Hasil untuk "Geography (General)"

Robert Mzungu Runya, Chris McGonigle, Rory Quinn et al.

ABSTRACT Understanding the spatial dynamics of harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) is crucial for effective conservation and management. The study presents a multidisciplinary approach to modelling and analysing the site occurrence and habitat use of Phocoena phocoena within the Skerries and Causeway Special Area of Conservation (SAC), identifying areas where they were seen surfacing and/or spending the most time. Using data derived from multibeam echosounders (MBES), particle size analysis of sediments, hydrodynamic modelling, and theodolite tracking observations, the study examines the influence of local hydrodynamics and environmental conditions on the spatial distribution of harbour porpoises. Kernel density analysis of 451 porpoise sightings over an 11‐day survey demonstrated that dense clusters and higher aggregations occurred within ~500 m of the shoreline. Generalised Additive Models (GAMs) identified slope, aspect, backscatter intensity and sediment grain size as the most significant environmental predictors, accounting for 47.6% of the deviance in harbour porpoise distribution. Porpoises' occurrence was particularly spatially coincident with coarser sediments (4.25–5 mm), and their distribution was highly concentrated around headlands, shoreline and within a 3‐h window before and after high water. Overall, these findings highlight the dynamic nature of harbour porpoises' use of habitat in space and time, with models predicting a high probability of porpoise encounters (> 0.6) nearshore, particularly in headland areas characterised by local flow acceleration and coarser seabeds. The study presents a robust workflow for developing a porpoise‐specific monitoring program. By leveraging multidisciplinary methodological approaches, the study provides a scientific basis for refining marine conservation measures, delivering long‐term protection for harbour porpoise habitats under existing legal and management frameworks both within and beyond the SAC boundaries.

Davi Laurentino da Silva

O ensino de Geografia tem como finalidade fazer o aluno aprender para crescer, viver e conviver em sociedade. No entanto, persistem desafios no processo de ensino, como a desconexão entre os conteúdos e a realidade dos estudantes e a falta de conhecimento pleno das bases epistemológicas da disciplina por parte de alguns professores. É necessário pensar em metodologias didáticas para que os conteúdos promovam raciocínio crítico e análise geográfica eficaz, uma vez que ele deve proporcionar aos alunos uma compreensão reflexiva sobre o espaço em que vivem e as dinâmicas sociais e ambientais que o moldam. Este estudo discute o papel do professor, as reflexões sobre o ensino de Geografia e a implementação de propostas complementares, como jogos e maquetes, no contexto educacional. O embasamento desta pesquisa deu-se a partir do registro disponível, decorrente de pesquisas anteriores, em documentos impressos, como livros, artigos, teses etc. Utiliza-se de dados ou de categorias teóricas já trabalhados por outros pesquisadores e devidamente registrados.

Bogusław Wacławik, Joanna Popławska, Arkadiusz Sułek et al.

ESG reporting is a key process through which companies provide detailed information regarding their impact on the environment (E), society (S) and corporate governance (G). The aim of the article is to present the authors' research results on the reporting of environmental information in the field of ESG among companies from the energy sector and the defence industry, represented by the example of PIT-RADWAR, listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange in 2022-2023. The methodology was based on a review of the literature on the subject, legal acts and own research, which used non-financial reports of listed companies regarding ESG information. According to the authors, the article adds value to the literature on the subject, in particular in terms of gathering source material and discussing it. Considering the growing importance of ESG factors in the defence sector, the article also highlights the emerging trend of ESG reporting in this industry using the example of PIT-RADWAR S.A., emphasising its growing importance and the sector's first steps towards increasing the transparency of non-financial reporting. The subject matter of the article can form the basis for further detailed empirical research on ESG reporting.

Norma González Ruda, Ibette Alfonso Pérez, Raquel Bermúdez Morris

La orientación educativa en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la educación superior puede coadyuvar al cumplimiento de las exigencias en la formación de profesionales en el siglo XXI.  No obstante, este espacio no constituye aún, un ámbito privilegiado para programar acciones de orientación educativa, los profesores no cuentan con una guía para realizar esta labor.  El objetivo del trabajo se centra en reflexionar sobre los fundamentos teórico-metodológicos para realizar la orientación educativa en el PEA de la educación superior.  Para estudiar este particular se desarrolló una investigación que permitió la revisión, interpretación y contrastación de diversas fuentes bibliográficas mediante los métodos histórico-lógico, analítico-sintético y el inductivo-deductivo.  Estos métodos permitieron el análisis de la información obtenida y la elaboración de síntesis conclusivas en el plano teórico.  Los resultados obtenidos en el análisis de los modelos estudiados evidencian que la orientación educativa debe ser realizada por un personal especializado o que ha sido preparado para cumplir con esta labor.  Aunque se reconoce en los modelos más actuales al profesor como agente orientador, no quedan esclarecidos los fundamentos teórico-metodológicos para la orientación que debe realizar este agente educativo en el PEA de la educación superior.  Se hace necesario entonces, integrar los fundamentos que aportan los modelos de orientación educativa con los fundamentos de la Didáctica, de manera que se ofrezca una base conceptual y metodológica para la orientación educativa en el PEA de la educación superior. 

Joseph Palumbo

La gentrificación es reconocida como uno de los procesos urbanos, a nivel planetario, tendiente a agudizar las desigualdades socioespaciales y a cercenar el derecho a la ciudad para grupos de menores ingresos. El papel decisivo del Estado en este proceso ha recibido creciente atención, y la investigación latinoamericana sobre el tema ha aportado evidencias clave en ese sentido. A partir de una revisión de la literatura especializada sobre gentrificación, gestión de la ciudad y políticas urbanas neoliberales, el presente artículo propone una categorización de diferentes mecanismos concretos a través de los cuales se pone en práctica la gentrificación liderada por el Estado. Se detallan los siguientes mecanismos: el marco regulatorio urbano y la “excepcionalidad sistemática”; la institucionalización de la gobernanza urbana empresarial; la (re)inversión selectiva en el territorio; y las estrategias de (re)activación territorial. El artículo ilustra estos mecanismos a partir de la experiencia argentina, con el fin de sentar las bases para operacionalizar diversas variables capaces de captar cada uno de ellos.

Qi Peng, Shuichiro Yokoyama, Kiyotomo Ichiki

A modification to the vis-viva equation that accounts for general relativistic effects is introduced to enhance the accuracy of predictions of orbital motion and precession. The updated equation reduces to the traditional vis-viva equation under Newtonian conditions and is a more accurate tool for astrodynamics than the traditional equation. Preliminary simulation results demonstrate the application potential of the modified vis-viva equation for more complex n-body systems. Spherical symmetry is assumed in this approach; however, this limitation could be removed in future research. This study is a pivotal step toward bridging classical and relativistic mechanics and thus makes an important contribution to the field of celestial dynamics.

Sukhinov Alexander, Sidoryakina Valentina

This article discusses the problems of numerical solution of non-stationary convection-diffusion-reaction problems using the model problem of suspended matter transport as an example. In the difference scheme proposed by the authors, at each time layer, the original spatial-three-dimensional problem is split along horizontal directions into a chain of two-dimensional and one-dimensional problems. In order to ensure the unconditional skew-symmetry of the convective transfer operator and its energy neutrality, the convective terms are written in symmetric form (half the sum of the non-divergent and divergent forms). The approximation of the initial boundary value problem, to which the suspended matter transport model is reduced, is considered in the Hilbert space of grid functions, which in subsequent discussions will allow us to focus on the use of general results of the theory of stability (correctness) of operator-difference schemes.

V.G. Bakhmutov, O.V. Mytrokhyn, I.B. Poliachenko et al.

A palaeomagnetic study of rocks for two Palaeoproterozoic anorthosite-mangerite-charnockite-granite (AMCG) complexes in the Ukrainian Shield was done to put additional constraints on the interpretation of palaeogeography of Fennoscandia and Volgo-Sarmatia in the Palaeoproterozoic. With this study, 5 sites of Korsun-Novomyrhorod and 3 sites of Korosten AMCG complexes in central and north-western parts of the shield, respectively, were chosen for palaeomagnetic sampling given the geological, modern geochronological and previous palaeomagnetic data. Primary remanent magnetization was isolated on samples of anorthosites, Gabbro, and monzonites within a narrow time interval of U-Pb geochronology dataset of 1.76—1.75 Ga. The palaeomagnetic poles calculated for Korosten and Korsun-Novomyrhorod complexes are almost identical, which indicates that the Volyn and Ingul Domains developed within a single structure of the Ukrainian Shield since at least 1.75 Ga. The new palaeomagnetic pole calculated for all 8 sites (Plat=22.7 °N, Plon=167.4 °E, A95=3.3°) agrees well with previous studies by Elming et al. [2001, 2010]. The selection of the most reliable palaeomagnetic poles for Fennoscandia and Volgo-Sarmatia of this time indicates that the present position of the Ukrainian Shield relative to Fennoscandia is not the same as for about 1.75 Ga, when Fennoscandia occupied a subequatorial position within palaeolatitudes of 5—20 °N, and Volgo-Sarmatia was located close to the equator and rotated relative to Fennoscandia counterclockwise by about 40° compared to its present position.

Arindam Saha, Maziar Ghorbani, Diana Suleimenova et al.

Agent-based models are widely used to predict infectious disease spread. For these predictions, one needs to understand how each input parameter affects the result. Here, some parameters may affect the sensitivities of others, requiring the analysis of higher order coefficients through e.g. Sobol sensitivity analysis. The geographical structures of real-world regions are distinct in that they are difficult to reduce to single parameter values, making a unified sensitivity analysis intractable. Yet analyzing the importance of geographical structure on the sensitivity of other input parameters is important because a strong effect would justify the use of models with real-world geographical representations, as opposed to stylized ones. Here we perform a grouped Sobol's sensitivity analysis on COVID-19 spread simulations across a set of three diverse real-world geographical representations. We study the differences in both results and the sensitivity of non-geographical parameters across these geographies. By comparing Sobol indices of parameters across geographies, we find evidence that infection rate could have more sensitivity in regions where the population is segregated, while parameters like recovery period of mild cases are more sensitive in regions with mixed populations. We also show how geographical structure affects parameter sensitivity changes over time.

Ron Martin

M. Etxandi, I. Baenas, L. Munguía et al.

Introduction COVID19 lockdown is having a significant impact on mental health, patients with eating disorders (ED) are particularly vulnerable. Objectives 1) To explore changes in eating and other psychological features due to confinement in patients with ED from various European and Asian countries; and 2) to assess differences related to diagnostic subtypes, age and geography. Methods The sample comprised 829 participants, diagnosed with an ED according to DSM-5 criteria from specialized ED units in Europe and Asia. Participants were assessed using the COVID19 Isolation Scale (CIES). Results On one hand, patients with Binge Eating Disorder experienced the highest impact on weight and ED symptoms due to confinement. Together with subjects diagnosed with Other Specified Feeding and Eating Disorders (OFSED), they also experienced a deterioration in general psychological state. On the other hand, there was less symptomatic impact on people with Bulimia Nervosa or Anorexia Nervosa and asian and younger individuals appeared to be more resilient in this situation. Conclusions The impact of COVID varied by cultural context and individual variation in age and form of illness. Services may need to target preventive measures and adapting therapeutic approaches for the most vulnerable patients. Disclosure No significant relationships.

Vesna Lukić, Suzana Lović Obradović, Radoslav Ćorović

Internal migration is an essential part of regional population change. Driven by various determinants, internal migration has been unequal across time and space. Migration responses to the changes in societal circumstances make it relevant to investigate the spatial and temporal dimension of internal migration in Serbia before and in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. The research aims to identify to what extent and in what way the pandemic has changed the magnitude and geographical patterns of internal migration in Serbia. The study is based on additionally processed official statistics on internal migration for the period 2018–2020, from March to December for each year, at the municipal, district (oblast, plural—oblasti), and regional levels. These are aggregate administrative data on usual residence registration by month. The derived data on the net migration rate is cartographically presented using the classification method natural Breaks (Jenks). Spatial dependence was assessed applying the spatial autocorrelation method, based on the Local Moran statistic. The results revealed that the pandemic affected not only the volume of internal migration but also its spatial patterns. The findings present new insights on the role of internal migration in reallocation of population across Serbia before and during the COVID-19 pandemic while underlying the importance of further research to deepen the understanding of internal migration trends upon the COVID-19 outbreak.

José M. Gaspar, Minoru Osawa

We develop a two-region economic geography model with vertical innovations that improve the quality of manufactured varieties produced in each region. The chance of innovation depends on the \emph{related variety}, i.e. the importance of interaction between researchers within the same region rather than across different regions. As economic integration increases from a low level, a higher related variety is associated with more agglomerated spatial configurations. However, if the interaction with foreign scientists is relatively more important for innovation, economic activities may (completely) re-disperse after an initial phase of agglomeration due to the increase in the relative importance of a higher chance of innovation in the less industrialized region. This non-monotonic relationship between economic integration and spatial imbalances may exhibit very diverse qualitative properties, not yet described in the literature.

Moskov Amaryan

In this paper I review the history and geography of the pentaquark searches and discuss the current situation surrounding these searches performed at different facilities around the world. The possibility of the existence of multiquark states like tetraquarks and pentaquarks was already predicted by Gell-Mann based on the Constituent Quark Model (CQM), however more than half a century efforts in a wide range of experiments led to controversial situation, when the fate of the light quark pentaquarks is almost decided to not exist. The recent LHCb results on the observation of the charm pentaquarks in the invariant mass of $pJ/ψ$ from the $Λ_b\to K^- p J/ψ$ decay created a new wave of excitement and rises the question about the existence of the light pentaquarks. The main question which still remains to be clarified is whether already acquired evidences are sufficient to completely disregard the light pentaquarks and leave it out as an example of the scientific curiosity or there are still rooms for further, more dedicated efforts and scrupulous analyses to answer the question of the existence or non existence of the light pentaquarks made of $u, d$ and $s$ quarks.

Katherine Van Koevering, Yiquan Hong, Jon Kleinberg

The COVID-19 pandemic has been a global health crisis playing out in the age of social media. Even though the virtual environment makes interaction possible regardless of physical location, many of the most pressing issues during the pandemic -- case counts, lockdown policies, vaccine availability -- have played out in an intensely local fashion. Reflecting this locality, many of the online COVID communities that formed have been closely tied to physical location, at different spatial scales ranging from cities to countries to entire global platforms. This provides an opportunity to study how the real-world geography of the pandemic translates into a virtual landscape. By analyzing almost 300 geographically-linked COVID discussion communities on Reddit, we show how these discussions were organized geographically and temporally in three aspects: what were people talking about, who were they talking about it with, and how did they self-organize these conversations?

W. V. Hage, Véronique Malaisé, R. Segers et al.

Katarzyna Słomska-Przech, Tomasz Panecki, Wojciech Pokojski

Recently, due to Web 2.0 and neocartography, heat maps have become a popular map type for quick reading. Heat maps are graphical representations of geographic data density in the form of raster maps, elaborated by applying kernel density estimation with a given radius on point- or linear-input data. The aim of this study was to compare the usability of heat maps with different levels of generalization (defined by radii of 10, 20, 30, and 40 pixels) for basic map user tasks. A user study with 412 participants (16–20 years old, high school students) was carried out in order to compare heat maps that showed the same input data. The study was conducted in schools during geography or IT lessons. Objective (the correctness of the answer, response times) and subjective (response time self-assessment, task difficulty, preferences) metrics were measured. The results show that the smaller radius resulted in the higher correctness of the answers. A larger radius did not result in faster response times. The participants perceived the more generalized maps as easier to use, although this result did not match the performance metrics. Overall, we believe that heat maps, in given circumstances and appropriate design settings, can be considered an efficient method for spatial data presentation.

Maryam Fallah, Ahmad Reza Pirali Zefrehei, Seyyed Aliakbar Hedayati et al.

Urgent is growing to have reliable information from the country's water resources. In recent years, data mining models such as artificial neural network (ANN), gene expression programming, Bayesian network, machine algorithms, such as a support vector machine (SVM), and Random Forest have found widespread use in the field of simulation and prediction of components in aquatic ecosystems. Variables vary greatly on water quality parameters (due to nonlinear and complex relationships). Therefore, conventional methods are not eligible to solve water resource quality management problems. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of simulating the spatial and temporal alterations in water quality parameters during the period 1985-2014 in Anzali Wetland using a SVM model. Based on principal components analysis (PCA), the parameters EC, TDS, pH and BOD5 were selected for analysis in this study. Spearman correlation was calculated to determine the inputs of the model and the correlation coefficient(CC) between the water quality parameters. According to the results of the correlation table analysis, 8 types of structures including different inputs were used to predict the parameters with machine vector. In the next stage, 70% of the data were used to train, while the rest were used for analyzing the models. Criteria for determination coefficient (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE) were used for evaluation and model performance. The results revealed that in verification stage among different used models, the pH had the highest accuracy (0.95), while the lowest RMSE (0.20). Trend of alterations for optimal model of each parameter on a time scale, indicated an adequate estimation at most points. In general, the results exhibited the appropriate accuracy and acceptable performance of the SVM model in simulating water parameters.

Marion Campisi, Thomas Ratliff, Stephanie Somersille et al.

We introduce the Geography and Election Outcome (GEO) metric, a new method for identifying potential partisan gerrymanders. In contrast with currently popular methods, the GEO metric uses both geographic information about a districting plan as well as district-level partisan data, rather than just one or the other. We motivate and define the GEO metric, which gives a count (a non-negative integer) to each political party. The count indicates the number of previously lost districts which that party potentially could have had a 50% chance of winning, without risking any currently won districts, by making reasonable changes to the input map. We then analyze GEO metric scores for each party in several recent elections. We show that this relatively easy to understand and compute metric can encapsulate the results from more elaborate analyses.

Jason Soria, Amanda Stathopoulos

Transformative mobility services present both considerable opportunities and challenges for urban mobility systems. Increasing attention is being paid to ridehailing platforms and connections between demand and continuous innovation in service features; one of these features is dynamic ride-pooling. To disentangle how ridehailing impacts existing transportation networks and its ability to support economic vitality and community livability it is essential to consider the distribution of demand across diverse communities. In this paper we expand the literature on ridehailing demand by exploring community variation and spatial dependence in ridehailing use. Specifically, we investigate the diffusion and role of solo requests versus ride-pooling to shed light on how different mobility services, with different environmental and accessibility implications, are used by diverse communities. This paper employs a Social Disadvantage Index, Transit Access Analysis, and a Spatial Durbin Model to investigate the influence of both local and spatial spillover effects on the demand for shared and solo ridehailing. The analysis of 127 million ridehailing rides, of which 15% are pooled, confirms the presence of spatial effects. Results indicate that density and vibrancy variables have analogue effects, both direct and indirect, on demand for solo vs pooled rides. Instead, our analysis reveals significant contrasting effects for socio-economic disadvantage, which is positively correlated with ride-pooling and negatively with solo rides. Additionally, we find that higher rail transit access is associated with higher demand for both solo and pooled ridehailing along with substantial spatial spillovers. We discuss implications for policy, operations and research related to the novel insight on how pooled ridesourcing relate to geography, living conditions, and transit interactions.