Hasil untuk "History (General)"

Fahimeh Pakravan, Ali Yousefian Najafabadi, Zohreh Meshkati et al.

Abstract Introduction Injuries sustained during physical activities are a common concern among athletes, with dental trauma representing a significant yet often under-addressed component. Timely and appropriate intervention is critical to successful outcomes, making the awareness and performance of first-line responders—particularly physical education graduates—an essential focus. This study evaluates their knowledge and practices regarding emergency management of dental trauma. Materials and methods This cross-sectional descriptive study assessed 206 physical education graduates in Isfahan between 2024 and 2025. Data were collected using a researcher-designed questionnaire comprising 12 targeted items, validated with a content validity ratio (CVR > 0.51) and confirmed reliability (ICC = 0.884). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (Version 26), including descriptive measures (mean, standard deviation, frequency) and inferential tests (independent t-tests, ANOVA). Results Participants demonstrated moderate proficiency in dental trauma awareness and self-reported practical knowledge, with an overall mean score of 9.74 ± 4.80 (scale: 0–20). Awareness and performance scores were closely aligned (9.08 ± 4.99 and 9.07 ± 5.39, respectively). Significant predictors of higher competency included academic achievement (P = 0.023), direct exposure to dental trauma (P = 0.001), engagement in high-contact sports such as martial arts (P = 0.016), and formal training in trauma management (P = 0.012). Conversely, gender, general athletic history, and school-level sports involvement were not statistically associated with performance outcomes. Conclusion Most PE graduates demonstrated limited preparedness for managing dental trauma. Academic progression, trauma exposure, and targeted training were associated with better awareness and applied knowledge. These findings support the integration of oral emergency response modules into sports education curricula and certification programs—promoting health literacy and alignment with WHO health promotion objectives.

Emiline Smith, Chloe Heys

María Gabriela Micheletti

S. O. Buranok

The Monroe Doctrine occupies a unique place in the US history. It became one of the key foreign policy documents of its time and provided the basis for a wide variety of interpretations of the United States’ role and goals in the international arena at turning points of world history. One of these moments was the turn of the 1910s−1920s, when a new Versailles-Washington order of international relations was emerging. In the US public discourse, this period was marked by intense debates between supporters of the Democratic President V. Wilson and his isolationist opponents. Both Republicans and Democrats constantly referred to the Monroe Doctrine, on the one hand, to justify their own views on US foreign policy in the new conditions, and, on the other hand, to refute the arguments of their political opponents. The controversy surrounding the Monroe Doctrine has been reflected in publications in periodicals and analytical journals, as well as in cartoons. Studying these materials, it is possible to trace the evolution of the approaches of American politicians, experts, editors, and journalists to the Monroe Doctrine. The arguments of the Republicans against the ‘internationalist’ interpretation of the Monroe Doctrine that emerged in the face of the changing global context after the First World War are of particular interest. The study shows that at the initial stage of discussions (1920), the Monroe Doctrine was used by the Republicans primarily to criticize W. Wilson’s concept of international relations in general and his position on the League of Nations in particular. At the next stage (1921−1923), the debate focused around the need to revise the Monroe Doctrine itself, that aroused due to new trends in the development of international relations in the Far East and, in particular, because of the increasing competition between the United States and Japan. The author identifies several main approaches to the interpretation of the Monroe Doctrine formulated during the public debate in 1921−1923. It is shown that, despite significant divergences of view, both isolationists and internationalists eventually came to broader interpretations of the Monroe Doctrine, recognizing the need to extend its principles to the entire Asia-Pacific region.

Joan-Pau Rubiés

Theodora Dame Adjin-Tettey

This study investigated the effect of media and information literacy (MIL) on the ability to identify fake news, disinformation and misinformation, and sharing intentions. The experimental approach was selected to study both the control group and experimental group made up of a total of 187 respondents. Comparative analysis of the two groups revealed that although more respondents in the experimental group were able to identify the inauthenticity of information presented to them, some of the respondents in the control group were also able to do the same, even though they did not receive MIL training. Conversely, some respondents in the experimental group, even though they were trained in MIL, could not determine the inauthenticity of information, possibly because the one-off training given to them did not allow them to assimilate all the information in one sitting. Nonetheless, the results of the bivariate correlation computation showed that MIL trained respondents were more likely to determine authenticity or otherwise of information and less likely to share inaccurate stories. This means that when MIL increases, sharing of fake news decreases. This is yet another evidence that MIL enables information consumers to make informed judgments about quality information. It is recommended that MIL is incorporated into mainstream educational modules and consistently revised to reflect the demands of the times. MIL programs must also consider how to effectively reach those without formal education. Actors within the information, communications, and media ecology must contribute to their quota in making information consumers more discerning with the right MIL sensitisation.

Elena Glavatskaya, Elizaveta Zabolotnykh

Феномен этнической мобилизации, развернувшейся на всем постсоветском пространстве, невозможно понять без изучения форм сохранения и трансляции этнической идентичности в советское время. При всей обширности историографии, посвященной изучению еврейской идентичности в советский период, сюжеты, связанные с религиозностью, редко становились объектом исследований. Цель работы – выявить религиозные практики, которые продолжали существовать в среде еврейского населения Свердловска до 1961 г. – времени закрытия синагоги. В качестве источников использованы отчеты уполномоченного по делам религиозных культов и данные, полученные в ходе полевых исследований среди жителей города. Авторы постарались выяснить, насколько сохранялась и в какой форме помнится календарная обрядность, а что ушло из повседневной жизни свердловских евреев. В результате проведенных исследований было установлено, что численность религиозной общины в 1950‑е гг. достигала 500 чел., что составляло около 3 % от всего еврейского населения города. При этом еврейская религиозная община Свердловска являлась самой крупной и активной во всей области. В синагоге большее число прихожан собиралось на Песах, Йом Кипур, Рош ха-Шана и Суккот. Меньше верующих приходило на Хануку, а Пурим вообще остался незамеченным для уполномоченного по делам религиозных культов. Особенность воспоминаний информантов о праздниках (в основном о Песахе и Пуриме) – то, что все они связаны с описанием угощений. Это объясняется рядом факторов: обстоятельствами послевоенного голодного времени; возрастом информантов – все они были детьми, для которых вкусная еда являлась важнейшей составляющей любого праздника; уходом традиции в приватную сферу домашних застолий; стремлением старших родственников оградить детей от угроз, связанных с возможными обвинениями в религиозности. Полученные результаты позволяют утверждать, что праздничная обрядность, продолжая сохраняться даже в нерелигиозных семьях, хотя и в ограниченном виде, на протяжении 1940–1950‑х гг. подпитывала еврейскую идентичность.

MOHAMMAD SAEED GHARAATI JAHROMI, MITRA AMINI, MAHSA MOOSAVI et al.

Introduction: Bedside teaching plays a crucial role in acquiring essential clinical skills. Therefore, the main aim of this study is assessing the validity and reliability of the Persian version of German bedside teaching (BST) instrument. This instrument was specially developed for evaluation of bedside teaching.Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 150 last year medical students, using convenience sampling. The Persian version of the bedside teaching (BST) was used for datagathering. To calculate the reliability of the questions, Cronbach’s alpha was used and to determine the construct validity of the questionnaire, confirmatory factor analysis was used. All analyseswere performed in LISREL 10 and SPSS 21 software.Results: Cronbach’s alpha indicated excellent reliability for each subscale (α=0.77–0.85). All of the value of the questions are more than a significant number of 1.96 and concluded to be significant. There was an acceptable fit between the hypothetical model and the data and all comparative fit indices (CFI, NFI, RFI, IFI) showed good model fitness. BST is a valid and reliable instrument for the assessment of clinical teaching at bedside. It has 18 items with 5 point Likert scales.Conclusion: The findings suggest that the Persian version of the BST questionnaire is a valid and reliable tool for the evaluation of teachers and providing feedback in a clinical setting. However,more studies should be conducted in other cities in Iran.

James Baker

Cette leçon donne des pistes aux historiens et aux historiennes pour documenter, structurer et pérenniser leurs données de recherche.

Daniel Busturia

Aleksey Valer'evich Antoshin

Phoebe eKoundouri, Phoebe eKoundouri, Phoebe eKoundouri et al.

Oceans and seas represent over 70% of the earth's surface. Furthermore, living aquatic resources can provide a significant contribution to food, energy and bio-based products. However, marine ecosystems are subject to increasing pressures and competing usages, resulting from resources over-exploitation and pollution. In order to produce efficient marine management plans, it is essential to consider the total economic value provided by the marine ecosystems. In this review, we are focusing on the Marine Framework Strategy Directive and the European Marine Spatial Planning that are established for the protection and efficient use of the marine area. We present the ecosystem services approach with regards to the marine ecosystem and propose economic methods that capture the marine ecosystem’s total economic value in relation to the opportunity cost of marine space. Values should be used to guide policy makers following the European directives and initiatives.

Gian Maria Varanini

Il testo introduce i saggi pubblicati nel fasc. 1 (2014) di “Reti Medievali - Rivista”, traccia un sintetico bilancio delle ricerche recenti sulla spedizione di Enrico VII di Lussemburgo in Italia (1310-1313) e propone alcune questioni interpretative.

Thomas Kaiserfeld

J. Bruintjes

The scientific interest in the Dutch artist Theo van Doesburg (1883-1931), member of De Stijl, starts in 1974. Till now in general Van Doesburg's importance as a critical writer about new developments in the plastic arts was stressed, while his architectural oeuvre has been neglected. The exposition of his architectural drawings in Museum Boymans van Beuningen and the gathering of Van Doesburg's articles about foreign contemporary architecture by Cees Boekraad both form a first and thorough acquaintance with this work. Van Doesburg's first contributions to architecture (1916-17), consisting of colourful stained windows or ornamental borders are of minor importance and were later on by himself negatively subscribed as 'Biedermeier'. The first example of what he called the 'Nieuwe Beelding', perfect result of the collaboration between artist and architect, is the holiday-house 'De Vonk' by J.J.P. Oud (1917). Van Doesburg tried by means of colour solutions, here mainly mosaics and a tile-floor with a rotating motif in yellow, black and white, to break through the static walls of architectural space. The three colour gradations of the in- and exteriors of Hotel 'De Dubbele Sleutel’ by Jan Wils (Woerden 1918) and the housing Spangen l en V by J.J.P. Oud (Rotterdam 1918) are early examples of 'Drieklanken' (mostly blue, green and orange), named this way analogue to the musical term triad. Also the colour compositions for smaller spaces as the 'Piano Room' for his wife Nelly (Clamart 1924) and the 'Flower Room' in the villa of the Count de Noailles (llyères 1924- 25) are meant 'destructive' to break through the rigidity of the walls. More adapted to the articulation of the wall is his regular colour design for an arcade with café-restaurant at the Hague (1924). Was Van Doesburg's contribution at the discussed projects still rather submitted to architecture, a 'colour-application', his cooperation with Cornelis van Eesteren at Weimar marks the beginning of his full acting as architect. Their common designs for the Maison Particuliere (1923) and the Maison d'Artiste resulted in the fifth Manifesto of De Stijl 'Vers une Construction Collective' and the exposition 'The Architects of De Stijl' (Paris 1923). At the Maison Particuliere Van Doesburg gave colour constructive values as compared to elementary architectural qualities like plane, line, space and volume, so that colour is no longer meant to 'break' the walls but every wall is colour. Together with the extreme openness of the plan this principle brings about a complete equivalence of all sides, inside as well as outside. Except this novelty Van Doesburg developed his contra-construction at the same Maison Particuliere. Without corners or other constructive elements the walls float in space like a colourful composition, which gives this architectural drawing a pure painting-like character (afb. 3). The Aubette at Straatsburg (1926-'28), which was designed with the artists Hans Arp and Sophie Teauber-Arp forms a superb example of the synthesis between painting and architecture. Clear outlines mark the embossed colourful planes, which, alternating with greys and whites in different hues are an excellent expression of Van Doesburg's ideas about space and colour: 'Man doesn't live in a construction, but in a atmosphere which is defined by limitations', or like we know now, colourful walls.

Th. van Tijn

Andrés Darío Izeta, María Cristina Scattolin

El propósito de este trabajo es el de aportar datos e interpretaciones de la economía de una unidad doméstica de un sitio del Período Formativo del noroeste argentino (Loma Alta Núcleo E) relacionada con el manejo de camélidos. El registro proporcionalmente menor del resto de los animales (aves, armadillos, roedores y ciervos) hace casi imposible evaluar su significación económica sino es por comparación con la de los camélidos andinos. Por ello se tratarán en detalle los restos de camélidos con el fin de ofrecer algunas interpretaciones sobre la obtención, uso y manejo de estos animales entre los antiguos habitantes de este núcleo habitacional. Principalmente se estudió el conjunto de camélidos teniendo en cuenta las especies presentes, su proporción, así como las clases de edad representadas en esta muestra. A través del análisis del conjunto se pudo identificar la presencia de actividades pastoriles complementadas con prácticas de caza. En cuanto al uso específico de estos animales e independientemente de la edad se pudo establecer una estrategia general orientada hacia el consumo de unidades anatómicas de mayor valor económico.<br>The aim of this paper is to present data and interpretations of the household economy of a Formative Period archaeological site from northwestern Argentina (Loma Alta Núcleo E) based on the analysis of the camelid record. The occurrence of other taxa (birds, armadillos, rodents, and cervids) is relatively poor, making their interpretation in economic terms very difficult without a comparison with camelid remains. Subsequently, camelid species presence and age classes (based on bone fusion stages) are considered in order to evaluate the acquisition, use and management of those animals by the old inhabitants of this domestic unit. The study of the camelid assemblage allows us to interpret the presence of herding strategies complemented with hunting activities. Lastly, a general tendency towards the use of high return rate anatomical units was observed.

Bernardo Tovar Zambrano

Joaquín de Finestrad: El Vasallo Instruido en el Estado del Nuevo Reino de Granada y en sus respectivas obligaciones, Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 2001. Transcripción e introducción por Margarita González. Por primera vez se publica de manera íntegra la obra de Joaquín de Finestrad, en una cuidadosa transcripción realizada por la historiadora Margarita González. Del Vasallo instruido sólo se conocía la edición parcial que los historiadores Eduardo Posada y Pedro María Ibáñez habían hecho a comienzos del siglo pasado. Para esta edición, los dos historiadores contaron con una copia del libro manuscrito que don Marco Fidel Suárez, cuando era Ministro de Instrucción Pública, les había entregado, la cual reposa en la Biblioteca Nacional.

Hamish I. Stewart Stokes, Claudio Cabello Pizarro