Hasil untuk "History of Central Europe"

D. Reich, K. Thangaraj, N. Patterson et al.

India has been underrepresented in genome-wide surveys of human variation. We analyse 25 diverse groups in India to provide strong evidence for two ancient populations, genetically divergent, that are ancestral to most Indians today. One, the ‘Ancestral North Indians’ (ANI), is genetically close to Middle Easterners, Central Asians, and Europeans, whereas the other, the ‘Ancestral South Indians’ (ASI), is as distinct from ANI and East Asians as they are from each other. By introducing methods that can estimate ancestry without accurate ancestral populations, we show that ANI ancestry ranges from 39–71% in most Indian groups, and is higher in traditionally upper caste and Indo-European speakers. Groups with only ASI ancestry may no longer exist in mainland India. However, the indigenous Andaman Islanders are unique in being ASI-related groups without ANI ancestry. Allele frequency differences between groups in India are larger than in Europe, reflecting strong founder effects whose signatures have been maintained for thousands of years owing to endogamy. We therefore predict that there will be an excess of recessive diseases in India, which should be possible to screen and map genetically.

D. Magri, G. Vendramin, B. Comps et al.

Braira Wahid, Amjad Ali, Shazia Rafique et al.

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that is emerging as a global threat because of the highly debilitating nature of the associated disease and unprecedented magnitude of its spread. Chikungunya originated in Africa and has since spread across the entire globe causing large numbers of epidemics that have infected millions of people in Asia, the Indian subcontinent, Europe, the Americas, and Pacific Islands. Phylogenetic analysis has identified four different genotypes of CHIKV: Asian, West African, East/Central/South African (ECSA), and Indian Ocean Lineage (IOL). In the absence of well-designed epidemiological studies, the aim of this review article was to summarize the global epidemiology of CHIKV and to provide baseline data for future research on the treatment, prevention, and control of this life-threatening disease.

Margaret L. Antonio, Ziyue Gao, Hannah M. Moots et al.

A 10,000-year transect of Roman populations Rome wasn't built (or settled) in a day. Antonio et al. performed an ancestral DNA analysis to investigate the genetic changes that occurred in Rome and central Italy from the Mesolithic into modern times. By examining 127 Roman genomes and their archaeological context, the authors demonstrate a major ancestry shift in the Neolithic between hunter gatherers and farmers. A second ancestry shift is observed in the Bronze Age, likely coinciding with trade and an increased movement of populations. Genetic changes track the historical changes occurring in Rome and reflect gene flow from across the Mediterranean, Europe, and North Africa over time. Science, this issue p. 708 Whole-genome sequencing of ancient Romans reveals a dynamic population history and reflects historical events. Ancient Rome was the capital of an empire of ~70 million inhabitants, but little is known about the genetics of ancient Romans. Here we present 127 genomes from 29 archaeological sites in and around Rome, spanning the past 12,000 years. We observe two major prehistoric ancestry transitions: one with the introduction of farming and another prior to the Iron Age. By the founding of Rome, the genetic composition of the region approximated that of modern Mediterranean populations. During the Imperial period, Rome’s population received net immigration from the Near East, followed by an increase in genetic contributions from Europe. These ancestry shifts mirrored the geopolitical affiliations of Rome and were accompanied by marked interindividual diversity, reflecting gene flow from across the Mediterranean, Europe, and North Africa.

Miroslav Glavičić

Povodom obilježavanja 100. obljetnice rođenja profesora Veljka Rogića (1925. – 2017.), u Krasnu je, 18. – 19. rujna 2025., održana međunarodna znanstvena konferencija pod nazivom Geography in its Complexity. International conference in honour of the work of Prof. Veljko Rogić (1925 – 2017) on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of his birth. Konferenciju su organizirali Geografski odjel Prirodoslovno-matematičkog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu i Hrvatsko geografsko društvo Zagreb. Prvoga dana konferencije, 18. rujna 2025., znanstvenici su održali izlaganja u kojima su predstavili rezultate svog znanstveno-istraživačkog rada iz različitih područja znanosti. U uvodnom dijelu programa nizom predavanja valoriziran je znanstveni i stručni rad profesora Veljka Rogića te istaknut njegov veliki doprinos razvoju moderne hrvatske geografije. Drugog dana, 19. rujna 2025., za sudionike konferencije organiziran je stručni izlet u Nacionalni park Sjeverni Velebit. Trećeg dana, 20. rujna 2025., u fakultativnom dijela programa, za učenike Područne škole Vjenceslava Novaka u Svetom Jurju održana je geološka radionica i predstavljena zbirka velebitskih stijena koja je donirana školi.

SVYRYDENKO, NATALIA

In this work, the activity of the illustrious Metropolitan Petru Movilă, a personality of encyclopedic culture, is analyzed. Certain historical moments in the cultural life of Ukraine are examined, which took place after the dissolution of the great state in Central Europe – Kievan Rus – as well as during the Renaissance and the existence of the new federal state, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. This union, which ruled not only the territories that are now parts of Poland and Lithuania, but also the entire territory of Belarus, parts of Ukraine and Latvia, as well as the western Russian lands that today form the Smolensk region, reached the height of its power in the first half of the seventeenth century. A special role in supporting the progressive reforms of this period belongs to Archbishop Petru Movilă, Metropolitan of Kyiv, Galicia, and All Rus’, Exarch of the Holy Apostolic Throne of Constantinople, and Archimandrite of Pechersk (1633–1646). The presence of Petru Movilă on Ukrainian soil at the beginning of the seventeenth century was reflected in positive changes in the educational system and in many areas of culture, including the field of music. The memory of the good and important deeds accomplished by Petru Movilă in Ukraine, and especially in Kyiv, lives on today in the country’s history and in the activity of the most authoritative educational institution in Ukraine – the Kyiv Mohyla Academy, founded in the seventeenth century by the tireless metropolitan.

Stefan Kulk, Frederik Zuiderveen Borgesius

In this chapter we discuss the relation between privacy and freedom of expression in Europe. In principle, the two rights have equal weight in Europe - which right prevails depends on the circumstances of a case. We use the Google Spain judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union, sometimes called the 'right to be forgotten' judgment, to illustrate the difficulties when balancing the two rights. The court decided in Google Spain that people have, under certain conditions, the right to have search results for their name delisted. We discuss how Google and Data Protection Authorities deal with such delisting requests in practice. Delisting requests illustrate that balancing privacy and freedom of expression interests will always remain difficult.

Lapo Santarlasci, Armando Rungi, Loredana Fattorini et al.

Artificial intelligence has become a key arena of global technological competition and a central concern for Europe's quest for technological sovereignty. This paper analyzes global AI patenting from 2010 to 2023 to assess Europe's position in an increasingly bipolar innovation landscape dominated by the United States and China. Using linked patent, firm, ownership, and citation data, we examine the geography, specialization, and international diffusion of AI innovation. We find a highly concentrated patent landscape: China leads in patent volumes, while the United States dominates in citation impact and technological influence. Europe accounts for a limited share of AI patents but exhibits signals of relatively high patent quality. Technological proximity reveals global convergence toward U.S. innovation trajectories, with Europe remaining fragmented rather than forming an autonomous pole. Gravity-model estimates show that cross-border AI knowledge flows are driven primarily by technological capability and specialization, while geographic and institutional factors play a secondary role. EU membership does not significantly enhance intra-European knowledge diffusion, suggesting that technological capacity, rather than political integration, underpins participation in global AI innovation networks.

Gjergji Kasneci, Urs Gasser, Thomas F. Hofmann et al.

Europe is at a make-or-break moment in the global AI race, squeezed between the massive venture capital and tech giants in the US and China's scale-oriented, top-down drive. At this tipping point, where the convergence of AI with complementary and synergistic technologies, like quantum computing, biotech, VR/AR, 5G/6G, robotics, advanced materials, and high-performance computing, could upend geopolitical balances, Europe needs to rethink its AI-related strategy. On the heels of the AI Action Summit 2025 in Paris, we present a sharp, doable strategy that builds upon Europe's strengths and closes gaps.

Jukka Ruohonen, Paul Timmers

A new Digital Europe Programme (DEP), a funding instrument for development and innovation, was established in the European Union (EU) in 2021. The paper makes an empirical inquiry into the projects funded through the DEP. According to the results, the projects align well with the DEP's strategic focus on cyber security, artificial intelligence, high-performance computing, innovation hubs, small- and medium-sized enterprises, and education. Most of the projects have received an equal amount of national and EU funding. Although national origins of participating organizations do not explain the amounts of funding granted, there is a rather strong tendency for national organizations to primarily collaborate with other national organizations. Finally, information about the technological domains addressed and the economic sectors involved provides decent explanatory power for statistically explaining the funding amounts granted. With these results and the accompanying discussion, the paper contributes to the timely debate about innovation, technology development, and industrial policy in Europe.

Arifi Teuta

Multilingualism and multiculturalism have been integral aspects of human civilization throughout history, yet they continue to present significant communicative challenges. Jacques Derrida likened the effort to understand others through translation to the reconstruction of the Tower of Babel, emphasizing the difficulty of finding precise expressions across different languages and cultural contexts (Derrida, 1985). This paper argues that learning and studying diverse languages are essential not only for thriving in a multicultural world but also for fostering peace and mutual trust in an increasingly interconnected global society. The central thesis posits that global development trends and intercultural communication should be embraced as opportunities to promote multilingualism rather than as competitive barriers. Drawing on interculturalism theories by scholars such as Zapata-Barrero, Kymlicka, and Vertovec, this paper underscores the importance of creating a superdiverse world where multilingualism ensures cultural-linguistic inclusivity. The study further highlights the necessity of pragmatic approaches to integrate linguistic diversity into global and local policies, particularly in regions like Southeast Europe. By doing so, it seeks to position language studies as crucial to the era of globalization.

Hans-Balder Havenith, Céline Bourdeau

This paper presents a summary of the main trigger factors of earthquake-induced landslides as well as a review of case histories of major landslide-triggering earthquake events in Central Asia. The Kainama earth-flow case history of 2005 is added to document possible mid-term effects of smaller earthquakes. These events show that in the Central Asian Mountains, two types of seismically triggered mass movements may have particularly disastrous effects: massive long runout rockslides and medium-sized earth flows made of loess -- or a mixture of both. These types of mass movements also significantly contributed to the largest natural catastrophe of the last century in Central Asian mountain regions: the 1949 Khait earthquake.The high impact potential of these types of mass movements is further pointed out through comparison with two worldwide known events, the 1920 Haiyuan (China) and the 1976 Peru earthquake.Case studies had been carried out on rockslides, debris slumps and earth flows triggered by the above-mentioned Kemin and Suusamyr earthquakes as well as other smaller seismic shocks in the Kyrgyz Tien Shan. Many of the investigated landslides had known a complex failure history before final collapse. To better assess the short- to long-term effects of earthquakes on slopes, landslides need to be surveyed more intensively, over mid- and long-terms.

Carlos Alberto Durigan Junior, Mauro De Mesquita Spinola, Rodrigo Franco Gonçalves et al.

Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) can be defined as a virtual currency based on node network and digital encryption algorithm issued by a country which has a legal credit protection. CBDCs are supported by Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs), and they may allow a universal means of payments for the digital era. There are many ways to proceed, they all require central banks to develop technological expertise. Considering these points, it is important to understand the new IT governance in the financial markets due to CBDC and digital economy. Information Technology is an essential driver that will allow the new financial industry design. This paper has the objective to answer two questions through an updated Systematic Literature Review (SLR). The first question is What IT resources and tools have been considered or applied to set the governance of CBDC adoption? The second; Identify IT governance models in the financial market due to CBDC adoption. Bank for International Settlements (BIS) publications, Scopus and Web of Science were considered as sources of studies. After the strings and including criteria were applied, fourteen papers were analyzed. This paper finds many IT resources used in the CBDC adoption and some preliminary IT design related to the IT governance of CBDC, in the results and discussion section the findings are more detailed. Finally, limitations and future work are considered. Keywords: Blockchain, Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC), Digital Economy, Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT), Information Technology (IT), IT governance.

Jarmila Bíšková, Veronika Brychová, Peter Demján et al.

Radiouhlíkové datování je etablovanou metodou, která pomáhá určit absolutní stáří archeologických nálezů. Tento tematický přehled prezentuje základní principy radiouhlíkové metody, předpoklady pro výběr vzorků z archeologických situací, způsob zacházení se vzorky před zasláním do radiouhlíkové laboratoře, laboratorní postupy úpravy vzorků, průběh AMS měření a kalibraci výsledků. Dále jsou vysvětleny faktory, které omezují výsledky radiouhlíkového datování, zejména radiouhlíková plata a rezervoárový efekt, a jak lze jejich vliv rozpoznat a případně eliminovat. Hlavním cílem článku je kriticky zhodnonit aplikaci radiouhlíkové metody na méně obvyklé archeologické vzorky (lipidy uchované v pórech keramiky, spálené kosti, zubní kámen, železné předměty a železné strusky, malta, pylové a fytolitové koncentráty vyextrahované ze sedimentů či půd), jejichž datace otevírá nové možnosti pro chronologické ukotvení přírodních i kulturních procesů a událostí v minulosti.

Marek Florek

This article deals with the interpretation of toponyms and archaeological materials from early medieval Lesser Poland that may be associated with the Hungarians or the Khazar Kabars. So far, they have most often been interpreted as traces of invasions by Hungarians – nomads (single monuments) or the operations of watchtowers they established to control the passes through the Carpathians and subjugated the local Slavic population (the so-called Old Magyar cemetery in Przemyśl) in the late 9th and 1st half of the 10th century. It could have been related to their participation in the armed squads of the Piasts or the Rurikiviks, the activities of Hungarian merchants or prisoner-of-war settlements. The dating and interpreting the so-called Old Magyar cemetery in Przemyśl remains an open issue until it is fully developed and the results published.

Ivana Eterović, Vjačeslav Kozak

Meštrija dobra umrtija s ritualom jedno je od sedam poznatih izdanja senjske glagoljske tiskare, objavljeno najvjerojatnije 1507. ili 1508. godine. Sačuvano je u dvama nepotpunim primjercima, od kojih je jedan dijelom zbirke glagoljskih rukopisa i tiskovina Ivana Berčića. Danas se čuva u Odjelu rijetkih knjiga Ruske nacionalne knjižnice u Sankt Peterburgu. Budući da taj primjerak dosad nije bio priređen u latiničkome prijepisu, dok je latinički prijepis drugoga sačuvanog primjerka pred objavljivanjem, u ovome se radu donosi transliteracija onih stranica koje su sačuvane samo u Berčićevu primjerku. Time će cijeli sačuvan tekst Meštrije dobra umrtija i Rituala uskoro biti dostupan javnosti.

Heinrich Speich

Weronika Barbara Żukowska, Błażej Wójkiewicz, Andrzej Lewandowski et al.

Abstract Key message The range-wide level of genetic variation of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) is geographically structured. High admixture and low genetic structure of populations in Central Europe and Fennoscandia suggest past recolonization from multiple sources and the influence of human-mediated gene transfer. Gene pools of marginal and isolated stands require active conservation. Some areas of Scots pine distribution need further genetic studies. Context Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seems to be a species of low conservation priority because it has a very wide Eurasian distribution and plays a leading role in many forest tree breeding programs. Nevertheless, considering its economic value, long breeding history, range fragmentation, and increased mortality, which is also projected in the future, it requires a more detailed description of its genetic resources. Aims Our goal was to compare patterns of genetic variation found in biparentally inherited nuclear DNA with previous research carried out with mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA due to their different modes of transmission. Methods We analyzed the genetic variation and relationships of 60 populations across the distribution of Scots pine in Eurasia (1262 individuals) using a set of nuclear DNA markers. Results We confirmed the high genetic variation and low genetic differentiation of Scots pine spanning large geographical areas. Nevertheless, there was a clear division between European and Asian gene pools. The genetic variation of Asian populations was lower than in Europe. Spain, Turkey, and the Apennines constituted separate gene pools, the latter showing the lowest values of all genetic variation parameters. The analyses showed that most populations experienced genetic bottlenecks in the distant past. Ongoing admixture was found in Fennoscandia. Conclusions Our results suggest a much simpler recolonization history of the Asian than European part of the Scots pine distribution, with migration from limited sources and possible founder effects. Eastern European stands seem to have descended from the Urals refugium. It appears that Central Europe and Fennoscandia share at least one glacial refugium in the Balkans and migrants from higher latitudes, as well as from south-eastern regions. The low genetic structure between Central Europe and Fennoscandia, along with their high genetic admixture, may result at least partially from past human activities related to the transfer of germplasm in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In light of ongoing climate changes and projected range shifts of Scots pine, conservation strategies are especially needed for marginal and isolated stands of this species. Genetic research should also be complemented in parts of the species distribution that have thus far been poorly studied.

Yuriy Bilenko

The aim of the article is to assess the factors of economic growth of the CEE countries over the 30-year history, the productivity of capital and human resources, the resilience of these countries to the negative impact of the global financial crisis. Methodology. The Solow growth model was used to estimate the growth rates of capital, labor and total factor productivity (TFP). The impact of macroeconomic indicators on GDP and TFP growth is assessed. The group of Central and Eastern European countries that joined the European Union was chosen for the analysis: Bulgaria, Romania, Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, as well as post-Soviet European countries: Ukraine, Belarus, Russia and Moldova and Albania in the period from 1991 to 2019. Results. TFP makes a significant contribution to the economic growth of CEE countries. During the period of market reforms, TFP significantly decreased, and during the boom of 2000-2008 it fully ensured the growth of the CEE economies, after the crisis of 2008, the contribution of TFP decreased by 2 times. In the conditions of recovery, TFP growth is positively influenced by inflation, negative CA balance, and unemployment reduction. In the post-crisis period, a decrease in inflation, a positive CA balance, and an increase in unemployment had a positive impact on TFP growth. During a depression, the influence of capital becomes dominant. Restrictive monetary policy contributes to the efficiency of CEE economies. In the short run, unemployment increases, but in the long run it decreases significantly due to the growth of investment and exports. Practical implications. The analysis makes it possible to identify effective macroeconomic policies to stimulate the productivity of the economies of Central and Eastern Europe during the period of economic recovery and depression. Value/originality. A long-term study of the economic performance of CEE countries using the Solow methodology has revealed the behavior of total factor productivity in different periods of modern economic history and its contribution to economic growth.

Himanshu Mavani, Navinder Singh

The way the topic of black-body radiation is presented in standard textbooks (i.e. from Rayleigh-Jeans to Max Planck) does not follow the actual historical timeline of the understanding of the black-body radiation problem. Authors believe that a presentation which follows an actual timeline of the ideas (although not a logical presentation of the field) would be of interest not only from the history of science perspective but also from a pedagogical perspective. Therefore, we attempt a concise history of this very interesting field of science.