Hasil untuk "Forestry"

Sustainable Forestry, Pekka E. Kauppi, Yude Pan et al.

R. Watson, I. Noble, B. Bolin et al.

R. Dubayah, J. Drake

Lidar remote sensing, which directly measures vertical forest structure, is a breakthrough technology with many forestry applications. Using the laser light equivalent of radar, lidar instruments accurately estimate such important forest structural characteristics as canopy heights, stand volume, basal area, and above-ground biomass. And because subcanopy vegetation height is a function of species composition, climate, and site quality, the results can be used for land cover classification, habitat mapping, and forest wildlife management.

Jian Li, He-Nan Bao, Ke-Yu Li et al.

The rose, often referred to as the queen of flowers, is one of the four primary cut flowers; however, its growth is susceptible to high-temperature stress. Furthermore, with the advent of global warming, extreme high temperatures are becoming increasingly frequent, presenting significant challenges to the normal growth of roses. High temperatures have emerged as a limiting factor in rose cultivation. In this study, transcriptomics combined with lipid determination was employed to reveal that high temperatures resulted in a significant enrichment of genes within the α-linolenic acid metabolic pathway. Subsequent lipid determination analyses indicated that, following high-temperature treatment of the rose variety 'Hi-Ohgi', the content of α-linolenic acid increased, while there was a notable decrease in the content of the chloroplast lipid components monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), alongside an increase in jasmonic acid content. In comparison to the heat-susceptible variety 'Scarlet Bonica', the heat-resistant rose variety 'Hi-Ohgi' exhibited lower levels of MGDG and DGDG, but higher levels of α-linolenic acid and jasmonic acid, with this trend becoming more pronounced under high-temperature conditions. Additionally, pretreatment of suspension cells from 'Scarlet Bonica' with α-linolenic acid or jasmonic acid significantly inhibited the burst of reactive oxygen species induced by high temperatures. This suggests that roses enhance the production of α-linolenic acid and jasmonic acid through lipid remodeling as a response to high-temperature stress. This research provides a theoretical foundation and precise targets for the cultivation of heat-resistant rose varieties.

Junzhe Hu, Chuanwen Luo, Yi Hong et al.

Recently, the Internet of Things (IoT) has played an important role in many fields. Nevertheless, the fast and uneven energy consumption of IoT Devices (IoTDs) significantly limits the lifetime of IoT networks. One of the effective solutions is to deploy Laser Static Chargers (LSCs) to power IoTDs. However, deploying LSCs to cover all IoTDs will consume enormous costs. To prolong the lifetime of IoT and reduce the deployment costs of LSCs, in this paper, we first propose a novel IoT network named Self-organizing Power Transfer IoT with Laser Static Chargers (SPTIoT-LSC), where IoTDs are equipped with laser transmission and reception modules allowing energy transfer between IoTDs, and several LSCs are deployed into the network to charge IoTDs. Based on SPTIoT-LSC, we study the Minimizing Laser Chargers Coverage(MLCC) problem, which aims to minimize the number of LSCs deployed in SPTIoT-LSC while enabling all IoTDs to work continuously. Then we prove its NP-hardness. To solve the problem, we propose two sub-algorithms: the Layered Charging Scheduling Strategy (LCSS) algorithm and Deploy Chargers based on the Multi-agent deep deterministic policy gradient (DCM) algorithm to maximize the working time of IoTDs with given LSCs and corresponding positions and deploy given LSCs in SPTIoT-LSC, respectively. Based on the above sub-algorithms, we propose an approximation algorithm to solve the MLCC problem. Finally, extensive experiments are proposed to verify the efficiency of the proposed algorithm and the superiority of SPTIoT-LSC.

WEN Chengjing1,2,3, WU Junwen1,2,3*, JING Huiqing1,2,3, CHEN Gang1,2,3, LI Zhiqi1,2,3, DUAN Guihe1,2,3

In order to investigate the growth of Pinus yunnanensis seedlings and the stoichiometric characteristics of carbon(C), nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)of different organs in response to shade and drought treatments and the adaptive mechanism, the growth of P. yunnanensis seedlings in shade and drought environments was measured and analyzed in a potting controlled experiment using 1-year-old P. yunnanensis seedlings as the target. The experiment was set up with two levels of 0% shade and 70% shade, and four moisture gradients of normal moisture(CK, 80%±5%), light drought(LD, 65%±5%), moderate drought(MD, 50%±5%)and severe drought(SD, 35%±5%)were set to determine the growth indexes of P. yunnanensis seedlings under shade and drought treatments, as well as the C, N, and P contents of leaf, stem, coarse root and fine root, and calculate the stoichiometric characteristics of their stoichiometric characteristics. The results were as follows:(1)Seedling height, diameter and biomass increment were the greatest under 0% shade and 70% shade conditions with LD; leaf biomass increment was significantly increased under the shade treatment(70% shade)compared with no shade treatment(0% shade)in all drought stress treatments.(2)Compared with the normal water treatment, with the increase of drought stress degree, the C content in each organ of P. yunnanensis seedlings under the shade and drought interaction did not change significantly; the N content in leaf was decreasing, the N contents in stem and coarse root were increasing, and the N content in fine root was decreasing and then increasing; the P content in leaf and coarse root was decreasing, and the P content in fine root was increasing.(3)The order of variability of each element was C<N<P; C element has the smallest variability in stem and weak variability in stem, coarse root and fine root; N element has the smallest variability in leaf; P element has the largest variability in fine root.(4)There was a general correlation among the C, N and P contents in each organ of P. yunnanensis seedlings. C content was negatively correlated between coarse root and fine root, N content were positively correlated between leaf and fine root, stem and coarse root, and coarse root and fine root, and P content was positively correlated between leaf and fine root. In summary, the growth of P. yunnanensis seedlings in drought environment is mainly limited by N element; shade slows down the growth of P. yunnanensis seedlings limited by N element. P. yunnanensis seedlings improve the habitat of seedlings by increasing the utilization efficiency of N and P, and can alleviate the damage caused by drought stress. It is recommended that appropriate shade be provided when cultivating P. yunnanensis seedlings in the forest understory in the future.

ZHANG Zhixiang, LIU Songtao, LI Qian et al.

【Background】Soil salinization is a widespread abiotic stress that significantly impacts agricultural productivity and water resource management in the Yinbei region of Ningxia Province. This study explores the inter-annual dynamics of soil salinity and groundwater depth in areas within this region that use surface irrigation and subsurface drainage.【Method】Field investigations were conducted in Huinong, a representative area in northern Yinbei characterized by surface irrigation and subsurface drainage systems. Spatiotemporal variation of soil salinity and groundwater depth were analyzed using measured data with the help of correlation analysis and the inverse distance weighting (IDW) interpolation method.【Result】Temporally, areas with high soil salinity were accounting ting for 23.57% of the study region in April. In contrast, areas with soil salinity greater than 2 g/kg decreased by 52.99% in July and 26.3% in October, compared to April. Soil salinity decreased gradually with increasing groundwater depth, and the relationship between them was well fitted by a proposed model (R2＞ 0.82).【Conclusion】Soil salinity in the region peaks in spring and declines by summer, showing spatial variability influenced primarily by topography and irrigation practices. Salinity in the 40-100 cm soil layer was more responsive to groundwater depth than in the 0-40 cm layer. Maintaining a groundwater depth between 1.8 and 2.2 m can facilitate crop growth and reduce salinization risk.

ZENG Wenjuan, ZHU Youpeng, CHEN Jiaxin, LI Hongyu, WANG Shuanghui, GONG Yihui, CHEN Zhiyin

Codon usage bias serves as an important driving force for gene expression regulation and molecular evolution, and is of particular importance in the study of plant organellar genomes. Camellia sinensis cv. &#x02018;Zhuyeqi&#x02019;, an important tea cultivar in China, has not yet received a systematic report on the codon usage patterns of its organellar genomes. This study was systematic bioinformatic analysis of the 52 chloroplast-encoded genes and 29 mitochondrial-encoded genes of &#x02018;Zhuyeqi&#x02019;. The results reveal that: (1) both the chloroplast genome (ENC=44.64&#x000b1;3.25) and the mitochondrial genome (ENC=51.98&#x000b1;3.47) exhibit weak codon usage bias, with the chloroplast bias primarily driven by natural selection (GC3s and ENC correlation R2=0.482). While the mitochondrial bias is jointly influenced by natural selection and mutational pressure (R2=0.312). (2) Relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) analysis demonstrates that both organellar genomes significantly prefer synonymous codons ending in A/U, and the highly expressed chloroplast genes (rpoC2, psbA) exhibit stronger codon preferences. (3) a multi-parameter screening approach identified 20 optimal chloroplast codons (GCA, GCU) and 23 optimal mitochondrial codons (GCC, AGG). This study provided elucidation of the codon usage characteristics and evolutionary driving forces in the organellar genomes of Camellia sinensis cv. &#x02018;Zhuyeqi&#x02019;, offering crucial theoretical guidance for the optimization of the tea molecular breeding system and the efficient expression of exogenous genes.

Junhong Dong, Qiaohua Deng, Minglan Chen et al.

In the ecosystem, wood-inhabiting fungi play an indispensable role in wood degradation and the cycle of substances. They are regarded as the “key player” in the process of wood decomposition because of their ability to produce various enzymes that break down woody lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose. In this study, four new wood-inhabiting fungal species, Asterostroma paramuscicola, Radulomyces bambusinus, R. fissuratus, and R. sinensis, were collected from southwestern China and were proposed based on the morphological and molecular evidence. Asterostroma paramuscicola is characterised by the felted-membranous to pellicular basidiomata with pinkish to slightly salmon-buff, a smooth hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system, and generative hyphae bearing simple-septate and subglobose, thin-walled, echinulate basidiospores measuring as 8–8.8 × 7–8 µm. Radulomyces bambusinus is characterised by the resupinate basidiomata with pinkish-white to pink, a tuberculate hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system and generative hyphae bearing clamp connections, and subglobose, slightly thick-walled, smooth basidiospores measuring as 6–7.5 × 5.5–7.3 µm. Radulomyces fissuratus is characterised by the coriaceous basidiomata with grey to grey-buff, a tuberculate hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system and generative hyphae bearing clamp connections, and globose, slightly thick-walled, smooth basidiospores measuring as 7–9.5 × 6.5–8.5 µm. Radulomyces sinensis is characterised by the coriaceous basidiomata with straw to cinnamon to ocherous, a tuberculate hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system and generative hyphae bearing clamp connections, and broadly ellipsoid, slightly thick-walled, smooth basidiospores measuring as 7.5–9 × 6.2–7.5 µm. Sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit (nrLSU) markers of the studied samples were generated, and phylogenetic analyses were performed with maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and Bayesian inference methods. Phylogenetic analyses of ITS+nrLSU nuclear RNA gene regions showed that four new species were assigned to the genera Asterostroma and Radulomyces. The phylogenetic tree inferred from the ITS sequences revealed that A. paramuscicola was closely associated with A. macrosporum and A. muscicola. Based on the ITS sequences, the topology showed that Radulomyces bambusinus was retrieved as a sister to R. zixishanensis. The taxon R. fissuratus forms a monophyletic lineage. The other one species, R. sinensis, was closely associated with R. molaris and R. yunnanensis.

G. Auld, L. Gulbrandsen, C. McDermott

Engin Derya Gezer, Abdullah Uğur Birinci, Aydın Demir et al.

The primary aim of this work was to determine the effects of production parameters, such as wood species and timber strength classes, on some mechanical properties of cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels using artificial neural network (ANN) prediction models. Subsequently, using the models obtained from the analyses, the goal was to identify the optimum layer combinations of timber strength classes used in the middle and outer layers that would provide the highest mechanical properties for CLT panels. CLT panels made from spruce and alder timbers, as well as hybrid panels created from combinations of these two wood species, were produced. The strength classes of the timbers were determined non-destructively according to the TS EN 338 (2016) standard using an acoustic testing device. The bending strength and modulus of elasticity values of the CLT panels were determined destructively according to the TS EN 408 (2019) standard. According to ANN results, the optimum timber strength classes and layer combinations were determined for bending strength as C24-C27-C24 for spruce CLT, D18-D24-D18 for alder CLT, C30-D40-C30 and D18-C30-D18 for hybrid panels; and for modulus of elasticity, C22-C27-C22 for spruce, D35-D30-D35 for alder, C16-D24-C16, and D24-C24-D24 for hybrid panels.

M. Kelty

Qiuyu Luo, Yu Bao, Zhitai Wang et al.

Urban remnant mountains (URMs) are precious natural green habitat patches that can provide a series of ecosystem services for multi-mountainous cities. The increase in ecological sensitivity and degradation of ecosystem services affected by urban expansion and climate change have led to an increasing vulnerability of urban remnant mountain ecosystems (URMEs). To explore the vulnerability of URMEs, taking the central urban built-up area of the Guiyang city as the study area and URMs as the research object, the vulnerability of URMEs under natural factors and human disturbance was analyzed based on the Pressure-State-Response (PSR) model. The results showed that: (1) Karst rocky desertification, human disturbance, and road density within the buffer zones around URMs were the most important factors affecting the vulnerability of URMEs. Karst rocky desertification was the most likely eco-environmental problem of URMs, and carbon storage was the most important ecosystem service of URMEs. (2) Characteristics of fragile karst habitats in URMs and unreasonable human activities led to high ecological vulnerability, mainly with moderate and severe vulnerability predominating, and the low vulnerability of URMEs when they had moderate park utilization. (3) The ecological vulnerability of small URMs and those distributed in the urban center is higher, and the invulnerable URMEs and the slightly vulnerable URMEs are mainly distributed in the urban edge. The results of this study could provide references for ecological restoration and protection of URMs, and offer a basis for improving the resilience of multi-mountainous cities.

Xuejian Li, Huaqiang Du, Guomo Zhou et al.

Vegetation phenology has long been adapted to environmental change and is highly sensitive to climate change. Shifts in phenology also affect feedbacks of vegetation to environmental factors such as topography and climate by influencing spatiotemporal fluctuations in productivity, carbon fixation, and the carbon water cycle. However, there are limited studies which explores the combined effects of the climate and terrain on phenology. Bamboo forests exhibit the outstanding phenological phenomena and play an important role in maintaining global carbon balance in climate change. Therefore, the interaction mechanisms of climate and topography on bamboo forest phenology were analyzed in Zhejiang Province, China during 2001–2017. The partial least squares path model was applied to clarify the interplay between the climate and terrain impacts on phenology under land cover/use change. The results revealed that the average start date of the growing season (SOS) significantly advanced by 0.81 days annually, the end date of the growing season (EOS) was delayed by 0.27 days annually, and the length of the growing season (LOS) increased by 1.08 days annually. There were obvious spatial differences in the partial correlation coefficients between the climate factors and phenological metrics. Although the SOS, EOS and LOS were affected by different climatic factors, precipitation was the dominant factor. Due to the sensitivity of the SOS and EOS to precipitation, a 100 mm increase in regional annual precipitation would cause the average SOS to advance by 0.18 days and the EOS to be delayed by 0.12 days. Regarding the terrain factors affecting climate conditions, there were clear differences in the influences of different altitudes, slopes and aspect gradients on bamboo forest phenology. This study further showed that topographic factors mainly affected the interannual variations in phenological metrics under land cover/use change by affecting precipitation. This study clarified the spatial pattern of bamboo forest phenology and the interactive mechanisms between vegetative phenology and environmental conditions, as this information is crucial in assessing the impact of phenological change on the carbon sequestration potential of bamboo forests.

Jin-wen HUANG, Jia-yi WU, Hong-fei CHEN et al.

This study attempted to clarify the carrying-over effect of different nitrogen treatments applied to the main crop on the crop population growth and yield formation of ratoon rice under mechanized cultivation in Southeast China. Based on the constant total nitrogen application amounts (225.00 kg ha−1) in the main crop, an experiment with different ratios of basal and topdressing nitrogen fertilizer (the ratio of basal fertilizer:primary tillering fertilizer:secondary tillering fertilizer:booting fertilizer at 3:1:2:4 (N1), 3:2:1:4 (N2), 3:3:0:4 (N3), and 4:3:0:3 (N4), respectively, and a control without nitrogen treatment (N0)) was set up across two consecutive years in field using hybrid rice variety Yongyou 1540 as the test materials. The results showed that the total tiller number and effective tillering percentage increased in the main crop under the N1 treatment, more nitrogen fertilizer applied in late growth stage of the main crop, and its effective tillering percentage of the main crop was the highest at up to 70.18%, which was 9.15% higher than that of conventional fertilization treatment (N4), more nitrogen fertilizer applied in early growth stage of the main crop. The same tendency was observed in leaf area index (LAI) value of the main crop and its subsequent ratoon rice, which were 16.52 and 29.87% higher, respectively, in the N1 treatment than that in the N4 treatment at the full heading stage. The same was true in the case of the transport rates of stem and sheath dry mater and the canopy light interception rates in both the main and its ratoon crops. The transport rate of stem and sheath in main crop rice under N1 treatment increased by 50.57% compared with N4 treatment. The canopy light interception rate of N1 treatment increased by 5.07% compared with N4 treatment at the full heading stage of the ratoon crop. Therefore, the total actual yield was the highest in the main and its ratoon crops under N1 treatment, averaging 17 351.23 kg ha−1 in two-year trials, which was 23.00% higher than that in the conventional fertilization treatment (N4). The results showed that appropriate nitrogen treatment was able to produce a good crop stand in the main crop, which was essential for producing a good ratoon crop population and high yield especially under mechanized cultivation with low stubble height of the main crop. The study suggested that shifting the proper nitrogen application amounts to the late growth stage of the main crop, such as N1 treatment, not only had a higher productive effect on ensuring the yield of the main crop, but also had a positive effect on the axillary bud sprouts from the stubbles for ratoon rice, resulting in an increased percentage of productive panicles and achieving the goal of one planting with two good harvests under the conditions of our study.

J. Pedlar, D. McKenney, I. Aubin et al.

R. Anderson, J. Canadell, J. Randerson et al.

Jan T. Benthien, Martin Riegler, Nick Engehausen et al.

Replacing greenhouse gas-intensive building materials with wood products from sustainable forestry contributes to the implementation of current climate conventions such as the Paris Agreement. Hardwood products, such as laminated veneer lumber made of beech (e.g., BauBuche), are an alternative to conventional building materials. For the application of wood products in the construction sector, a precise knowledge of the mechanical and physical properties is essential. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the sorption behavior and associated dimensional changes of the product BauBuche. This was done by applying a manual testing procedure (climatic chamber, balance and caliper) as well as a dynamic vapor sorption analyzer equipped with a camera. During initial moistening after production, due to the irreversible spring back (approximately 2 mm at 50 mm; i.e., 4%), Baubuche shows an extremely strong swelling in the radial direction. Once the maximum spring back is reached, Baubuche shows sorption behavior in the radial and tangential direction, which is comparable to that of solid beech wood in the radial direction. Consequently, the dimensional changes caused by moisture changes must be taken into account in the dimensioning of Baubuche components in order to avoid damage to building structures.

Kyle H. Clark, K. Nicholas

We examine the potential role of perennial woody food-producing species (“food trees”) in cities in the context of urban sustainable development and propose a multifunctional approach that combines elements of urban agriculture, urban forestry, and agroforestry into what we call “urban food forestry” (UFF). We used four approaches at different scales to gauge the potential of UFF to enhance urban sustainability and contribute to food security in the context of urbanization and climate change. First, we identified 37 current initiatives based around urban food trees, and analyzed their activities in three categories: planting, mapping, and harvesting, finding that the majority (73 %) only performed one activity, and only 8 % performed all three. Second, we analyzed 30 urban forestry master plans, finding that only 13 % included human food security among their objectives, while 77 % included habitat for wildlife. Third, we used Burlington, Vermont as a case study to quantify the potential fruit yield of publicly accessible open space if planted with Malus domestica (the common apple) under nine different planting and yield scenarios. We found that 108 % of the daily recommended minimum intake of fruit for the entire city’s population could be met under the most ambitious planting scenario, with substantial potential to contribute to food security even under more modest scenarios. Finally, we developed a Climate–Food–Species Matrix of potential food trees appropriate for temperate urban environments as a decision-making tool. We identified a total of 70 species, 30 of which we deemed “highly suitable” for urban food forestry based on their cold hardiness, drought tolerance, and edibility. We conclude that substantial untapped potential exists for urban food forestry to contribute to urban sustainability via increased food security and landscape multifunctionality.

Miloš Koprivica

Tekst predstavlja originalnu recenziju knjige “STANJE ŠUMA I ŠUMSKIH ZEMLJIŠTA U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI, prema drugoj inventuri šuma na velikim površinama (2006 – 2009)”, koju je uradila grupa naučnih radnika Šumarskog fakulteta u Sarajevu: Lojo A., Balić B., Musić J., Višnjić Ć., Vojniković S., Treštić T., Čabaravdić A., Gurda S., Delić S., Imbrahimspahić A., u saradnji sa konsultantom Svjetske banke Hočevar M. Recenziju je uradio Miloš Koprivica 17.06.2015. na osnovu Odluke broj 01/6- 1008/15 koju je donijelo Naučno-nastavno vijeće Šumarskog fakulteta u Sarajevu dana 06. 05. 2015. godine, čime je isti imenovan za recenzenta.