Hasil untuk "History of Asia"

D. Herms, D. McCullough

G. Lees-Maffei, D. Huppatz

Chengshan Wang, Xixi Zhao, Zhifei Liu et al.

J. Wendel, R. Cronn

Braira Wahid, Amjad Ali, Shazia Rafique et al.

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that is emerging as a global threat because of the highly debilitating nature of the associated disease and unprecedented magnitude of its spread. Chikungunya originated in Africa and has since spread across the entire globe causing large numbers of epidemics that have infected millions of people in Asia, the Indian subcontinent, Europe, the Americas, and Pacific Islands. Phylogenetic analysis has identified four different genotypes of CHIKV: Asian, West African, East/Central/South African (ECSA), and Indian Ocean Lineage (IOL). In the absence of well-designed epidemiological studies, the aim of this review article was to summarize the global epidemiology of CHIKV and to provide baseline data for future research on the treatment, prevention, and control of this life-threatening disease.

Ruliah Sari, Nur Aini Setiawati

This study highlights the significant role of Siti Baroroh Baried in the intellectual transformation of post-colonial higher education at Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM) between 1946 and 1963. It aims to analyze and reconstruct her scholarly contributions to the development of philological studies, as well as her pioneering role in establishing the Department of Arabic Literature at UGM. Her work reflected a broader shift in post-colonial academic thought through her influence on academic discourse, institutional practices, and women’s participation in intellectual life at UGM. The method used in this research is the historical method, encompassing heuristics, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The result shows the strong ethical and intellectual foundation in Siti Baroroh Baried stemmed from her family background in the Kauman, Yogyakarta, which highly upheld religious values and education. Beginning in 1946, she received significant support from several progressive-minded UGM lecturers. This support created a more inclusive and egalitarian intellectual environment, enabling the active participation of women without being limited by gender stereotypes. Through her scholarly work and teaching practices, Baried contributed to the advancement of philological studies by introducing systematic approaches to Arabic texts, developing early instructional materials, and institutionalizing Arabic literary studies at Universitas Gadjah Mada in 1962. This study argues that Siti Baroroh Baried represents a form of post-colonial female intellectualism, manifested through her academic leadership, institutional role, and lasting contributions to Arabic literary studies at Universitas Gadjah Mada.

J. Rigg, A. Salamanca, E. C. Thompson

Yan Zhang, L. Colli, J. Barker

The domestic Asian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) is found on all five continents, with a global population of some 202 million. The livelihoods of more people depend on this species than on any other domestic animal. The two distinct types (river and swamp) descended from different wild Asian water buffalo (Bubalus arnee) populations that diverged some 900 kyr BP and then evolved in separate geographical regions. After domestication in the western region of the Indian subcontinent (ca. 6300 years BP), the river buffalo spread west as far as Egypt, the Balkans and Italy. Conversely, after domestication in the China/Indochina border region ca. 3000-7000 years BP, swamp buffaloes dispersed through south-east Asia and China as far as the Yangtze River valley. Molecular and morphological evidence indicates that swamp buffalo populations have strong geographic genetic differentiation and a lack of gene flow, but strong phenotypic uniformity. In contrast, river buffalo populations show a weaker phylogeographic structure, but higher phenotypic diversity (i.e. many breeds). The recent availability of a high-quality reference genome and of a medium-density marker panel for genotyping has triggered a number of genome-wide investigations on diversity, evolutionary history, production traits and functional elements. The growing molecular knowledge combined with breeding programmes should pave the way to improvements in production, environmental adaptation and disease resistance in water buffalo populations worldwide.

A. Cornille, P. Gladieux, M. Smulders et al.

The apple is the most common and culturally important fruit crop of temperate areas. The elucidation of its origin and domestication history is therefore of great interest. The wild Central Asian species Malus sieversii has previously been identified as the main contributor to the genome of the cultivated apple (Malus domestica), on the basis of morphological, molecular, and historical evidence. The possible contribution of other wild species present along the Silk Route running from Asia to Western Europe remains a matter of debate, particularly with respect to the contribution of the European wild apple. We used microsatellite markers and an unprecedented large sampling of five Malus species throughout Eurasia (839 accessions from China to Spain) to show that multiple species have contributed to the genetic makeup of domesticated apples. The wild European crabapple M. sylvestris, in particular, was a major secondary contributor. Bidirectional gene flow between the domesticated apple and the European crabapple resulted in the current M. domestica being genetically more closely related to this species than to its Central Asian progenitor, M. sieversii. We found no evidence of a domestication bottleneck or clonal population structure in apples, despite the use of vegetative propagation by grafting. We show that the evolution of domesticated apples occurred over a long time period and involved more than one wild species. Our results support the view that self-incompatibility, a long lifespan, and cultural practices such as selection from open-pollinated seeds have facilitated introgression from wild relatives and the maintenance of genetic variation during domestication. This combination of processes may account for the diversification of several long-lived perennial crops, yielding domestication patterns different from those observed for annual species.

Mandzhikova Larisa B.

Introduction. The article discusses the history of the creation and organization of the activities of the Council of Kalmyk Administration, which carried out the administrative management of the Kalmyk steppe of the Astrakhan province in the period from 1836 to 1848. The Kalmyk Administration Council was guided in its work by the “Regulations on the Administration of the Kalmyk People” dated November 24, 1834, which regulated the structure of the governing body and the procedure for organizing work with documents. Studying the composition and content of documents created during the activities of the Council and stored in the archival fund I-3 “Council of the Astrakhan Kalmyk Administration” of the National Archive of the Republic of Kalmyk will allow for analysis and determination of the directions of its activities. The purpose of the article is to study the archival documents of the I-3 Foundation “Council of Kalmyk Administration” and to identify their source potential for studying the organization of activities of the body for governing the Kalmyk people, especially in the management of office work and document flow in pre-revolutionary Kalmykia. The purpose of the article is to study the archival documents of the I-3 Foundation “Council of Kalmyk Administration” and to identify their source potential for studying the organization of activities of the body for governing the Kalmyk people, especially in the management of office work and document flow in pre-revolutionary Kalmykia. Results. The documents created during the activities of the Kalmyk Administration Council are unique written sources for the study of the life of the Kalmyk people in pre-revolutionary Russia. In addition, these studies will allow us to study the procedure for organizing work with documents in Kalmykia and identify their compliance with all-Russian regulatory requirements in the field of office work and document management.

Luiz Enrique Vieira de Souza

O presente trabalho discute criticamente a implementação de Zonas Econômicas Especiais (ZEE) e a construção do Corredor Industrial Delhi-Mumbai (CIDM) como projetos que resultaram numa redistribuição regressiva da propriedade agrária na Índia após as reformas liberalizantes de 1991. Com base na análise de documentos oficiais, da legislação agrária e na discussão de protestos contra a desterritorialização, proponho uma releitura das estratégias do Governo da Índia para promover a disponibilização de terras para grandes empreendimentos. Contra a vertente que se apoia na noção de “regimes domésticos de despossessão”, argumento que as ZEE, o CIDM e o mais recente Make in India foram concebidos para atrair investimentos estrangeiros, transformar o país num “manufacturing hub” e aumentar o volume de exportações. Trata-se, portanto, de uma rearticulação da “dialética interior-exterior”, na qual as medidas coercitivas internas não são analiticamente separadas das estratégias para promover a maior inserção e competitividade da Índia no cenário global.

Nelidov V.V.

The article provides a general evaluation of the Russian direction of Japan’s foreign policy as of late 2023 and analyzes the factors that determine its contents. It considers the speeches of the Prime Minister of Japan, the sections of the Japanese Foreign Ministry’s publications which focus on Russia-Japan relations, analyzes the state of economic ties given the sanctions imposed by Japan on Russia, and studies the place of Russia in Japan’s National Security Strategy, adopted in late 2022. The author comes to the conclusion that, despite the obvious influence of the U.S. on the Japanese position regarding Russia, one can hardly speak of Washington bluntly imposing its views on Tokyo. Rather, we find an already established consensus regarding this issue between Japan and the U.S. Meanwhile, the “foreign pressure” is not limited to interaction with the United States, as cooperation with multilateral formats of the “collective West” starts to play an increasingly important role for Japan. From the point of view of domestic politics, the situation also facilitates the continuation of Tokyo’s anti -Russian course, as, within the country, those expressing alternative points of view are de-facto subject to ostracism and “cancelling.” But, even given all these negative factors, one can still glimpse some signs of pragmatism in the Russian direction of Japan’s foreign policy. This lets one hope that, should the Ukrainian crisis be resolved, the Japanese leadership will not put obstacles in the way of normalization of Russia-Japan relations.

B. Haverkos, Zenggang Pan, A. Gru et al.

Sang‐Hee Lee, Autumn Hudock

We review the state of paleoanthropology research in Asia. We survey the fossil record, articulate the current understanding, and delineate the points of contention. Although Asia received less attention than Europe and Africa did in the second half of the twentieth century, an increase in reliably dated fossil materials and the advances in genetics have fueled new research. The long and complex evolutionary history of humans in Asia throughout the Pleistocene can be explained by a balance of mechanisms, between gene flow among different populations and continuity of regional ancestry. This pattern is reflected in fossil morphology and paleogenomics. Critical understanding of the sociocultural forces that shaped the history of hominin fossil research in Asia is important in charting the way forward. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Anthropology, Volume 50 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

D. Gubler, N. Vasilakis, D. Musso

Rahul Mehrotra, Manuel A. Caballer Gutiérrez, Chad M. Scott et al.

Improved access to field survey infrastructure throughout South-East Asia has allowed for a greater intensity of biodiversity surveys than ever before. The rocky bottoms and coral reef habitats across the region have been shown to support some of the highest sea slug biodiversity on the planet, with ever increasing records. During the past ten years, intensive SCUBA surveys have been carried out at Koh Tao, in the Gulf of Thailand, which have yielded remarkable findings in sea slug biology and ecology. In this work a brief history of sea slug biodiversity research from Thailand is covered and a complete inventory of sea slugs from Koh Tao, Gulf of Thailand is provided. This inventory is based on surveys from 2012 to 2020, with previously unreported findings since 2016. Habitat specificity and species-specific ecology are reported where available with a focused comparison of coral reef habitats and deeper soft-sediment habitats. The findings contribute 90 new species records for Thai waters (92 for the Gulf of Thailand) and report a remarkable consistency in the proportional diversity found to be exclusive to one habitat type or another. Additionally, taxonomic remarks are provided for species documented from Koh Tao that have not been discussed in past literature from Thailand, and a summary of previous records in the Indo-West Pacific is given.

Nguh Nwei Asanga Fon, Emmanuel Achiri

The crisis in the Anglophone regions of Cameroon that began as a protest by teachers and lawyers trade unions in late 2016 is becoming an intractable conflict which if not addressed risks destabilizing the entire Central African sub-region. Using Zartman’s “ripeness” as a theoretical premise, this paper analyses the evolution of the conflict and proposes dual track diplomacy as a possible solution to break the present deadlock. Given the difficulties for both sides to escalate their way to victory and the growing, unsustainable cost of a prolonged confrontation, the present situation shows significant traces of a mutually hurting stalemate that we propose can be exploited by actors interested in resolution of the conflict. The need for and possible policy implications of pursuing a dual track diplomatic approach is explored here. It is obvious that dual track diplomacy can contribute greatly to bringing a lasting solution to the Anglophone crisis.

Ben Dewar

This paper is a study of the topos of the king burning captives in the Assyrian royal inscriptions. This punishment is notable for both its rarity and its cruelty, being the only time that the royal inscriptions describe violence towards children. I approach this topic in terms of Donald Black’s model of social control, in which the form and severity of social control, including violence, varies in relation to the “social geometry” that separates the parties involved in a dispute or conflict. I argue that in the royal inscriptions burning is inflicted on those that the Assyrians saw as “uncivilized”: peoples inhabiting poorer cities in mountain regions who lacked the infrastructure necessary to stockpile prestige goods, such as precious metals, and were separated at a greater distance from Assyria by “social geometry” than other foreigners. These findings provide a useful insight into Assyrian conceptions of the other and give a better understanding of the variations in the severity of punishments inflicted by the Assyrians on their enemies.

Marina V. Ayusheeva

The article examines one of the aspects of the creative heritage of Purbo Baldanovich Baldanzhapov (1921–1991), the eminent scholar of history and culture of Mongolian-speaking peoples. The study is of relevance, granted the importance of his field work and materials collected in the expeditions, including the data on the history and culture of Buryats, Mongolians, and Tuvans that need to be published. The article aims to give an estimate of Baldanzhapov’s scholarly work and of his role for the development of science in Buryatia and to introduce his field materials to make them available for scientific study. For the purpose, methods of source studies were used for the description and analysis of the field materials under study and the biographical method was employed in the estimation of the scholar’s contribution to the study of the history and culture of the Mongolian-speaking peoples. Materials used for the research were his field reports, reports, expedition diaries, and notebooks kept in the scholar’s personal archive (f. no. 29) at the Center for Oriental Manuscripts and Xylographs of the Institute of Mongolian Studies, Buddhology and Tibetology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Results. While he was involved in numerous scholarly activities, Baldanzhapov focused on the collection and identification of written monuments, especially Mongolian chronicles and works on Indo-Tibetan medicine. As a member of historical- ethnographic expeditions, he collected data on shamanistic rituals, Buryat clans and families, folklore, and ethnography. His data on the spiritual culture of the Buryats and Mongolians, the transformation of Mongolian society and the development of school education in Mongolia substantially supplement and concretize the history and culture of the peoples under study. Conclusions. Baldanzhapov managed to implement several large projects for the study of written sources, the spiritual culture of the Buryats and Mongolians, and Indo-Tibetan medicine. The draft records of most field materials are not easy to work with, but they are sure to be of relevance for the researchers in the field. Notably, in terms of their thematic coverage, the archival materials, Mongolian and Tibetan manuscripts and xylographs, microfilms, which the scholar managed to collect, are unique in the collection of the Center of Oriental Manuscripts and Xylographs of the Institute for Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan Studies (SB RAS).

None None

In the last few years, South Asia experts have come out with a number of important works that shed new light on several episodes in the strategic history of India; for example, Bruce Riedel’s JFK’s Forgotten Crisis: Tibet, CIA and Sino-Indian War or Srinath Raghavan’s 1971: A Global History of the Creation of Bangladesh. Latest addition to this growing array of literature is Bertil Lintner’s book, China’s India War. Lintner is a journalist specializing in regional security issues in Asia and has a long experience of reporting from, and travelling in, South and South East Asia. The book under review derives its title from another wellknown book on the Sino-Indian War of 1962 written by Neville Maxwell. In India’s China War, Maxwell had placed blame squarely on India for the war and absolved China of all responsibilities. Maxwell’s book was read by influential personalities like Henry Kissinger and was significant in setting the unfair narrative regarding the India–China border dispute. However, Lintner argues that “Maxwell’s version of the events leading up to the 1962 War did not stand up to any serious scrutiny” and manages to convincingly counter Maxwell’s version and interpretation of events leading up to the War.