded in 2009, and the Museum of Polish Children, established in 2021. The aim is to analyze the mechanisms that led to the creation of these historical museums and explore their specific functions. I am interested not only in how these institutions shape and present the Jewish heritage, but also in the conceptualisation of the social role of these institutions and the analysis of their presence in the public space. To achieve this, I examine local micro-interactions within the current framework of Poland’s politics of history. Given that nationalism is the predominant ideology of modernity, my text demonstrates how nationalist discourses impact the commemoration of the Łódź/Litzmannstadt Ghetto and influence the remembrance of Second World War.
Joseph H. Marcus, C. Posth, Harald Ringbauer
et al.
The island of Sardinia has been of particular interest to geneticists for decades. The current model for Sardinia’s genetic history describes the island as harboring a founder population that was established largely from the Neolithic peoples of southern Europe and remained isolated from later Bronze Age expansions on the mainland. To evaluate this model, we generate genome-wide ancient DNA data for 70 individuals from 21 Sardinian archaeological sites spanning the Middle Neolithic through the Medieval period. The earliest individuals show a strong affinity to western Mediterranean Neolithic populations, followed by an extended period of genetic continuity on the island through the Nuragic period (second millennium BCE). Beginning with individuals from Phoenician/Punic sites (first millennium BCE), we observe spatially-varying signals of admixture with sources principally from the eastern and northern Mediterranean. Overall, our analysis sheds light on the genetic history of Sardinia, revealing how relationships to mainland populations shifted over time. Ancient DNA analysis of early European farmers has found a high level of genetic affinity with present-day Sardinians. Here, the authors generate genome-wide capture data for 70 individuals from Sardinia spanning the Middle Neolithic to Medieval period to reveal relationships with mainland European populations shifting over time.
Haruka Sakemi, Mami Machida, Hiroaki Yamamoto
et al.
Microquasar SS 433 located at the geometric center of radio nebula W50 is a suitable source for investigating the physical process of how galactic jets affect the surrounding interstellar medium (ISM). Previous studies have searched for evidence of the interaction between the SS 433 jet and ISM, such as neutral hydrogen gas and molecular clouds; however, it is still unclear which ISM interacts with the jet. We looked for new molecular clouds that possibly interact at the terminal of the SS 433 eastern jet using the Nobeyama 45-m telescope and the Atacama Submillimeter Telescope Experiment (ASTE). We identified two molecular clouds, comprising many small clumps, in the velocity range of 30.1--36.5 km s$^{-1}$ for the first time. These clouds have complex velocity structures, and one of them has a density gradient toward SS 433. Although it is difficult to conclude the relation between the molecular clouds and the SS 433/W50 system, there is a possibility that the eastern structure of W50 constructed by the SS 433 jet swept up tiny molecular clumps drifting in the surroundings and formed the molecular clouds that we identified in this study.
У статті досліджено епідеміологічну ситуацію серед дітей в Україні у роки голоду 1921-1923 рр., з’ясовано причини поширення пандемій холери, тифу й інших хвороб, визначено пролонговані наслідки тривалого голодування на організм дитини.
Метою статті є аналіз епідеміологічного ситуації у голодуючих губерніях України у роки голоду 1921-1923 рр. та з’ясування його психофізичних наслідків.
Методологія статті базується на інтердисциплінарному підході. Застосовано методи історичних, соціологічних, статистико-демографічних наук, контент аналіз, метод соціокультурної динаміки, мікроісторичний підхід, методи історичної антропології.
Наукова новизна полягає у тому, що на основі історичних джерел доведено, що діти України стали найбільш численними жертвами голоду 1921-1923 рр. У населених пунктах УСРР майже не залишилося дітей, народжених у 1915-1918 рр. Відчутними стали й пролонговані наслідки зазначеної трагедії. Діти, що тривалий час перебували у стані постійного голодування, мали знівечене здоров’я, викривлену психіку, деформоване світосприйняття, оскільки щодня вони боролися за виживання, на їх очах гинули їх близькі та знайомі.
Висновки. Голод, який вирував в українських губерніях у 1921-1923 рр., став основною причиною масової загибелі дітей. Це явище обумовило загострення епідеміологічної ситуації в УСРР, оскільки призводило до фізичної та психологічної виснаженості дитячого організму, зниження у них імунітету. Комуністичний режим не зміг забезпечити дітям України відповідного медичного догляду та санітарної допомоги. Діти, що залишалися у живих, мали підірване здоров’я та надламану психіку. Голодне повсякдення українських дітей у 1921-1923 рр. перетворилося на сіру знеособлену буденність, постійне блукання у пошуках їжі та прихистку. Апатія, безнадійність, зневіра та безперспективність буття стали супутниками щоденного існування.
Багато дітей втратили зв’язок із родинами, опинилися у притулках, поповнили категорію соціальних сиріт. Українське суспільство змінилося під впливом голоду 1921-1923 рр. Проте ще більша трансформація національних витоків і ментальних підвалин відбулося під час Голодомору 1932-1933 рр.
About fifty years after the work that astronomer Tycho Brahe carried out while living on the island of Hven had made him world famous, King Christian IV of Denmark built the Trinity Buildings in Copenhagen. The Tower observatory was opened in 1642, and it housed the astronomers from the University of Copenhagen until 1861 when a new, modern observatory was built at Østervold in the eastern part of the city. In 1996, all the University astronomers from the observatories at Østervold and the small town of Brorfelde were relocated to the Rockefeller Buildings at Østerbro, and the two observatories were closed. In this paper we focus on the library at the observatory in Østervold, and its subsequent fate following the close-down of that observatory.
Agrivoltaics (APV) is the dual use of land by combining agricultural crop production and photovoltaic (PV) systems. In this work, we have analyzed three different APV configurations: static with optimal tilt, vertically-mounted bifacial, and single-axis horizontal tracking. A model is developed to calculate the shadowing losses on the PV panels along with the reduced solar irradiation reaching the area under them for different PV capacity densities. First, we investigate the trade-offs using a location in Denmark as a case study and second, we extrapolate the analysis to the rest of Europe. We find that the vertical and single-axis tracking produce more uniform irradiance on the ground, and a capacity density of around 30 W/m2 is suitable for APV systems. Based on our model and a 100 m-resolution land cover database, we calculate the potential for APV in every NUTS-2 region within the European Union (EU). The potential for APV is enormous as the electricity generated by APV systems could produce 28 times the current electricity demand in Europe. Overall, the potential capacity for APV in Europe is 51 TW, which would result in an electricity yield of 71500 TWh/year.
This article presents the anthropological analysis of six individuals belonging to the Bodrogkerestúr culture from an archaeological site situated in West Romania. These results will add new data to a cronocultural spectrum that has a gap in knowledge from this geographical region. Macroscopic observations were used to record the specific morphological aspects of the bones that determine the completeness of the skeletons, surface preservation, stature estimation, sex determination, age at death, non-metric traits, bone pathologies and entheses scoring. Our results indicate that there are 2 females, 3 males and one with ambiguous sex determination, age at death between 20 and 50 years old, and 162,08 ± 4,66 cm mean stature. Observed pathologies include cribra orbitalia, cribra cranii, dental pathologies and traumatic lesions on the cranial and post-cranial skeleton. Non-metric traits recorded like squatting facets, vastus notch, rhomboid fossae or femur plaque can be an indicator of the physical activities of this Eneolithic population. Entheses scoring shows a pattern on three skeletons from grave M7 on the insertion point for m. brachioradialis. The results may be an indicator that they had an agricultural lifestyle.
Cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems (C-ITS) are technologies that enable vehicles to communicate with each other and with the road infrastructure. These innovative technologies enable road users and traffic managers to share useful information, assisting the coordination of their actions. During the last years various initiatives providing policy rules for C-ITS deployment and a large number of projects demonstrating C-ITS implementation have taken place in Europe and USA. However, the identification of the status of C-ITS deployment remains ambiguous at binational level. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the European and US milestones, that have been reached so far in the field of C-ITS, by identifying and reporting the policy framework, as well as the projects concerning C-ITS deployment in Europe and USA.