Hasil untuk "Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering"

K. Zhang, Chao‐sheng Tang, Ningjun Jiang et al.

The microbial‑induced carbonate precipitation (MICP), as an emerging biomineralization technology mediated by specific bacteria, has been a popular research focus for scientists and engineers through the previous two decades as an interdisciplinary approach. It provides cutting-edge solutions for various engineering problems emerging in the context of frequent and intense human activities. This paper is aimed at reviewing the fundaments and engineering applications of the MICP technology through existing studies, covering realistic need in geotechnical engineering, construction materials, hydraulic engineering, geological engineering, and environmental engineering. It adds a new perspective on the feasibility and difficulty for field practice. Analysis and discussion within different parts are generally carried out based on specific considerations in each field. MICP may bring comprehensive improvement of static and dynamic characteristics of geomaterials, thus enhancing their bearing capacity and resisting liquefication. It helps produce eco-friendly and durable building materials. MICP is a promising and cost-efficient technology in preserving water resources and subsurface fluid leakage. Piping, internal erosion and surface erosion could also be addressed by this technology. MICP has been proved suitable for stabilizing soils and shows promise in dealing with problematic soils like bentonite and expansive soils. It is also envisaged that this technology may be used to mitigate against impacts of geological hazards such as liquefaction associated with earthquakes. Moreover, global environment issues including fugitive dust, contaminated soil and climate change problems are assumed to be palliated or even removed via the positive effects of this technology. Bioaugmentation, biostimulation, and enzymatic approach are three feasible paths for MICP. Decision makers should choose a compatible, efficient and economical way among them and develop an on-site solution based on engineering conditions. To further decrease the cost and energy consumption of the MICP technology, it is reasonable to make full use of industrial by-products or wastes and non-sterilized media. The prospective direction of this technology is to make construction more intelligent without human intervention, such as autogenous healing. To reach this destination, MICP could be coupled with other techniques like encapsulation and ductile fibers. MICP is undoubtfully a mainstream engineering technology for the future, while ecological balance, environmental impact and industrial applicability should still be cautiously treated in its real practice.

Bo Weng, Meng Zhang, Yingzhen Lin et al.

Xudong Zhang, Peng Ye, Yajun Wu

The increasing production of sludge poses significant environmental risks. Sludge disposal and transport are costly because of the high water content (WC). Reducing the WC of sludge is the most efficient strategy to decrease treatment costs. However, the sludge contains a large amount of hydrophilic organic matter, causing poor dewaterability. Therefore, research on preconditioning and mechanical dewatering has great significance for advanced sludge dewatering. In this study, the features of sludge, the advantages and disadvantages of preconditioning methods, and the action mechanisms (including physical, chemical, and biological preconditioning) are thoroughly described. In addition, the dewatering principle and engineering applications of mechanical dewatering techniques are introduced in this manuscript, especially the application of vacuum preloading as an in-situ dewatering technology in sludge. Finally, cost analysis of different conditioning and mechanical dewatering methods is conducted to explore their application feasibility. This manuscript provides new insights for engineering applications of preconditioning methods and mechanical dewatering technology.

Waqas Waqas, Ye Yuan, Yongyi Chen et al.

Heavy metal(loid)s (HMs) represent significant environmental and health threats due to their persistence, bioaccumulation, and ability to induce oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation (LPO) in aquatic organisms. Here, we present the first lipidome analysis of the mud crab Scylla paramamosain to examine associations between lipid profiles and 12 HMs across three contaminated estuaries in Guangdong Province. We observed pronounced sex-specific differences in both HMs concentrations and lipid composition (P < 0.05). The lipidome showed marked dysregulation of membrane lipids, with glycerophospholipids (52.33%) and sphingolipids (11.9%) predominating, alongside elevated energy-storage lipids such as triacylglycerols (24.35%). Major glycerophospholipid classes included phosphatidylcholines (7.7%), phosphatidylethanolamine (7.49%), phosphatidylserine (6.98%), and phosphatidylglycerol (5.31%), while within the sphingolipid fraction, carnitines (4.43%) and ceramides (>2.26%) were abundant, and saccharolipids such as MGDG were present at low levels (0.07%). Female crabs exhibited significantly higher HMs concentrations and lipid levels than males, with copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) being the most abundant. Notably, Cu, Fe, and lead (Pb) showed strong positive correlations with all lipid groups. The associated lipid alterations are consistent with mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress-related pathways commonly linked to HMs exposure. Although sex- and site-specific differences cannot be attributed exclusively to HMs under field conditions. These findings demonstrate the sensitivity of lipidomic profiles to environmental contamination and highlight lipidomics as a powerful tool for assessing ecological risks in HM-contaminated estuarine systems.

Mayuranath SureshKumar, Hanumanthrao Kannan

Classic problem-space theory models problem solving as a navigation through a structured space of states, operators, goals, and constraints. Systems Engineering (SE) employs analogous constructs (functional analysis, operational analysis, scenarios, trade studies), yet still lacks a rigorous systems-theoretic representation of the problem space itself. In current practice, reasoning often proceeds directly from stakeholder goals to prescriptive artifacts. This makes foundational assumptions about the operational environment, admissible interactions, and contextual conditions implicit or prematurely embedded in architectures or requirements. This paper addresses that gap by formalizing the problem space as an explicit semantic world model containing theoretical constructs that are defined prior to requirements and solution commitments. These constructs along with the developed axioms, theorems and corollary establish a rigorous criterion for unambiguous boundary semantics, context-dependent interaction traceability to successful stakeholder goal satisfaction, and sufficiency of problem-space specification over which disciplined reasoning can occur independent of solution design. It offers a clear distinction between what is true of the problem domain and what is chosen as a solution. The paper concludes by discussing the significance of the theory on practitioners and provides a dialogue-based hypothetical case study between a stakeholder and an engineer, demonstrating how the theory guides problem framing before designing any prescriptive artifacts.

Zhisheng Ren, Hao Wang, Li-Ge Zhang et al.

The anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process has the advantages of high efficiency and low energy consumption, so it has broad application prospects in biological denitrification of wastewater. However, the application of anammox technology to existing wastewater treatment is still challenging. The main problems are the insufficient supply of nitrite and the susceptibility of anammox bacteria to environmental factors. In this paper, from the perspective of the diversity of anammox bacteria, the habitats and characteristics of anammox bacteria of different genera were compared. At the same time, laboratory research and engineering applications of anammox technology in treating wastewater from different sources were reviewed, and the progress of and obstacles to the practical application of anammox technology were clarified. Finally, a focus for future research was proposed to intensively study the water quality barrier factors of anammox and its regulation strategies. Meanwhile, a combined process was developed and optimized on this basis.

Abhijeet Kumar, Victor R. Prybutok, Vikas Kumar Reddy Sangana

This study presents a structured review of 59 academic articles, identified through an extensive literature survey, focused on the environmental implications of drone-based delivery systems within the broader fields of transportation, logistics, and sustainability. The reviewed journals cover a multidisciplinary range of topics, reflecting the intersection of drone technology with environmental science, logistics management, and operational research. Key journals, such as Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, Computers and Industrial Engineering, and Applied Mathematical Modelling, offer critical insights into how drone technology can reshape logistics systems, reduce environmental impacts, and contribute to intelligent transportation solutions. In addition, niche publications in areas like artificial intelligence, disaster risk reduction, and sustainable transportation further enhance the breadth of this review. By identifying and categorizing these publications, this review provides a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners aiming to explore the environmental and operational challenges of drone-based delivery systems, while also offering a foundation for future research on their sustainability and integration into existing logistics frameworks.

Jesús Gracia-Sánchez, Oscar Arturo Fuentes-Mariles, Judith Ramos

En algunos canales revestidos con pendientes altas es muy común que ocurran fuertes socavaciones y erosión, así como desbordes, por lo que se requiere una regulación de las velocidades del flujo de agua. Una opción para lograrlo es aumentar significativamente la rugosidad del fondo mediante la instalación de estructuras hidráulicas rápidas. Sin embargo, en fluidos con sedimentos, el cambio de velocidad genera la deposición de sólidos, los cuales podrían consolidarse, cambiando el diseño geométrico de estas estructuras. Este estudio tiene como objetivo estimar el grado de confianza esperado cuando se producen modificaciones en las geometrías de rugosidad artificial en el fondo del canal con flujo turbulento y densidad de fluido. Esta modificación modifica barras transversales en rampas con base en un análisis matemático experimental. El estudio permite concluir que la rugosidad del fondo generada provoca flujos de agua más estables y es una forma de reducir las velocidades de flujo.

Rawadee Meeprasit, Sujaree Bureekul, Suriyan Saramul

This study investigated the sedimentological characteristics of the Bang Berd-Khao Tham Thong beach system, which is located along the western shore of the central Gulf of Thailand, an area that is minimally disturbed by human activity and is ideal for studying natural coastal processes. Sediment samples were collected from both coastal and marine environments across four sampling periods (July 2022, September 2022, April 2023, and June 2023). The analysis focused on the grain size distribution, sorting, skewness, kurtosis, and sediment composition, revealing a predominance of medium sand in coastal sediments and increased silt and clay contents in marine sediments. The largest sediment particle size is 466.78 microns. Coastal sediments show a well-sorted size distribution, with a mesokurtic kurtosis. In contrast, sediment samples collected from the marine environment exhibit a poorly sorted size distribution, with leptokurtic kurtosis. Most sediment samples also have symmetrical skewness. Coastal sediments displayed characteristics of tidal influence, with some southern coastal areas exhibiting desert-like conditions due to wind action. The marine sediments were a mixture of shallow marine and fluvial depositional environments. Linear discriminant functions and the CM diagram were used to classify the sediment accumulation environments, identifying four main depositional modes: rolling, rolling and suspension, suspension and rolling and graded suspension. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of sediment transport and accumulation processes in coastal and marine environments, with implications for coastal management and climate change adaptation strategies.

Daniel Mendez, Paris Avgeriou, Marcos Kalinowski et al.

Empirical Software Engineering has received much attention in recent years and became a de-facto standard for scientific practice in Software Engineering. However, while extensive guidelines are nowadays available for designing, conducting, reporting, and reviewing empirical studies, similar attention has not yet been paid to teaching empirical software engineering. Closing this gap is the scope of this edited book. In the following editorial introduction, we, the editors, set the foundation by laying out the larger context of the discipline for a positioning of the remainder of this book.

Kevin Hermann, Sven Peldszus, Jan-Philipp Steghöfer et al.

Software security is of utmost importance for most software systems. Developers must systematically select, plan, design, implement, and especially, maintain and evolve security features -- functionalities to mitigate attacks or protect personal data such as cryptography or access control -- to ensure the security of their software. Although security features are usually available in libraries, integrating security features requires writing and maintaining additional security-critical code. While there have been studies on the use of such libraries, surprisingly little is known about how developers engineer security features, how they select what security features to implement and which ones may require custom implementation, and the implications for maintenance. As a result, we currently rely on assumptions that are largely based on common sense or individual examples. However, to provide them with effective solutions, researchers need hard empirical data to understand what practitioners need and how they view security -- data that we currently lack. To fill this gap, we contribute an exploratory study with 26 knowledgeable industrial participants. We study how security features of software systems are selected and engineered in practice, what their code-level characteristics are, and what challenges practitioners face. Based on the empirical data gathered, we provide insights into engineering practices and validate four common assumptions.

Tim Aebersold, Soheyl Massoudi, Mark D. Fuge

Engineering complex systems (aircraft, buildings, vehicles) requires accounting for geometric and performance couplings across subsystems. As generative models proliferate for specialized domains (wings, structures, engines), a key research gap is how to coordinate frozen, pre-trained submodels to generate full-system designs that are feasible, diverse, and high-performing. We introduce Generative Latent Unification of Expertise-Informed Engineering Models (GLUE), which orchestrates pre-trained, frozen subsystem generators while enforcing system-level feasibility, optimality, and diversity. We propose and benchmark (i) data-driven GLUE models trained on pre-generated system-level designs and (ii) a data-free GLUE model trained online on a differentiable geometry layer. On a UAV design problem with five coupling constraints, we find that data-driven approaches yield diverse, high-performing designs but require large datasets to satisfy constraints reliably. The data-free approach is competitive with Bayesian optimization and gradient-based optimization in performance and feasibility while training a full generative model in only 10 min on a RTX 4090 GPU, requiring more than two orders of magnitude fewer geometry evaluations and FLOPs than the data-driven method. Ablations focused on data-free training show that subsystem output continuity affects coordination, and equality constraints can trigger mode collapse unless mitigated. By integrating unmodified, domain-informed submodels into a modular generative workflow, this work provides a viable path for scaling generative design to complex, real-world engineering systems.

Dr. Ahila A

Sanitarynapkinwastepresentsasignificantenvironmentalburdenduetoitsslowdegradationrate,multilayerpolymericstructu re,andbiologicalcontamination.Conventionaldisposalpracticessuch as open burning and landfilling release harmful pollutants and create long-term ecological risks. This paper proposes a Bio-Digester Bin engineered to accelerate the decomposition of sanitary napkins through an integrated mechanical–thermal–aeration approach. The system incorporates a shredding mechanismtoincreasesurfacearea,a500Wcontrolledheatingcoilformaintainingoptimaldegradation temperatures,atemperaturesensingrelaymoduleforautomaticthermalregulation,anda12Vaeration unit to support oxygen flow and reduce odor formation. The bio-digester operates on a hybrid power setupusingbothsolarenergyandconventionalsupplytoensure continuous functionality. Experimental results indicate a substantial reduction in decomposition time and waste volume compared to natural degradation. This solution has strong potential for municipal-scale adoption, enabling local bodies to manage sanitary waste more scientifically, sustainably, and with reduced environmental impact.

J. Martínez, Iván Vera Romero, José Martínez Reyes

Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the electric power generation potential of a Brayton-Kalina combined cycle powered by biogas for an intermunicipal landfill in the region of the Ciénega de Chapala, Michoacán.   Theoretical Framework: Mexico, despite being an oil producing country and highly dependent on fossil fuels, needs to diversify its matrix of primary energy sources, as well as shorten the gap with the use of renewable energies.   Method: To carry out this study, the Mexican Biogas Model v.2.0 was used, considering the production of Urban Solid Waste (USW), to estimate the amount of biogas produced and captured. The Brayton and Kalina cycles were simulated in the Engineering Equation Solver (EESTM).   Results and Discussion: The results obtained revealed that the biogas capture technology prevents 313,647 tons of CO2eq from being emitted to the atmosphere in a 20-year period of operation. At the same time, the energy generation system achieves a conversion efficiency of 30.89%, at local operating conditions, which would satisfactorily cover 26% of the total domestic consumption of the municipalities included in the study. On the other hand, the economic study reveals that when a load factor higher than 65% is reached, the combined cycle has a lower power generation cost than conventional technologies such as combined cycle plants (CCGT) and carboelectric plants.   Research Implications: The implementation of these new technologies has favorable impacts for the planet since with biogas capture the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere (CO2eq) is considerably reduced. On the other hand, the organic fraction of municipal solid waste is given a primordial use and adequate treatment.   Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by employing novel technologies that are rarely used in the world, such as biogas capture and use from a landfill and a power cycle that is rarely used in the world, such as the Kalina cycle. The implementation of these new technologies may have great potential for large-scale use in the future, as an alternative to generate electricity in a way that has a lower environmental impact with lower generation costs.

Kyle Rafael Marcelino, L. Ling, Sumeth Wongkiew et al.

Abstract In recent years, there has been growing interest in the varied applications of nanobubble technology. Given their unique physicochemical properties, such as minuscule size ( 60%). NB technology can also maintain high aqueous phase dissolved oxygen levels compared to conventional aeration, as demonstrated in hydroponics and intensive crop farming, where NB-treated water led to increases in plant yields (10–40%). However, a concise and comprehensive source of information on the fundamental mechanisms involving NB technology is lacking. As NB applications advance into the biological frontier, these mechanisms serve as critical knowledge areas toward understanding the NB–biomolecular and cellular mechanisms of action. In addition, mass transfer performance is not stringently assessed. To advance and summarize current understanding, this review provides an updated, in-depth discussion of the fundamental mechanisms and performance of NB technologies for various applications in environmental and agricultural fields. Mechanistic details focusing on electrostatic and hydrophobic attachment, the formation of ROS, and gas–liquid mass transfer are discussed. This review further outlines the opportunities and challenges and concludes with important research needs in NB technology. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Tholen Blasko, Michael P Phelps

There is a rapidly growing interest by resource managers to utilize environmental DNA technology (eDNA) as a tool to enhance current management efforts. However, the technology remains relatively specialized, since it requires specific expertise and equipment to perform. To begin to overcome some of the obstacles restricting the widespread, routine adoption of eDNA technology, we evaluated the use of CRISPR Cas12a detection technology for in‐the‐field eDNA detection using Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) as a target species. By targeting a highly variable region in the salmonid mitochondrial DNA D‐loop, we were able to demonstrate that CRISPR Cas12a detection technology is both sensitive and specific for Chinook salmon eDNA. Engineering of the technology to work in the field was accomplished by employing rapid eDNA purification and visual readout of results using visual lateral flow or fluorescent detection methods. The technology was piloted on the fall Chinook salmon run in the Snake River of Washington State, USA, and proved to be a viable approach for streamside eDNA monitoring. With the improvement of the technology, CRISPR eDNA detection methods hold great promise in expanding the reach of eDNA as a commonly used resource management tool.

Antonio Krishnamurti Beleño de Oliveira, P. Magalhães, O. Rezende et al.

Numerous countries and regions have embraced implementing a separate sewer system, segregating sanitary and storm sewers into distinct systems. However, the functionality of these systems often needs to improve due to irregular interconnections, resulting in a mixed and malfunctioning system. Sewage collection is crucial for residential sanitation, but untreated collection significantly contributes to environmental degradation. Analyzing the simultaneous operation of both systems becomes vital for effective management. Using mathematical tools for precise and unified diagnosis and prognosis becomes imperative. However, municipal professionals and companies need more tools specifically designed to evaluate these systems in a unified way, mapping all the hydraulic connections observed in practice. This study proposes a unified simulation method for stormwater and sanitary sewer urban systems, addressing real-world scenarios and potential interferences. The primary goal is to develop a simulation method for both systems, considering system interconnections and urban layouts, involving hydrodynamic and water quality simulations. The practical application of this method, the Multilayer Hydrodynamic Simulation Method (MODCEL-MHUS), successfully identifies issues in urban water networks and suggests solutions, making it a valuable tool for urban water management and environmental engineering professionals.

Charles Jones

The <i>Earth</i> journal (ISSN 2673-4834) is an open-access international high-quality peer review venue that promotes multi-disciplinary research over a broad spectrum of natural, social and applied sciences [...]

Daniel Francisco Campos-Aranda

En el centro y sur de la república mexicana cada año los huracanes del mar Caribe y del océano Pacífico originan crecientes que definen una estación húmeda, y que en general aumentan en magnitud y peligrosidad conforme transcurre la temporada de ciclones. Ambas condiciones permiten el análisis de frecuencias bivariado de sus fechas de ocurrencia y sus gastos máximos (Qm). En este estudio, la distribución conjunta se formó con base en la función Cópula de Gumbel-Hougaard, que satisface la condición de dependencia () observada y que combina como distribuciones marginales la de von Mises para las fechas de ocurrencia en el año y para los Qm una función probabilística idónea. La teoría expuesta se aplica a las crecientes anuales registradas en la estación de aforos Guamúchil de la Región Hidrológica No. 10 (Sinaloa), México, en el periodo de 1940 a 1971. La distribución de von Mises se ajusta vía optimización numérica con el algoritmo de Rosenbrock y la distribución idónea de los Qm fue la Kappa. Se formó la gráfica de periodos de retorno conjuntos de tipo AND de 50, 100 y 500 años. Además, se estimaron periodos de retorno conjuntos condicionales de fechas de ocurrencia, dado que el Qm tiene los periodos de retorno citados. Lo anterior permite estimaciones de la probabilidad de excedencia del Qm en lapsos definidos. Las conclusiones destacan la simplicidad de estos análisis de frecuencias bivariados por medio de las funciones Cópula y la importancia práctica de sus predicciones, según las fechas de ocurrencia.

Tamer M. Tamer, Wagih Abdel-Alim Sadik, Rafik Abbas Elady et al.

The Methyl orange (MO) azo dye has been removed from dyes-contaminated wastewater for the first time using a novel amino-ethyl Chitosan crosslinked hydrogel (CS-ENH2). The induced amine groups served as positive charge centers to bind MO azo-dye anions. The MO adsorbents' capabilities in comparison to native Chitosan (CS) are directly correlated positively with the amination phase which a very rapid initial adsorption was seen in the first 60 min, then began to slow until it leveled off after 120 min and 180 min for CS and CS-ENH2. The adsorption temperature has a positive effect, particularly at low temperatures, between 25 °C and 30 °C, where the adsorption capacity of the CS-ENH2 is double that of the CS, while at higher temperatures that effect diminished. The kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics characteristics of the MO adsorption process were followed. The obtained results showed that the MO adsorption process adhered to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, the Langmuir isotherm model, and had an endothermic and spontaneous character with a maximum adsorption Langmuir monolayer of 3.66 and 10.53 mg/g for CS and CS-ENH2. In conclusion, the CS-ENH2 adsorbent removed up to 2.86 folds of MO amount of that removed using Chitosan under the same operating conditions, which reflected in the reduction of the used adsorbent amount, adsorption time, and finally proved the cost-effective of the developed CS-ENH2 adsorbent.