Hasil untuk "Gas industry"

Sashya Siddhartha

The fashion industry, characterized by rapid cycles of production and consumption, has emerged as a global economic powerhouse, generating significant revenue and employment opportunities worldwide. However, this growth has come at a substantial environmental and social cost, marked by extensive resource consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and labor exploitation. This paper critically examines the environmental and social impacts of the fashion industry, focusing on issues such as textile waste, water pollution, and unethical labor practices. It explores the transition towards sustainable fashion practices, highlighting initiatives like circular fashion and consumer behavior shifts towards eco-friendly choices. The study employs a comprehensive review of current literature and case studies to analyze the challenges and opportunities for achieving sustainability within the fashion sector. By synthesizing diverse perspectives and research findings, this paper proposes strategies to combat greenwashing, enhance transparency, and foster a circular economy in fashion. Ultimately, it aims to provide a framework for stakeholders to navigate towards a more ethical and environmentally responsible future for the fashion industry.

Boyang Zong, Shufang Wu, Yuehong Yang et al.

Recent developments of advanced electronic and optoelectronic gas sensors are introduced. Sensor array with artificial intelligence algorithms and smart gas sensors in “Internet of Things” paradigm are highlighted. Applications of smart gas sensors in environmental monitoring, medical and healthcare applications, food quality control, and public safety are described. Recent developments of advanced electronic and optoelectronic gas sensors are introduced. Sensor array with artificial intelligence algorithms and smart gas sensors in “Internet of Things” paradigm are highlighted. Applications of smart gas sensors in environmental monitoring, medical and healthcare applications, food quality control, and public safety are described. Gas sensor is an indispensable part of modern society with wide applications in environmental monitoring, healthcare, food industry, public safety, etc. With the development of sensor technology, wireless communication, smart monitoring terminal, cloud storage/computing technology, and artificial intelligence, smart gas sensors represent the future of gas sensing due to their merits of real-time multifunctional monitoring, early warning function, and intelligent and automated feature. Various electronic and optoelectronic gas sensors have been developed for high-performance smart gas analysis. With the development of smart terminals and the maturity of integrated technology, flexible and wearable gas sensors play an increasing role in gas analysis. This review highlights recent advances of smart gas sensors in diverse applications. The structural components and fundamental principles of electronic and optoelectronic gas sensors are described, and flexible and wearable gas sensor devices are highlighted. Moreover, sensor array with artificial intelligence algorithms and smart gas sensors in “Internet of Things” paradigm are introduced. Finally, the challenges and perspectives of smart gas sensors are discussed regarding the future need of gas sensors for smart city and healthy living.

Mikalai Filonchyk, Michael P. Peterson, Haowen Yan et al.

In the context of climate change, it is crucial to examine the contributions of leading countries in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This research provides an overview of global GHG emissions from 1970 to 2022 for the world's most polluting countries: the United States, China, India, Russia, Brazil, Indonesia, Japan, Iran, Mexico, and Saudi Arabia. These countries collectively account for approximately 64 % of GHG emissions. The aim is to understand the impact of various economic sectors, such as industry, energy, agriculture, and transportation, on overall emissions. The analysis highlights the disparity in per capita emissions, with smaller but major oil-producing countries in the Persian Gulf, such as Qatar and the United Arab Emirates, exhibiting high per capita emission levels, while more populated countries like the United States and South Korea show lower per capita values but significant total emission volumes. The study suggests that transitioning to renewable energy, improving energy efficiency in industry, promoting sustainable agriculture, reforestation, and electrifying transportation are key methods to achieve United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDG). Recommendations include encouraging technological innovations, implementing stringent government regulations and standards, and garnering active support for GHG reduction programs from governments, financial institutions, and the business community. The urgency is emphasized for global efforts to combat climate change for ensuring a sustainable future.

Mohammadtaghi Vakili, Petr Koutník, Jan Kohout

In the oil and gas industry, the corrosion attributed to hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is one of the most significant challenges. This review paper systematically investigates the diverse facets of H2S corrosion, including its sources, corrosion locations, mechanisms, and resultant corrosion products. Understanding different forms of H2S corrosion, such as stress-oriented hydrogen-induced cracking (SO-HIC), sulfide stress cracking (SSC), and hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC), provides a thorough comprehension of these phenomena. The paper discusses critical factors influencing H2S corrosion, such as temperature, flow rate, pH, and H2S concentration, highlighting their implications for sustainable practices in the oil and gas sector. The review emphasizes the significance of monitoring and mitigation strategies, covering continuous monitoring, applying corrosion inhibitors, selecting materials, and conducting thorough data analysis and reporting. Furthermore, the role of training in fostering a sustainable approach to H2S corrosion management is highlighted. This exploration advances the overarching goal of sustainable development in the oil and gas industries by providing insights into understanding, monitoring, and mitigating H2S corrosion. The findings presented here offer a foundation for developing environmentally conscious strategies and practices to guarantee the long-term viability and flexibility of refinery operations.

Suniljit Singh Gill, Lam Rui Qi, Cheong De Yao et al.

Aviation is a highly energy-intensive sector, making it the second-biggest source of greenhouse gas emissions in the transportation sector, with road transport leading the way. Emissions continue to rise despite advancements in aircraft efficiency over the past six decades due to the increasing demand for air travel. Reviewing the reduction of carbon emissions in aviation is essential to protect the environment, drive innovation and secure a sustainable future in aviation. Stakeholders responsible for reducing carbon emissions are primarily found in the industrial sector. The challenges and opportunities related to reducing carbon emissions in aviation are investigated with a focus on Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF), advancements in fuel-efficient aircraft, and improvements in air traffic management. Studies have shown that using SAF, derived from renewable resources such as waste oils, algae, and municipal waste, can reduce lifecycle carbon emissions by up to 80% compared to conventional jet fuel. The use of SAF is limited due to cost and the difficulty in producing it. In addition, the use of electric and hydrogen-powered aircraft is highlighted, as it can revolutionise the industry by offering zero-emission alternatives for both short- and long-haul flights. Recommendations are provided to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050, aligning with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set by the United Nations, specifically SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) and SDG 13 (Climate Action).

A. Olajire

Abstract Produced water (PW) is the largest volume of wastewater generated during oil and gas recovery operations. It is a complex mixture of dissolved and particulate inorganic and organic matters ranging from near freshwater quality to concentrated saline brine. The management of PW has been the main focus of oil and gas industry in view of the stringent legislations on the discharge of oil and gas PW into the environment and the potential of PW as a source of fresh water, which hitherto comes from surface water, groundwater or municipal water, for water deficient oil producing countries. This article reviews current technologies for the management of oil and gas PW with a view of not only for more efficient removal and recovery of oils and other toxic agents, but also for environmental sustainability and fit-for-purpose reuse. The purpose of this article is to present some of the main technologies including primary treatment, secondary treatment including biological and membrane treatment and tertiary treatment especially advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) that have been used for the treatment of PW from oil and gas extraction; and to provide an overview of treatment technologies. The future developmental research needs for management of PW is also discussed.

Francesca Perrotta, Martina Torsello, Marika Giulietti et al.

FIR and submm observations have established the fundamental role of dust-obscured star formation in the assembly of stellar mass over the past 12 billion years. At z between 2 and 4, the bulk of star formation is enshrouded in dust, and dusty star forming galaxies (DSFGs) contain about half of the total stellar mass density. Star formation develops in dense molecular clouds, and is regulated by a complex interplay between all the ISM components that contribute to the energy budget of a galaxy: gas, dust, cosmic rays, interstellar electromagnetic fields, gravitational field, dark matter. Molecular gas is the actual link between star forming gas and its complex environment, providing by far the richest amount of information about the star formation process. However, molecular lines interpretation requires complex modeling of astrochemical networks, which regulate the molecular formation and establishes molecular abundances in a cloud, and a modeling of the physical conditions of the gas in which molecular energy levels become populated. This paper critically reviews the main astrochemical parameters needed to get predictions about molecular signals in DSFGs. We review the current knowledge and the open questions about the interstellar medium of DSFGs, outlying the key role of molecular gas as a tracer and shaper of the star formation process.

Seyed Amin Tabatabaei, Sarah Fancher, Michael Parsons et al.

We address the task of hierarchical multi-label classification (HMC) of scientific documents at an industrial scale, where hundreds of thousands of documents must be classified across thousands of dynamic labels. The rapid growth of scientific publications necessitates scalable and efficient methods for classification, further complicated by the evolving nature of taxonomies--where new categories are introduced, existing ones are merged, and outdated ones are deprecated. Traditional machine learning approaches, which require costly retraining with each taxonomy update, become impractical due to the high overhead of labelled data collection and model adaptation. Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated great potential in complex tasks such as multi-label classification. However, applying them to large and dynamic taxonomies presents unique challenges as the vast number of labels can exceed LLMs' input limits. In this paper, we present novel methods that combine the strengths of LLMs with dense retrieval techniques to overcome these challenges. Our approach avoids retraining by leveraging zero-shot HMC for real-time label assignment. We evaluate the effectiveness of our methods on SSRN, a large repository of preprints spanning multiple disciplines, and demonstrate significant improvements in both classification accuracy and cost-efficiency. By developing a tailored evaluation framework for dynamic taxonomies and publicly releasing our code, this research provides critical insights into applying LLMs for document classification, where the number of classes corresponds to the number of nodes in a large taxonomy, at an industrial scale.

Xinyi Zheng, Chen Wei, Shenao Wang et al.

The exponential growth of open-source package ecosystems, particularly NPM and PyPI, has led to an alarming increase in software supply chain poisoning attacks. Existing static analysis methods struggle with high false positive rates and are easily thwarted by obfuscation and dynamic code execution techniques. While dynamic analysis approaches offer improvements, they often suffer from capturing non-package behaviors and employing simplistic testing strategies that fail to trigger sophisticated malicious behaviors. To address these challenges, we present OSCAR, a robust dynamic code poisoning detection pipeline for NPM and PyPI ecosystems. OSCAR fully executes packages in a sandbox environment, employs fuzz testing on exported functions and classes, and implements aspect-based behavior monitoring with tailored API hook points. We evaluate OSCAR against six existing tools using a comprehensive benchmark dataset of real-world malicious and benign packages. OSCAR achieves an F1 score of 0.95 in NPM and 0.91 in PyPI, confirming that OSCAR is as effective as the current state-of-the-art technologies. Furthermore, for benign packages exhibiting characteristics typical of malicious packages, OSCAR reduces the false positive rate by an average of 32.06% in NPM (from 34.63% to 2.57%) and 39.87% in PyPI (from 41.10% to 1.23%), compared to other tools, significantly reducing the workload of manual reviews in real-world deployments. In cooperation with Ant Group, a leading financial technology company, we have deployed OSCAR on its NPM and PyPI mirrors since January 2023, identifying 10,404 malicious NPM packages and 1,235 malicious PyPI packages over 18 months. This work not only bridges the gap between academic research and industrial application in code poisoning detection but also provides a robust and practical solution that has been thoroughly tested in a real-world industrial setting.

Queendarlyn Adaobi Nwabueze, Smith Leggett

Addressing escalating energy demands and greenhouse gas emissions in the oil and gas industry has driven extensive efforts in carbon capture and utilization (CCU), focusing on power plants and industrial facilities. However, utilizing CO₂ as a raw material to produce valuable chemicals, materials, and fuels for transportation may offer a more sustainable and long-term solution than sequestration alone. This approach also presents promising alternatives to traditional chemical feedstock in industries such as fine chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and polymers. This review comprehensively outlines the current state of CO₂ capture technologies, exploring the associated challenges and opportunities regarding their efficiency and economic feasibility. Specifically, it examines the potential of technologies such as chemical looping, membrane separation, and adsorption processes, which are advancing the frontiers of CO₂ capture by enhancing efficiency and reducing costs. Additionally, it explores the various methods of CO₂ utilization, highlighting the potential benefits and applications. These methods hold potential for producing high-value chemicals and materials, offering new pathways for industries to reduce their carbon footprint. The integration of CO₂ capture and utilization is also examined, emphasizing its potential as a cost-effective and efficient approach that mitigates climate change while converting CO₂ into a valuable resource. Finally, the review outlines the challenges in designing, developing, and scaling up CO₂ capture and utilization processes, providing a comprehensive perspective on the technical and economic challenges that need to be addressed. It provides a roadmap for technologies, suggesting that their successful deployment could result in significant environmental benefits and encourage innovation in sustainable practices within the energy and chemical sectors.

Mochammad Chaerul, Desmonda Fitri Milenia

ABSTRAK Energi, terutama dalam bentuk listrik merupakan salah satu kebutuhan esensial bagi manusia. Untuk memproduksi listrik dibutuhkan berbagai macam proses, termasuk melalui kombinasi pembangkitan tenaga gas dan uap. Dalam proses produksi, suatu Pembangkit Listik Tenaga Gas dan Uap (PLTGU) menghasilkan berbagai macam jenis limbah, diantaranya yang terkategori sebagai limbah Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun (B3). Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi sumber timbulan dan mengevaluasi pengelolaan limbah B3 di suatu PLTGU di Kota Palembang, Sumatera Selatan. Metode yang digunakan berupa observasi detail dan analisis kepatuhan pengelolaan limbah B3 berdasarkan peraturan perundangan yang berlaku. Selama masa observasi, limbah B3 yang dihasilkan berupa minyak pelumas bekas atau oli bekas, sludge oil, kain majun bekas, kemasan bekas B3, filter bekas dari fasilitas pengendalian pencemaran udara, limbah terkontaminasi, sludge IPAL, dan limbah kimia hasil analisis laboratorium. Secara umum, PLTGU tersebut telah melakukan pengelolaan limbah B3 dengan memadai, terutama di tahapan pelabelan, pengemasan, dan penyimpanan. Pengangkutan dan pengolahan limbah B3 dikerjasamakan dengan pihak ketiga yang telah memiliki izin terkait. Pengelolaan limbah B3 di suatu industri menjadi penting agar tidak menimbulkan dampak negatif ke lingkungan dan kesehatan manusia. Kata kunci: evaluasi, limbah B3, pengelolaan, PLTGU ABSTRACT Energy especially in form of electricity is one of essential needs for human. To produce electricity, various processes are needed, including a combination of gas and steam power generation. In the production process, a Combined Cycle Gas-Fired Power Plant (CCGP) generates various type of wastes, including those categorized as Hazardous and Toxic Waste. The study aims to identify sources and to evaluate the hazardous waste management at a gas and steam power plant located in Palembang City, South Sumatra. The method used was detailed observation and analysis of hazardous and toxic waste management compliance based on applicable laws and regulations. During observation period, hazardous and toxic waste generated including used lubricating oil or used oil, sludge oil, used cloth, used hazardous and toxic packaging, used filters from air pollution control facilities, contaminated waste, sludge WWTP, and chemical waste resulting from laboratory analysis. In general, the gas and steam power plant has managed hazardous and toxic waste adequately, especially in the labeling, packaging and storage stages. Transporting and processing of hazardous and toxic waste was carried out in collaboration with third parties who have the relevant permits. Hazardous and toxic waste management in an industry is important so that it does not cause negative impacts to the environment and human health. Keywords: evaluation, CCGP, hazardous waste, management

Samir Idrissi Kaitouni, Fatime-Zohra Gargab, Ahmed Tabit et al.

As societies are shifting toward carbon neutral environments, they are beginning to account for their carbon emissions. One of the primary contributors of greenhouse gas emissions and global warming is the building industry; therefore, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is one of the instruments that allows an assessment of the energy and the energy-related environmental impacts of the buildings from cradle to grave, according to ISO 14040. In this context, the aim of this research study is to assess the Life Cycle carbon dioxide (LC CO2eq) emissions over a 50-year-lifespan of a zero-carbon solar-powered earth-based building, built with carbon-free adobe bricks, in the hot semi-arid climate of Morocco. While research on the carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2eq) emissions across the life cycle is crucial to determine the energy-intensive stages, this study looks into global tendencies of CO2eq emissions arising during the cradle-to-gate embodied (A1-3) and operational (B6) phases of a Zero Carbon Building (ZCB) case study, and which should be offset by carbon-free energy in order to abide by the ZCB definition. Results show that the LC CO2eq emissions of the eco-friendly zero-carbon residential building falls in 48.62 Kg CO2eq/m2.y., with an operational phase that has a share of around 93 % of global LC CO2eq emissions. In addition, when conventional construction materials such as concrete, bricks, and insulation materials are used as an alternative, embodied carbon emissions accounts for 6.3 kg CO2eq/m2.y. and is 85 % higher than the eco-friendly building, and it constitutes approximately 12.5 % of the overall carbon footprint. Moreover, the annual embodied and operational CO2eq emissions are offset by the 3.3-kWc-building-added-photovoltaic system. Hence, the conducted case study offers valuable insight into the good practices for decarbonization of Morocco's building stock.Through that case study, we aim to generate knowledge of net zero carbon buildings within the African continent, promoting the perks of decentralized solar energy in leaping forward a carbon-free electrified continent and valorizing the local construction techniques and knowhow in the building sector.

Allison L. Swiecki-Sikora, Mariel V. Becker, Laura M. Harbin et al.

Climate change is a complex, global issue that is impacting human health in various ways, with healthcare being a significant contributor to carbon emissions in the United States. This review discusses the environmental impact of important aspects of gynecologic oncology care, including surgery, anesthesia care, radiology, chemotherapy, and radiation oncology. Operating room energy and material use is highlighted, with a focus on the environmental impact of robotic surgery. The contribution of certain anesthetic gases in increasing greenhouse gas emissions is addressed. Additionally, the environmental impacts of radiologic imaging, chemotherapy, and radiation oncology are also discussed. Despite the complexity of climate change, there are multiple strategies on the individual and institutional level that can help mitigate the environmental impact of gynecologic oncology care. Individual efforts include practicing red bag stewardship, limiting single use-supplies, decreasing the use of potentially deleterious anesthetics, and supporting research into alternative dosing for chemotherapy and radiation which requires less patient travel. Institutional strategies include investing in efficient HVAC systems, utilizing reusable and reprocessed materials and devices, and purchasing renewable energy sources. Both individuals and institutions can advocate with industry and government at all levels for practices and policies that support lower carbon emissions. By recognizing our role in reducing carbon emissions, we can work towards improving the well-being of our patients and the larger community.

FU Yaru, ZHANG Dong, YAN Feng et al.

<b>[Objective]</b> Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage(CCUS) technology is recognized as a crucial technology for strategically reducing CO₂ emissions. Supercritical CO₂ pipeline transmission represents the most cost-effective method to connect carbon capture with carbon storage. Due to the decompression wave characteristics of supercritical CO₂ and the Joule-Thomson effect of CO₂, CO₂ pipelines are susceptible to long-distance crack propagation following fractures, posing a threat to the safety of pipeline operation. <b>[Methods]</b> Instrumented impact experiments were conducted, using transverse specimens from the base metal of L360M pipes, to investigate the crack propagation mechanism of supercritical CO₂ pipelines. Following that, a numerical simulation model was established and the Cohesive Zone Model(CZM) was utilized to describe material damage. By comparing curves from the experiments and simulations, parameters were calibrated for the CZM, leading to the development of a finite element model for crack propagation in supercritical CO₂ pipelines. Simulations were performed after inputting the calibrated CZM parameters into the finite element model, to explore the effects of internal pressure, wall thickness, and pipe diameter on the crack propagation velocity. <b>[Results]</b> The CZM effectively simulated the dynamic progression of crack propagation, and the simulation results exhibited an overall trend consistent with the experimental results. The CZM parameters calibrated and verified through comparison with experimental results proved effective in numerically simulating crack propagation within the pipeline model. In supercritical CO₂pipelines, the crack propagation velocity increased with higher internal pressure, larger pipe diameter, and lower wall thickness.<b>[Conclusion]</b> Crack arrest pressures corresponding to different pipe diameters and wall thicknesses and the minimum wall thickness suitable for a pipe diameter of 323 mm were identified for supercritical CO₂ pipelines through calculations based on the above results.The research outcomes lay a theoretical groundwork for understanding crack arrest in supercritical CO₂ pipelines and offer practical engineering applications with a useful reference point.

Lin Cui, Mengyue Liu, Xueliang Yuan et al.

Abstract Increasingly stringent pollutant emission standards pose a new challenge to the control of air pollutants in China's iron and steel industry (ISI). This study quantified and compared the environmental and economic effects of three typical sintering flue gas ultra-low emission treatment technologies in China's ISI, namely, semi-dry flue gas desulfurization + semi-dry flue gas denitration with O3 + bag filter (SSOB), wet flue gas desulfurization + wet electrostatic precipitator + selective catalytic reduction denitration (WWS), and semi-dry flue gas desulfurization + bag filter + selective catalytic reduction denitration (SBS) by conducting a life cycle assessment coupled with life cycle costing method. Using 1 ton of sinter as the functional unit and “cradle to gate” as the system boundary, the environmental impact of the three treatment technologies is 0.1822, 0.1298, and 0.117, respectively and the total economic cost is 11.622, 10.353, and 10.435 RMB, respectively. The ozone oxidation, semi-dry flue gas desulfurization (FGD), and semi-dry flue gas denitration processes are the key processes of SSOB with electricity, liquid oxygen, and sodium sulfite as key substances. Wet flue gas desulfurization process and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) denitration process are the key processes in WWS while electricity is the key substance. Semi-dry FGD and SCR denitration are the key processes in SBS, with electricity and lime as the key substances. SBS has optimal environmental performance, while WWS has lowest economic costs. Optimization suggestions for each technology are presented based on the influence degree of key processes. The research findings will be valuable for the selection and optimization of ultra-low emission technologies of ISI.

El Hadi Erbiai, Abdelfettah Maouni, Luís Pinto da Silva et al.

Mushrooms have been consumed for centuries and have recently gained more popularity as an important source of nutritional and pharmaceutical compounds. As part of the valorization of mushroom species in northern Morocco, the current study aimed to investigate the chemical compositions and antioxidant properties of two wild edible mushrooms, <i>Paralepista flaccida</i> and <i>Lepista nuda</i>. Herein, the bioactive compounds were determined using spectrophotometer methods, and results showed that the value of total phenolic content (TPC) was found to be higher in <i>P. flaccida</i> (32.86 ± 0.52 mg) than in <i>L. nuda</i> (25.52 ± 0.56 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAEs)/mg of dry methanolic extract (dme)). On the other hand, the value of total flavonoid content (TFC) was greater in <i>L. nuda</i> than in <i>P. flaccida</i>, with values of 19.02 ± 0.80 and 10.34 ± 0.60 mg of (+)-catechin equivalents (CEs)/g dme, respectively. Moreover, the ascorbic acid, tannin, and carotenoids content was moderate, with a non-significant difference between the two samples. High-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) analysis allowed the identification and quantification of thirteen individual phenolic compounds in both <i>P. flaccida</i> and <i>L. nuda</i>, whereas <i>p</i>-Hydroxybenzoic acid was recognized as the major compound detected, with values of 138.50 ± 1.58 and 587.90 ± 4.89 µg/g of dry weight (dw), respectively. The gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of methanolic extracts of <i>P. flaccida</i> and <i>L. nuda</i> revealed the presence of sixty-one and sixty-six biomolecules, respectively. These biomolecules can mainly be divided into four main groups, namely sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, and organic acids. Moreover, glycerol (12.42%) and mannitol (10.39%) were observed to be the main chemical compositions of <i>P. flaccida</i>, while <i>L. nuda</i> was predominated by linolelaidic acid (21.13%) and leucine (9.05%). <i>L. nuda</i> showed a strong antioxidant property, evaluated by DPPH (half maximal effective concentration (EC₅₀) 1.18–0.98 mg/mL); β-carotene bleaching (EC₅₀ 0.22–0.39 mg/mL); and reducing power methods (EC₅₀ 0.63–0.48 mg/mL), respectively. These findings suggested that both mushrooms are potential sources of various biomolecules, many of which possess important biological activities which are interesting for the foods and pharmaceuticals industry.

Katarzyna Gas, Maciej Sawicki

Solid state wafers are indispensable components in material science as substrates for epitaxial homo- or hetero-structures or carriers for two-dimensional materials. However, a reliable determination of magnetic properties of nanomaterials in volume magnetometry is frequently affected by unexpectedly rich magnetism of these substrates, including significant magnetic anisotropy. Here, we describe a simplified experimental routine of magnetic anisotropy assessment, which we exemplify and validate for epi-ready sapphire wafers from various sources. Both the strength and the sign of magnetic anisotropy is obtained from carefully designed temperature dependent measurements, which mitigate all known pitfalls of volume SQUID magnetometry and are substantially faster than traditional approaches. Our measurements indicate that in all the samples two types of net paramagnetic contributions coexists with diamagnetism. The first one can be as strong as 10% of the base diamagnetism of sapphire [-3.7(1) x 10-7 emu/gOe], and, when exceeds 2% mark, it exhibits pronounced magnetic anisotropy with the easy axis oriented perpendicularly to the face of c-plane wafers. The other is much weaker but exhibit ferromagnetic-like appearance. These findings form an important message that non-standard magnetism of common substrates can significantly influence the results of precise magnetometry of nanoscale materials and its existence must be taken for granted by both industry and academia.

Jian-lin DING, Xin XI, Dui-hong ZHANG

With the continuous development of pipeline industry in China, the third generation of pipeline technology system, represented by China–Russia Eastern Gas Pipeline, has been established, and China's overall technical level of using pipeline for energy transportation has reached the first class in the world. Herein, the development status of technologies in the fields of design and construction, material and equipment, transportation and storage, and security and maintenance of pipeline projects in China was summarized systematically. On this basis, the opportunities and challenges faced by the oil & gas storage and transportation technologies under the drive of the new energy security strategy featuring "Four Revolutions and One Cooperation" were analyzed, and prospect was made for the development directions of upgrading of traditional oil & gas storage and transportation technologies, digital transformation, storage and transportation of new energies, and unconventional pipeline technologies. Facing to the new situations and requirements, the pipeline enterprises should provide powerful support to guarantee the national energy security and improve the construction of modern energy system, while ensuring the safe and efficient transportation of oil and gas.

Kallol Biswas, Amril Nazir, Md Tauhidur Rahman et al.

Cost and safety are critical factors in the oil and gas industry for optimizing wellbore trajectory, which is a constrained and nonlinear optimization problem. In this work, the wellbore trajectory is optimized using the true measured depth, well profile energy, and torque. Numerous metaheuristic algorithms were employed to optimize these objectives by tuning 17 constrained variables, with notable drawbacks including decreased exploitation/exploration capability, local optima trapping, non-uniform distribution of non-dominated solutions, and inability to track isolated minima. The purpose of this work is to propose a modified multi-objective cellular spotted hyena algorithm (MOCSHOPSO) for optimizing true measured depth, well profile energy, and torque. To overcome the aforementioned difficulties, the modification incorporates cellular automata (CA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO). By adding CA, the SHO's exploration phase is enhanced, and the SHO's hunting mechanisms are modified with PSO's velocity update property. Several geophysical and operational constraints have been utilized during trajectory optimization and data has been collected from the Gulf of Suez oil field. The proposed algorithm was compared with the standard methods (MOCPSO, MOSHO, MOCGWO) and observed significant improvements in terms of better distribution of non-dominated solutions, better-searching capability, a minimum number of isolated minima, and better Pareto optimal front. These significant improvements were validated by analysing the algorithms in terms of some statistical analysis, such as IGD, MS, SP, and ER. The proposed algorithm has obtained the lowest values in IGD, SP and ER, on the other side highest values in MS. Finally, an adaptive neighbourhood mechanism has been proposed which showed better performance than the fixed neighbourhood topology such as L5, L9, C9, C13, C21, and C25. Hopefully, this newly proposed modified algorithm will pave the way for better wellbore trajectory optimization.

A. G. Dmitriev, K. G. Levi, A. G. Vakhromeev

Production of natural gas and crude oil in the eastern regions of Russia was accelerated in the past decade, and both the upstream and midstream segments of the oil and gas industry continue to grow at a fast pace. Innovative solutions are needed for engineering and construction surveys aimed to justify options for choosing routes and methods for laying underwater pipeline sections across large rivers and water reservoirs. In our region, positive experience has been gained by employing modern technologies to optimize routing and reduce the costs of detailed surveys. In the project of the Kovykta – Sayansk – Angarsk – Irkutsk gas pipeline construction, an optimal route across the Bratsk water reservoir was chosen based on the results of several stages of investigation, including continuous seismic profiling and side-scan sonar scanning of the reservoir bed. At the first stage, the mosaic maps of side-scan sonograms and a 3D digital model of the reservoir bed bathymetry were constructed and used to develop and propose three options for the gas pipeline design and its route across the reservoir area. At the second stage, detailed underwater and onshore geophysical and drilling operations were carried out along the proposed routes. Based on the transverse profiles, a decision was taken to lay the pipeline section across the reservoir area in a trench along the northern route, which was justified as an economically and technologically optimal solution. In the winter period when the water reservoir surface was covered with thick ice, the northern route was investigated in detail by drilling and seismic survey operations using vertical seismometer cable assemblies and the inverse travel time curve technique. With reference to the velocity law, the travel time sections were processed and converted into depth profiles. A petrophysical model of bottom sediments was constructed, and a scheme was developed to ensure proper processing and interpreting of seismic and acoustic data. Four structural-material complexes were identified: modern silts; underwater eluvial and alluvial deposits; disintegrated and low-strength bedrocks of the Upper Lena Formation; and unaltered bedrock sandstones and siltstones. The continuous seismic profiles and the data from the vertical seismometer cable assemblies were interpreted, and a neotectonic map of bottom sediments was constructed. By analyzing the fault kinematics, it was revealed that normal faults and reverse faults with low-amplitude horizontal shear dominated in the study area; the mapped faults were mainly rootless structures; and displacements along the faults occurred due to a laminar flow of the Cambrian salt layers. An increase in tectonic activity from north to south was explained by the correspondingly degraded strength properties of the bedrocks. Modern neotectonic structures detected from the survey results gave evidence that that the hydrostatic pressure increased after the reservoir had been filled with water, and the phenomenon of reservoir-related seismicity was observed in the study area. Based on the comprehensive geological and geophysical survey data, the geological and engineering conditions of the proposed construction sites were clarified, and the most appropriate route and design of the gas pipeline section across the reservoir area was approved. This study provided the pipeline designers with the qualitative and quantitative information on the phenomena and factors complicating the conditions for laying the gas pipeline in the study area.