Este trabalho propõe uma discussão sobre o que se entende por pós-ditadura como parte da comemoração dos 50 anos do golpe de Estado no Chile. Para isso, retoma-se a discussão teórica entre ditadura e pós-ditadura e sobre como suas aplicações afetaram o devir das atuais democracias. Democracias que são sequelas comprometidas com um modelo de mercado que impera desde as políticas de Augusto Pinochet. Como reação a estas políticas, “Chile desper-tó”, deixando marcas indeléveis através de explosões sociais, mobilizações feministas e revoltas estudantis. Manifestações que questionaram as “condições” impos-tas pelo sistema e convidaram a pensar, por exemplo, em universidades “sem condição” e, inclusive, em sociedades “sem condição”. Finalmente, o anterior se exemplificará com um encontro entre literatura e teatro, que recorda o ocorrido em duas ditaduras – chilena e uruguaia – que coincidem na data dos 50 anos. Trata--se de sociedades “sem condição” representadas na obra Primavera com um canto quebrado, do escritor uruguaio Mario Benedetti (1982) e da montagem do mesmo nome da companhia chilena ICTUS (1984). Ações que escapam das memórias oficiais e distam dos discursos de autoridade que fazem do esquecimento o centro da memória
Lourdes Lobato-Bailón, Ane López-Morales, Rita Quintela
et al.
<i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> infection in healthy animals is often asymptomatic. However, some species with little history of contact with the parasite, such as marsupials and New World primates, present high mortality rates after infection. Despite its potential conservation concern, <i>T. gondii</i> infection in insectivorous bats has received little attention, and its impact on bat populations’ health is unknown. To assess the putative role of insectivorous bats in the cycle of <i>T. gondii</i>, samples of three species of bats (<i>Pipistrellus pipistrellus</i>, <i>P. pygmaeus</i> and <i>P. kuhlii</i>) collected between 2019 and 2021 in NE Spain were tested for the presence of the parasite using a qPCR. All tissues resulted negative (0.0% prevalence with 95% CI: [0.0–2.6]) for the presence of <i>T. gondii</i>. Unlike previous studies on insectivorous bats from Europe, Asia and America, the present study suggests that <i>Pipistrellus</i> spp. bats do not play a significant role in the epidemiology of <i>T. gondii</i> in NE Spain. Further studies are encouraged to elucidate both the epidemiology of <i>T. gondii</i> and its potential impact on the health of microchiropteran species in Europe.
The paper ,,The Making of Modern Constitutions- Constitutions and Constitutionalism in the
Cradle of Constitutional History” elaborates the development of constitutions and
constitutionalism throughout history. The paper analyzes different periods of the development of
the constitutionality with particular reference to the most significant constitutions - constitutiоns
that introduce constitutional innovations and new principiles and values. The author outlines the
historical struggle for the constitution that will limit arbitrary and voluntarist rule, as well as the
effort to guarantee and protect the human rights.
A special focus in the paper is the constitutional history of England and the development of
constitutionalism in the United States of America, as well as the constitutional history of European
countries throughout different historical periods.
The development of constitutionalism is also represented through the elaboration of institutes,
principles and values that represent constitutional innovations and novelty, and at the same time
inspiration for new constitutional solutions.
Matthew Combs, Ashley L. Marcinkiewicz, Alan P. Dupuis
et al.
ABSTRACT Host association—the selective adaptation of pathogens to specific host species—evolves through constant interactions between host and pathogens, leaving a lot yet to be discovered on immunological mechanisms and genomic determinants. The causative agents of Lyme disease (LD) are spirochete bacteria composed of multiple species of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex, including B. burgdorferi (Bb), the main LD pathogen in North America—a useful model for the study of mechanisms underlying host-pathogen association. Host adaptation requires pathogens’ ability to evade host immune responses, such as complement, the first-line innate immune defense mechanism. We tested the hypothesis that different host-adapted phenotypes among Bb strains are linked to polymorphic loci that confer complement evasion traits in a host-specific manner. We first examined the survivability of 20 Bb strains in sera in vitro and/or bloodstream and tissues in vivo from rodent and avian LD models. Three groups of complement-dependent host-association phenotypes emerged. We analyzed complement-evasion genes, identified a priori among all strains and sequenced and compared genomes for individual strains representing each phenotype. The evolutionary history of ospC loci is correlated with host-specific complement-evasion phenotypes, while comparative genomics suggests that several gene families and loci are potentially involved in host association. This multidisciplinary work provides novel insights into the functional evolution of host-adapted phenotypes, building a foundation for further investigation of the immunological and genomic determinants of host association. IMPORTANCE Host association is the phenotype that is commonly found in many pathogens that preferential survive in particular hosts. The Lyme disease (LD)-causing agent, B. burgdorferi (Bb), is an ideal model to study host association, as Bb is mainly maintained in nature through rodent and avian hosts. A widespread yet untested concept posits that host association in Bb strains is linked to Bb functional genetic variation conferring evasion to complement, an innate defense mechanism in vertebrate sera. Here, we tested this concept by grouping 20 Bb strains into three complement-dependent host-association phenotypes based on their survivability in sera and/or bloodstream and distal tissues in rodent and avian LD models. Phylogenomic analysis of these strains further correlated several gene families and loci, including ospC, with host-specific complement-evasion phenotypes. Such multifaceted studies thus pave the road to further identify the determinants of host association, providing mechanistic insights into host-pathogen interaction.
Este artículo analiza la evolución del consumo en Argentina desde la primera década del siglo XX hasta 1940, con un acento especial en las transformaciones ocurridas en los tres periodos que recorrieron ese espacio de tiempo: la llamada Belle Époque que se desplegó entre 1903 y 1913, los catorce años de administración del Partido Radical entre 1916 y 1930 y, finalmente, los diez años que siguieron a la crisis económica iniciada en 1929. El objetivo es mostrar los cambios y las continuidades en relación con las cantidades y las calidades de los bienes demandados por la población. Por la influencia que ejercen sobre el consumo el nivel de ingresos (directamente relacionado con el salario real) y los grados de nutrición y salud, en el artículo no solo se muestra la evolución cuantitativa y cualitativa en el consumo de bienes, sino que también se analizan las desigualdades sociales y regionales que tuvieron directa relación con la distribución del gasto de las familias. Con ese fin, se analizan distintas fuentes y publicaciones, muchas de las cuales realizan estimaciones, junto con información cualitativa.
O artigo focaliza como os arquétipos da retórica clássica foram adaptados e praticados pelos músicos renascentistas e barrocos. A abordagem do contexto retórico ilustrará como funcionavam o sistema de regras da retórica, sua sistematização e seus gêneros. A delimitação do contexto sociocultural permitirá uma interlocução entre os estudos nas áreas de música e história. As diferenças estilísticas serão abordadas no uso da retórica clássica em diferentes lugares da Europa Ocidental. O artigo traz uma exemplificação prática do sistema retórico musical sobre uma obra de G. F. Händel.
Latin America. Spanish America, Social sciences (General)
Abstract Background Homelessness is a major concern in many urban communities across North America. Since vulnerably housed individuals are at risk of experiencing homelessness, it is important to identify predictive factors linked to subsequent homelessness in this population. The objectives of this study were to determine the probability of experiencing homelessness among vulnerably housed adults over three years and factors associated with higher risk of homelessness. Methods Vulnerably housed adults were recruited in three Canadian cities. Data on demographic characteristics, chronic health conditions, and drug use problems were collected through structured interviews. Housing history was obtained at baseline and annual follow-up interviews. Generalized estimating equations were used to characterize associations between candidate predictors and subsequent experiences of homelessness during each follow-up year. Results Among 561 participants, the prevalence of homelessness was 29.2 % over three years. Male gender (AOR = 1.59, 95 % CI: 1.14–2.21) and severe drug use problems (AOR = 1.98, 95 % CI: 1.22–3.20) were independently associated with experiencing homelessness during the follow-up period. Having ≥3 chronic conditions (AOR = 0.55, 95 % CI: 0.33–0.94) and reporting higher housing quality (AOR = 0.99, 95 % CI: 0.97–1.00) were protective against homelessness. Conclusions Vulnerably housed individuals are at high risk for experiencing homelessness. The study has public health implications, highlighting the need for enhanced access to addiction treatment and improved housing quality for this population.
Maria De Lourdes Pinto de Almeida, Cesar Geronimo Tello
Este artigo pretende pensar a escola como um espaço de tolerância e de respeito, que propicie o desenvolvimento de uma cultura democrática, de maneira que o seu funcionamento estimule a participação de todos na tomada de decisões. Isso parece ser utópico e não fazer parte da vontade política das lideranças do mundo globalizado e, sobretudo, capitalista. O trabalho escolar realizado na gestão, na maioria das vezes, perde o sentido de espaço de troca, de construção e de relação social, e é encarado apenas como fator de emancipação econômica, moeda de troca, o que é ilusório, pois a remuneração oferecida de acordo com o mercado não atende, há muito tempo, às reais necessidades. Desse modo, objetiva-se discutir a gestão escolar diante de um contexto histórico na América Latina, ditado por um Estado Neoliberal que não valoriza a Educação Escolar e que entende o trabalho enquanto venda de força produtiva por um salário no final do mês, e não enquanto produção da existência humana.
Education and school management in Latin America: history, challenges and opportunities
Abstract
This article intends to think the school as a place of tolerance and respect that fosters the development of a democratic culture, so that its operation encourages the participation of all in decision making processes. This seems to be utopian and not part of the political will of the leaders of the globalized and - especially - capitalist world. The work performed in school management, in most cases, loses the sense of space of exchanges, of social construction and relationship, and is seen only as a factor of economic emancipation and currency exchange, which is illusory because the compensation offered according to the market no long meets the real needs. This way, our goal is to discuss the school management before a historical context in Latin America, which is dictated by a neoliberal state that does not value the school education and that understands labor as sale of productive force for a salary at the end of the month and not as production of human existence.
Keywords: School Management in Latin America. Education and Management. School and Management in Latin America.
La educación y la gestión de las escuelas en América Latina: historia, retos y posibilidades
Resumen
Este artículo se propone pensar la escuela como un lugar de tolerancia y de respeto que propicie el desarrollo de una cultura democrática, por lo que su funcionamiento anima a la participación de todos en la toma de decisiones. Esto parece ser una utopía y no forma parte de la voluntad política de los líderes del mundo globalizado y sobre todo capitalista. En el trabajo de gestión en la escuela, la mayoría de las veces, se pierde el sentido del espacio de intercambio, la construcción y las relaciones sociales, y es visto sólo como un factor de emancipación económica, el comercio de divisas, que es ilusorio, porque la remuneración ofrecida a partir de la lógica del mercado no atiende desde hace mucho tiempo las necesidades reales. Por lo tanto, el objetivo es discutir la dirección [gestión] de la escuela en un contexto histórico en América Latina, dictada por un Estado neoliberal que no valora la educación escolar y que entiende el trabajo como la venta de la fuerza productiva para un sueldo a fin de mes, y no como una producción de la existencia humana.
Palabras claves: Gestión Escolar en América Latina. Educación y Gestión. Escuela y Gestión en América Latina.
This paper is based on a communicative and contextual analysis that accounts for the identification and interpretation of communicative practices conducted by the Abuelas de Plaza de Mayo, filial Cordoba under the governments of Raúl Alfonsin, Carlos Menem and Néstor Kirchner since his mandates had big differences in human rights policies. The organization could use vast expressive forms and/or aesthetic purposes communicational, political, social and cultural factors that made possible the achievement of its objectives. The communication, initially without knowing it, provided greater possibilities for their daily struggle and perseverance:this allowed a reaffirmation in the public spaces, the construction of a memory and a strong collective identity and with great social standing, reinforced internal unity and multiplied social external networks. Therefore, the practices operated as pillars in the search for the grandchildren priority increasingly its completion.
El autor abarca las diferentes medidas necesarias para renovar la capital cubana y desarrolla el ejemplo del Malecón. Se trata de proponer ideas para una futura y renovada fachada marítima de la ciudad.