The emergence of artificial intelligence and robotics is catalyzing a profound transformation in the nature of human labor, fueling a contentious debate about the future of employment. While prominent studies predict substantial job displacement due to automation, historical precedents from past technological revolutions suggest that innovation tends to expand, rather than shrink, the scope of economic activity and employment in the long run. This paper advances the thesis that the transition to an AI-civilization will fundamentally restructure the mechanisms of employment creation. We argue for a paradigm shift from a centralized model, where a limited number of organizations create jobs for the mass to a decentralized ecosystem where individuals are empowered to generate their own employment opportunities. This shift is enabled by AI-driven productivity augmentation, which dramatically lowers the barriers to creating economic value. Drawing on an analysis of economic history, contemporary data on labor market dynamics, and the growth of digital platforms, this paper posits that human-AI co-evolution will significantly increase individual productivity and open new frontiers of economic activity. We explore the implications of this structural transformation for education and workforce development, concluding that the focus must shift from rote knowledge accumulation to cultivating skills in human AI collaboration, creative problem-solving, and the design of novel economic domains. This paper contributes to the literature by offering a forward-looking framework that emphasizes the decentralizing potential of AI on labor markets, moving beyond the traditional displacement-versus-creation dichotomy.
This paper frames calculus as a global, centuries-long development rather than a subject that began only with Newton and Leibniz. Drawing on ideas from Greek, Indian, Islamic, and later European mathematics, it highlights how concepts like infinity, area, motion, and continuous change slowly evolved through solving problems and cultural exchange. I argue that bringing this history into the classroom helps students see calculus as more than a set of procedures: it becomes a story of human creativity and persistence. By revisiting the questions early mathematicians struggled with, students can better appreciate and better understand the core ideas behind the formulas they use today.
تعتبر الدولة الساسانية (226-651م) من اهم واكبر الدول التي حكمت في الشرق الادنى القديم، اذ امتدت من حدود الهند والصين شرقاً الى نهر الفرات وبلاد الشام غرباً ومن اسيا الصغرى شمالاً الى شبه الجزيرة العربية واليمن جنوباً. وشملت دويلات واسعة وشعوب واعراق مختلفة فضلاً عن التنوع الديني من عبده الاصنام الى الديانات السماوية القديمة اليهودية والمسيحية ، لذا كان موضوع البحث الاقليات الدينية في الدولة الساسانية اليهود نموذجاً وقسم موضوع البحث بعد المقدمة الى مدينتين استعرض المبحث الاول اليهود ماقبل قيام الدولة الساسانية في عصر الدولة السلوقية (313-126ق.م) وعصر الدولة الفرثية(126ق.م-226م) وما قام به اليهود وما واجهوه من مواقف صعبة واضطهاد وماسببوه من مشاكل لهذه الدولتين وموقف كل منهما ضد او مع اليهود . اما المبحث الثاني احوال اليهود في الدولة الساسانية (226-651م) اذ ركز على توزع اليهود واهم جالياتهم داخل اطار الامبراطورية الساسانية وموقف رجال الدين والملوك الساسانيين من هذه الاقلية داخل دولة لها سياسة دينية ومركزية حكم وعلاقتهم بالملوك الساسانيين ، وابرز المشاكل والاحداث التي قاموا بها داخل الدولة وتم الاعتماد على مجموعة مصادر كتاب العهد القديم وكتاب يوسيفوس اليهودي ، وتاريخ اليهود فضلاً عن المصادر التاريخية والاثارية الانجليزية والعربية.
This article examines the history of customs operations in Yalta Uyezd of Taurida Governorate in the second half of the 19th century. Based on archival documents (some of them are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time), the article traces the main stages of the customs structures on the Southern Coast of Crimea: the Yalta customs outpost (which later received the status of customs) and the Alushta customs transit point. One of the distinctive features of their operations was the emergence of the Crimean Riviera as one of the most attractive resort regions of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century, which led to a significant influx of Russian citizens for recreation and medical treatment. This was followed by the active development of the entire resort infrastructure of the Southern Coast of Crimea as well as an increase in the volume of trade transactions conducted through the customs offices located there. The documents on their establishment, staff, and activities, reports and dispatches from representatives of the regional administration, lists of employees and other materials studied by the author made it possible to carry out a comprehensive analysis of the activities of these bodies. The specific features of their administrative communications and the content of business correspondence with higher-level agencies were revealed. The information on trade turnover, the powers of customs officials, and their activities was ascertained. The information on measures taken against individuals deemed politically unreliable by the authorities, goods prohibited from import into the empire, and organization of anti-smuggling measures was obtained. The information on the control and accounting of export-import transactions conducted through the Yalta customs office and the Alushta customs transit point was analyzed.
History of Civilization, History (General) and history of Europe
The article discusses the possibility of a Type-III extraterrestrial civilization constructing megastructures around a galaxy in regions where the galactic radiation becomes indistinguishable from the CMB radiation. For a Milky Way-like galaxy, we estimated the corresponding distance from its center at which a solar mass megastructure would need to be placed. We also showed that, from an energetic standpoint, placing such a massive object into orbit poses no fundamental difficulties. The detectability of the megastructure was also addressed.
This paper provides an overview of recent historical research regarding scientifically-informed challenges to the idea that the stars are other suns orbited by other inhabited earths -- an idea that came to be known as "the Plurality of Worlds". Johannes Kepler in the seventeenth century, Jacques Cassini in the eighteenth, and William Whewell in the nineteenth each argued against "pluralism" based on what in their respective times was solid science. Nevertheless, pluralism remained popular despite these and other scientific challenges. This history will be of interest to the astronomical community so that it is better positioned to avoid difficulties should the historical trajectory of pluralism continue, especially as it persists in the popular imagination.
El presente artículo recoge nuestro interés por aproximarnos a los principales mercados de trabajo de la industria del vestido al servicio de las reinas consortes de España. Las protagonistas de las siguientes páginas son las artesanas de la apariencia de la realeza femenina. El marco cronológico seleccionado va de 1790 a 1830, período para el que analizaremos los principales centros de confección y tiendas de las modistas afincadas en Madrid. Asimismo, examinaremos a las principales modistas que trabajaban para las soberanas consortes, ubicaremos sus tiendas y expondremos las diferencias salariales entre las modistas y los sastres dentro de Palacio. Las fuentes empleadas para esta panorámica general del trabajo de las modistas proceden de los fondos de: Archivo General de Palacio, Archivo Histórico Nacional, Archivo Histórico de Protocolos y Archivo de la Villa, todos ellos ubicados en Madrid
History of Civilization, History (General) and history of Europe
Ceyda Ünal, Elçin Nur Demirkol Öztürk, Aşkın Demirag
Looking at the history of civilization from past to present, the concepts of project and project management are frequently encountered. Thanks to project management, businesses can work target-oriented, provide high motivation, facilitate internal control and provide a significant increase in quality.
The concept of software, born with the development of technology, penetrates our lives more and more day by day. The globalizing world has brought together the concepts of software and project management and integrated them. Software projects require special management techniques because of their content. For this reason, new methods have emerged over time in the management of software projects.
In this study, the concept of the project, the development of project management from its birth over the years, project management in software projects, software development life cycles, and the Waterfall Model and Agile Approach, which are two methods used in software projects, are discussed. The perception of the Waterfall Model and Agile Approach was evaluated with the survey study created with the participation of 145 employees from the software industry. Thus, it is aimed to support managers to choose an effective and efficient method at the point of deciding which method to proceed in software project management.
Los bancos son instituciones vitales para el funcionamiento de la economía moderna, permitiendo a empresas y personas el acceso a recursos y servicios financieros para la consecución de sus fines de inversión y consumo, propiciando el desarrollo macroeconómico y la disminución de la pobreza de los países. La bancarización se ha convertido en la principal herramienta de inclusión financiera, promovida por los estados y organismos internacionales. En el 2018 y 2019 se realizó una investigación descriptiva-transversal con el objetivo de medir algunas variables relacionadas con la bancarización de la población universitaria en el distrito de Chitré, desde el enfoque de demanda y con ello, describir sus principales características. La muestra fue estratificada contemplando tres universidades de mayor matrícula. Se observó que los niveles de bancarización se diferencian entre los estratos, pues en los profesores y administrativos estos son mayores (97.1%) que el de los estudiantes (60.0%). Los universitarios se bancarizan tanto a través del ahorro como del crédito (81% y 16%, respectivamente), poseen más de una cuenta de ahorro, en más de un banco, sobre todo para realizar transacciones de pagos. Los profesores y administrativos manejan en promedio 2.3 créditos y los estudiantes, 1.4. En la actualidad, se espera que los indicadores de bancarización sean mayores, tanto por la dinámica de avance de la tecnología financiera, como por los impactos positivos de la pandemia de Covid-19 mostrados por el aumento de la tenencia de cuentas de ahorro y su uso electrónico para realizar transacciones. Se concluye que la población universitaria puede ser vista como un nicho de mercado importante, sustentando el diseño de productos y servicios y programas de educación financiera focalizados a este segmento de la población general.
The Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), a premier autonomous research institute under the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India has a legacy of about seven decades with contributions made in the field of observational sciences namely atmospheric and astrophysics. The Survey of India used a location at ARIES, determined with an accuracy of better than 10 meters on a world datum through institute participation in a global network of Earth artificial satellites imaging during late 1950. Taking advantage of its high-altitude location, ARIES, for the first time, provided valuable input for climate change studies by long term characterization of physical and chemical properties of aerosols and trace gases in the central Himalayan regions. In astrophysical sciences, the institute has contributed precise and sometime unique observations of the celestial bodies leading to a number of discoveries. With the installation of the 3.6 meter Devasthal optical telescope in the year 2015, India became the only Asian country to join those few nations of the world who are hosting 4 meter class optical telescopes. This telescope, having advantage of geographical location, is well-suited for multi-wavelength observations and for sub-arc-second resolution imaging of the celestial objects including follow-up of the GMRT, AstroSat and gravitational-wave sources.
This paper discusses the relation between the decoherent histories approach to quantum mechanics that is based on coarse-grained decoherent histories of a closed system, and the approximate quantum mechanics of measured subsystems, as in the Copenhagen interpretation. We show how the a classical world used in such formulations is not to something to be postulated but rather explained by suitable sets of alternative histories of quasiclassical variables. We discuss the general definition of measurement, the collapse of the wave function, and irreversibility from the perspective of decoherent histories quantum theory..
We present a model where some proportion of extraterrestrial civilizations expand uniformly over time to reach a cosmological scale. We then ask what humanity could infer if a sky survey were to find zero, one, or more such civilizations. We show how the results of this survey, in combination with an approach to anthropics called the Self Indication Assumption (SIA), would shift any prior estimates of two quantities: 1) The chance that a technological civilization like ours survives to embark on such expansion, and 2) the maximum feasible speed at which it could expand. The SIA gives pessimistic estimates for both, but survey results (even null results) can reverse some of the effect. The SIA-induced shift in expectations is strong enough to be regarded as a falsifiable technological prediction, and a test of the SIA in cosmological reasoning.
Introduction. Interest in the work of avant-garde artists does not wane as they move away from the 20th century. This is due to the fact that the musical avant-garde, becoming a sign of the time, reflected the most important trends of the outgoing era. In the paper, the Soviet musical avant-garde is considered in the historical, cultural and philosophical aspect in the context of the historical era, which determines the novelty of the study. An aspect of novelty is the analysis of music as a sphere of intercultural communication.Methodology and sources. The research methodology is based on the analysis of sources and literature, taking into account interdisciplinary approaches. A special role in the understanding of the theoretical aspects of the problem play the work of musicologists Yu. N. Kholopova, V. N. Kholopova, V. S. Price, R. L. Pospelova, A. I. Demchenko. Among the sources highlighted in cinema, photo- and phonodocuments, which depicts a vivid image of the era. The interviews with composers, which presents a wide canvas of social and musical life (A. Schnittke, A. Ivashkina entry and volkonskii, recording E. Dubinets) are of considerable interest. Historical, comparative, systematic and semiotic methods of analysis were used. Applies a comprehensive approach (formation and civilization methods of research and the Annales school). This allows for a new approach to the historical era of the middle1950s – 1980s.Results and discussion. Postwar culture is examined as a single space, in which a special role was played by the impulses of the “thaw”. They gave cultural phenomena such inertial dynamics, which preserves the spiritual maturity of society and produced changes of the 1990s, the results of the study show that in contrast to the political and socio-economic processes, cultural life in these years continued to feel the pulses of the “thaw”. Retaining the inertial dynamics of development, cultural processes have been far from stagnation, which casts doubt on the overall rating this time as the “era of stagnation”. This allows you to put a discussion question on the revision of the political clichés in relation to the period of the middle 1960s – 1980s in the Soviet Union as the “era of stagnation”.Conclusion. Soviet avant-garde, expressing the spirit of the time, represents the unique phenomenon in which reflected global trends, and the uniqueness of national culture. Experience avant-garde shows that cultural processes of the epoch middle 1950s – 1980s had a high development dynamics. The study of this period, especially in its spiritual sphere, requires interdisciplinary approaches and the use of modern, including foreign methods. Interest methods of the Annales school in its historical retrospect and the “new cultural history”.
This article contributes to a global history of relativity, by exploring how Einstein's theory was appropriated in Belgium. This may sound as a contradiction in terms, yet the early-twentieth-century Belgian context, because of its cultural diversity and reflectiveness of global conditions (the principal example being the First World War), proves well-suited to expose transnational flows and patterns in the global history of relativity. The attempts of Belgian physicist Théophile de Donder to contribute to relativity physics during the 1910s and 1920s illustrate the role of the war in shaping the transnational networks through which relativity circulated. The local attitudes of conservative Belgian Catholic scientists and philosophers, who denied that relativity was philosophically significant, exemplify a global pattern: while critics of relativity feared to become marginalized by the scientific, political, and cultural revolutions that Einstein and his theory were taken to represent, supporters sympathized with these revolutions.
Cities are increasingly the fundamental socio-economic units of human societies worldwide, but we still lack a unified characterization of urbanization that captures the social processes realized by cities across time and space. This is especially important for understanding the role of cities in the history of human civilization and for determining whether studies of ancient cities are relevant for contemporary science and policy. As a step in this direction, we develop a theory of settlement scaling in archaeology, deriving the relationship between population and settled area from a consideration of the interplay between social and infrastructural networks. We then test these models on settlement data from the Pre-Hispanic Basin of Mexico to show that this ancient settlement system displays spatial scaling properties analogous to those observed in modern cities. Our data derive from over 1,500 settlements occupied over two millennia and spanning four major cultural periods characterized by different levels of agricultural productivity, political centralization and market development. We show that, in agreement with theory, total settlement area increases with population size, on average, according to a scale invariant relation with an exponent in the range . As a consequence, we are able to infer aggregate socio-economic properties of ancient societies from archaeological measures of settlement organization. Our findings, from an urban settlement system that evolved independently from its old-world counterparts, suggest that principles of settlement organization are very general and may apply to the entire range of human history.
An overview of the history of projective representations (= spin representations) of groups, preceded by the prehistory of studies on the theory of quaternion due to Rodrigues and Hamilton. Beginning with Schur, we cover many mathematicians until today, and also physicists Pauli and Dirac. This is a self translation of Appendix A of my book "Introduction to the theory of projective representations of groups" in Japanese, 2018, Sugakushobo, and may serve as an introduction to our paper arXiv: 1804.06063 [math.RT] which will appear in Kyoto J. Math.