Hasil untuk "Environmental law"

Xu-Fei He, Q. Jing, Hao Chen

Environmental taxation is an essential tool employed by governments to compel polluting enterprises to undergo green transformation, thereby achieving sustainable development. This paper uses Differences-in-Differences (DID) approach to assess the impact of the China's environmental tax law on the ESG performance of heavily polluting industries. Furthermore, it examines the moderating effect of stakeholder behavior on the relationship between the environmental tax law and the ESG performance of firms. The research findings indicate that the environmental tax law significantly enhances the ESG performance of heavy polluting enterprises by improving the environmental factor. However, heterogeneity is observed based on ownership characteristics and regional variations. Auditors, mass media and corporate ethical behavior exhibit a significant positive moderating effect on the causal relationship between the environmental tax law and the ESG performance of heavily polluting enterprises. This study contributes to a clearer understanding of the intrinsic relationship between environmental tax laws and ESG performance, and offers insights from the perspective of stakeholder behavior for formulating a path towards sustainable development in the country, thereby providing policy lessons for numerous developing countries worldwide.

Ezieddin Elmahjub, Junaid Qadir, Abdullah Mushtaq et al.

As millions of Muslims turn to LLMs like GPT, Claude, and DeepSeek for religious guidance, a critical question arises: Can these AI systems reliably reason about Islamic law? We introduce IslamicLegalBench, the first benchmark evaluating LLMs across seven schools of Islamic jurisprudence, with 718 instances covering 13 tasks of varying complexity. Evaluation of nine state-of-the-art models reveals major limitations: the best model achieves only 68% correctness with 21% hallucination, while several models fall below 35% correctness and exceed 55% hallucination. Few-shot prompting provides minimal gains, improving only 2 of 9 models by >1%. Moderate-complexity tasks requiring exact knowledge show the highest errors, whereas high-complexity tasks display apparent competence through semantic reasoning. False premise detection indicates risky sycophancy, with 6 of 9 models accepting misleading assumptions at rates above 40%. These results highlight that prompt-based methods cannot compensate for missing foundational knowledge. IslamicLegalBench offers the first systematic framework to evaluate Islamic legal reasoning in AI, revealing critical gaps in tools increasingly relied on for spiritual guidance.

Dara Hallinan, Frederik Zuiderveen Borgesius

The GDPR contains an accuracy principle, as most data privacy laws in the world do. In principle, data controllers must ensure that personal data they use are accurate. Some have argued that the accuracy principle does not apply to personal data in the form of opinions about data subjects. We argue, however, from a positive law perspective, that the accuracy principle does apply to opinions. We further argue, from a normative perspective, that the accuracy principle should apply to opinions.

Rajmohan Mohanty, Srikanta Behera, Raj Kishore Mishra et al.

Abstract This study presents the synthesis via solid-state reaction and a comprehensive characterization of a novel, environmental friendly perovskite compound, Sr(Mn0.40Fe0.10)Nb0.5O3. X-ray diffraction (XRD) show a tetragonal symmetry (a = 5.6421 Å, b = 5.6421 Å, c = 7.8984 Å, space group I 4/mcm). The lattice strain and average crystallite size were determined to be 0.0003 and 60 nm, respectively. The grain distribution and elemental composition of the compound were examined through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) respectively. Additionally, Raman study was illustrated to investigate the vibrational modes present in the compound. UV–visible spectroscopy yielded a bandgap energy (Eg) of 1.66 eV, suitable for optoelectronic device applications. The contribution of Fe3+ ions was found to enhance the dielectric constant. The temperature dependence of the dielectric constant can be attributed to space-charge polarization mechanism. Furthermore, the conductivity behaviour adheres to Jonscher’s power law. An impedance measurement signifies the potential of the material as a negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor device. The analysis of the ZFC and FC magnetization curves measured at 5000 Oe within the temperature range of 300–10 K highlights the considerable influence of annealing temperature on magnetic anisotropy and inter-particle interactions.

Marišová Eleonóra, Hodossy Kristián, Kováčik Marián

The article explores the interconnection between the reformed Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) for 2023–2027 and the fundamental legislative changes in spatial planning and construction in the Slovak Republic since 2022. The CAP reform introduced an integrated strategic framework that merges direct payments and rural development, requiring alignment of national strategies with the European Union’s environmental and climate objectives. In Slovakia, a parallel reform of spatial planning and construction legislation has taken place, culminating in the adoption of Act No. 200/2022 Coll. on Spatial Planning and the new Construction Act No. 25/2025 Coll. The new legal provisions introduce an integrated procedure for construction intentions, digitalisation of administrative processes, and decentralisation of executive powers through the establishment of new regional offices with extended competences. The authors highlight the benefits of the new system (faster permitting processes, simplified administration) as well as potential risks (tight deadlines for municipalities, legal uncertainty post-2032). They underline the need to harmonise spatial planning tools with CAP objectives, particularly concerning land use, nature conservation, and infrastructure, in order to prevent conflicts between legislation and rural development strategies. The article also aims to analyse the challenges in implementing the environmental goals of the CAP, which are often inadequately fulfilled due to poorly designed eco-schemes and inconsistent funding. The article also includes a comparison of various EU member states’ approaches to CAP implementation.

Fan Zhao, Yijia Chen, Dianhan Xi et al.

Hermit crabs play a crucial role in coastal ecosystems by dispersing seeds, cleaning up debris, and disturbing soil. They serve as vital indicators of marine environmental health, responding to climate change and pollution. Traditional survey methods, like quadrat sampling, are labor-intensive, time-consuming, and environmentally dependent. This study presents an innovative approach combining UAV-based remote sensing with Super-Resolution Reconstruction (SRR) and the CRAB-YOLO detection network, a modification of YOLOv8s, to monitor hermit crabs. SRR enhances image quality by addressing issues such as motion blur and insufficient resolution, significantly improving detection accuracy over conventional low-resolution fuzzy images. The CRAB-YOLO network integrates three improvements for detection accuracy, hermit crab characteristics, and computational efficiency, achieving state-of-the-art (SOTA) performance compared to other mainstream detection models. The RDN networks demonstrated the best image reconstruction performance, and CRAB-YOLO achieved a mean average precision (mAP) of 69.5% on the SRR test set, a 40% improvement over the conventional Bicubic method with a magnification factor of 4. These results indicate that the proposed method is effective in detecting hermit crabs, offering a cost-effective and automated solution for extensive hermit crab monitoring, thereby aiding coastal benthos conservation.

Zhiwei Fei, Songyang Zhang, Xiaoyu Shen et al.

While large language models (LLMs) have showcased impressive capabilities, they struggle with addressing legal queries due to the intricate complexities and specialized expertise required in the legal field. In this paper, we introduce InternLM-Law, a specialized LLM tailored for addressing diverse legal queries related to Chinese laws, spanning from responding to standard legal questions (e.g., legal exercises in textbooks) to analyzing complex real-world legal situations. We meticulously construct a dataset in the Chinese legal domain, encompassing over 1 million queries, and implement a data filtering and processing pipeline to ensure its diversity and quality. Our training approach involves a novel two-stage process: initially fine-tuning LLMs on both legal-specific and general-purpose content to equip the models with broad knowledge, followed by exclusive fine-tuning on high-quality legal data to enhance structured output generation. InternLM-Law achieves the highest average performance on LawBench, outperforming state-of-the-art models, including GPT-4, on 13 out of 20 subtasks. We make InternLM-Law and our dataset publicly available to facilitate future research in applying LLMs within the legal domain.

Jnaneshwar Baslingker, Riddhipratim Basu, Sudeshna Bhattacharjee et al.

It is well-known that the largest eigenvalue of an $n\times n$ GUE matrix and the length of a longest increasing subsequence in a uniform random permutation of length $n$, both converge weakly to the GUE Tracy-Widom distribution as $n\to \infty$. We consider the sequences of the largest eigenvalues of the $n\times n$ principal minor of an infinite GUE matrix, and the the lengths of longest increasing subsequences of a growing sequence of random permutations (which, by the RSK bijection corresponds to the top row of the Young diagrams growing according to the Plancherel growth process), and establish laws of fractional logarithms for these. That is, we show that, under a further scaling of $(\log n)^{2/3}$ and $(\log n)^{1/3}$, the $\limsup$ and $\liminf$ respectively of these scaled quantities converge almost surely to explicit non-zero and finite constants. Our results provide complete solutions to two questions raised by Kalai in 2013. We affirm a conjecture of Paquette and Zeitouni (Ann. Probab., 2017), and give a new proof of $\limsup$, due to Paquette and Zeitouni (Ann. Probab., 2017), who provided a partial solution in the case of GUE minor process.

Jianwei Sun, Qingsong He, Haofeng Wang

Cellular Automaton (CA) is widely used because of its ability to simulate complex spatiotemporal dynamic processes through applying simple rules. The basis of the CA model is the definition of transformation rules. During a simulation process, the rules determine the change of the cell state. However, existing processing methods calculate the driving factors based on single-point time (start time or end time), making it difficult to reflect the fact that numerous driving factors affecting the cell conversion dynamically change with time. Based on the time dynamics perspective and the data set of multiple time series, this paper designs a method of dynamic adjustment of driving factors of urban expansion on the local cell-scale. It uses linear, exponential, logarithmic, and polynomial fitting to develop a CA model of dynamic adjustment that conforms to the characteristics of local spatial evolution. The main conclusions of the paper are as follows: (1) The polynomial fitting has the highest average R2, indicating that the driving factors experiences large fluctuations over time; (2) Secondly, the simulation result kappa obtained by the four fitting methods is between 0.781–0.810, which is higher than the simulation accuracy obtained by using only a single time point. In other words, the factor does not dynamically fit with time and (3) The fitting accuracy of road density is a key indicator of correct and incorrect simulation parts of construction land. Our results demonstrate that the precision of the CA model may be significantly improved by capturing the time development law of environmental variables affecting urban development at the micro-scale.

Marie-Hélène Dabat Partiot, Gonzalo Alfredo Rodríguez Borray

La homogeneización de los patrones alimentarios ha afectado la producción de la papa, provocando que se concentre en pocas variedades, incidiendo en la desaparición de otras papas de gran valor cultural, biológico, y nutricional. Conscientes de esa pérdida de biodiversidad para la seguridad y soberanía alimentaria, es interesante conocer la experiencia de don Pedro Briceño, un agricultor y microempresario boyacense, pionero en el rescate y producción de papas nativas. En este documento se presentan apartes de una entrevista realizada a don Pedro, dedicado al cultivo de papa y hortalizas en el municipio de Ventaquemada (Boyacá, Colombia), quien ha logrado posicionar diferentes especies autóctonas andinas en restaurantes y mercados de Bogotá. La entrevista profundiza en su experiencia y brinda algunas recomendaciones para el trabajo colectivo entre entidades de investigación agrícola (como AGROSAVIA y CIRAD) y empresas de productores campesinos para el rescate de estas especies.  

Georges-André Silber

We present preliminary results about Legistix, a tool we are developing to automatically consolidate the French and European law. Legistix is based both on regular expressions used in several compound grammars, similar to the successive passes of a compiler, and on a new specialized language of functional type, allowing to describe the changes applied to the texts. Instead of creating manually a full consolidated version of a text at each modification date, Legistix generates automatically programs from legal documents written in natural language to automatically create the consolidated versions.

Michael T. Olexa, Christopher Hill

Circular 1139, a multi-part handbook, helps Floridians recognize which agricultural and household activities may involve solid and hazardous wastes. It also provides an introduction to the agencies and statutes that govern solid and hazardous waste disposal.  

Andrew A. Brown, Juan J. Fernandez-Tajes, Mun-gwan Hong et al.

Abstract We evaluate the shared genetic regulation of mRNA molecules, proteins and metabolites derived from whole blood from 3029 human donors. We find abundant allelic heterogeneity, where multiple variants regulate a particular molecular phenotype, and pleiotropy, where a single variant associates with multiple molecular phenotypes over multiple genomic regions. The highest proportion of share genetic regulation is detected between gene expression and proteins (66.6%), with a further median shared genetic associations across 49 different tissues of 78.3% and 62.4% between plasma proteins and gene expression. We represent the genetic and molecular associations in networks including 2828 known GWAS variants, showing that GWAS variants are more often connected to gene expression in trans than other molecular phenotypes in the network. Our work provides a roadmap to understanding molecular networks and deriving the underlying mechanism of action of GWAS variants using different molecular phenotypes in an accessible tissue.

Michael T. Olexa, Christopher Hill

Circular 1139, a multi-part handbook, helps Floridians recognize which agricultural and household activities may involve solid and hazardous wastes. It also provides an introduction to the agencies and statutes that govern solid and hazardous waste disposal.  

Tom LaGatta

George Price introduced his famous equation to study selective and environmental effects in discrete populations. We extend Price's framework to the measurable and quantum cases, decomposing all evolutionary processes into selective and environmental components. We also extend Fisher's fundamental theorem, showing that selective change of relative fitness equals variance of relative fitness. We introduce novel selective and environmental entropy functionals. Selective entropy is non-positive, representing biological negentropy, and environmental entropy is non-negative, representing physical entropy. Environmental entropy further decomposes into dispersion and mixing entropies. We prove four novel Laws of Natural Selection, showing that selection consistently acts to increase selection, but can be disrupted by environmental change. We apply convex analysis to variance and entropy functionals and their selective changes, and equilibrium processes arise to optimize these inequalities. These laws are inspired by but distinct from the classical Thermodynamic Laws. Our Zeroth Law is a refinement of Fisher's theorem, showing that variance of relative fitness is bounded below by a quantity depending on the child-bearing population. Our First Law shows that selective acceleration of relative fitness is also bounded below, depending on the variance. This is a non-conservative, selective version of the Thermodynamic First Law. Our Second Law shows that the selective change of selective entropy and its selective acceleration are similarly bounded by non-positive constants. This is a formal, rigorous version of the Thermodynamic Second Law. Our Third Law shows that for a class of equilibrium processes, selective change of environmental entropy vanishes, and otherwise may vary in an open window around zero. This is a selective version of the Third Law of Thermodynamics.

Ruiqiu Pang, Ning Hu, Jingrui Zhou et al.

From the perspective of the production–living–ecological space, this paper reclassifies the land-use categories in the central and southern Liaoning urban agglomeration in the years 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2018. It then quantitatively analyzes the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of land-use transitions by adopting the land-use transfer matrix and other methods. This paper further uses the eco-environmental quality index and ecological contribution rate to explore the eco-environmental effects of the land-use transition. Finally, it identifies the influencing factors of the eco-environmental effect and the spatial differentiation law of the effect in the study area through the multi-scale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) model. The main conclusions reached are as follows: (1) During the study period, a slow increase was seen in the ecological land of the central and southern Liaoning urban agglomeration. A sharp decline occurred in the production land, and a rapid rise was found in the living land. (2) From 1990 to 2018, the eco-environmental quality index in the study region showed significant spatial differentiation, with the distribution characteristics being high in the east and low in the west. The areas have expanded and spread along the Shenyang-Dalian axis to form medium-low quality agglomerations. The encroachment of agricultural production land and urban and rural living land on forest ecological land is the main contributor to the deterioration of the eco-environmental quality during the study period. (3) Compared with the geographically weighted regression model and the ordinary least squares model, a remarkable advancement can be seen in the MGWR model, which is more suitable for research on the influencing factors of eco-environmental quality. In addition, different influencing factors have significant spatial differences in the degree and scale of impact.

Olivier Barrière

The French legislator introduced the concept of ecological solidarity into the law in 2006 as a bio-ecological relationship between areas, and then this concept was established as a general principle in 2016 in the Environmental code by calling for the consideration of "the interactions of ecosystems, living beings and natural or developed environments" in decision-making. Even with a restrictive definition of ecological solidarity, avoiding mentioning any interdependence, its introduction into the law is a major step towards an overcoming that will allow an indispensable transformation of modern Western society in the face of the ecological emergency (climate, health, biodiversity). The analysis of the input of this solidarity of living beings must be perceived as a Trojan horse in the cave of naturalism. State law will have to reinvent itself by getting out of a development scheme. It must operate a mutation articulated around a common relational ontology, called "coviabilist", within the framework of a legal pluralism. This reinvention of law can only be achieved by bringing together the societies of the Living, human and non-human making socio-ecosystem. Ecological solidarity opens the perspectives of a right/law of coviability by formalizing the interactions within living beings and environments through the link of viability, as a link of right.

Andrea Tagarelli, Andrea Simeri

Modeling law search and retrieval as prediction problems has recently emerged as a predominant approach in law intelligence. Focusing on the law article retrieval task, we present a deep learning framework named LamBERTa, which is designed for civil-law codes, and specifically trained on the Italian civil code. To our knowledge, this is the first study proposing an advanced approach to law article prediction for the Italian legal system based on a BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) learning framework, which has recently attracted increased attention among deep learning approaches, showing outstanding effectiveness in several natural language processing and learning tasks. We define LamBERTa models by fine-tuning an Italian pre-trained BERT on the Italian civil code or its portions, for law article retrieval as a classification task. One key aspect of our LamBERTa framework is that we conceived it to address an extreme classification scenario, which is characterized by a high number of classes, the few-shot learning problem, and the lack of test query benchmarks for Italian legal prediction tasks. To solve such issues, we define different methods for the unsupervised labeling of the law articles, which can in principle be applied to any law article code system. We provide insights into the explainability and interpretability of our LamBERTa models, and we present an extensive experimental analysis over query sets of different type, for single-label as well as multi-label evaluation tasks. Empirical evidence has shown the effectiveness of LamBERTa, and also its superiority against widely used deep-learning text classifiers and a few-shot learner conceived for an attribute-aware prediction task.

Maria Maniadaki, Athanasios Papathanasopoulos, Lilian Mitrou et al.

Using remote sensing technologies to ensure environmental protection responds to the need of protection of a right and a public good and interest. However, the increasing introduction of these technologies has raised new challenges, such as their interference with the rights of privacy and personal data, which are also protected fundamental rights. In this paper the importance of remote sensing technologies as tools for environmental monitoring and environmental law enforcement is analyzed, while legal issues regarding privacy and data protection from their use for environmental purposes are presented. Existing legislation for reconciling emerging conflicts is also examined and major European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) and Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) case law on the issue is approached. Finally, recent developments in Greek legislation and their application perspectives in environmental law are presented as a timely “case study”.

Peter Hintz

We prove Price's law with an explicit leading order term for solutions $φ(t,x)$ of the scalar wave equation on a class of stationary asymptotically flat $(3+1)$-dimensional spacetimes including subextremal Kerr black holes. Our precise asymptotics in the full forward causal cone imply in particular that $φ(t,x)=c t^{-3}+\mathcal O(t^{-4+})$ for bounded $|x|$, where $c\in\mathbb C$ is an explicit constant. This decay also holds along the event horizon on Kerr spacetimes and thus renders a result by Luk-Sbierski on the linear scalar instability of the Cauchy horizon unconditional. We moreover prove inverse quadratic decay of the radiation field, with explicit leading order term. We establish analogous results for scattering by stationary potentials with inverse cubic spatial decay. On the Schwarzschild spacetime, we prove pointwise $t^{-2 l-3}$ decay for waves with angular frequency at least $l$, and $t^{-2 l-4}$ decay for waves which are in addition initially static. This definitively settles Price's law for linear scalar waves in full generality. The heart of the proof is the analysis of the resolvent at low energies. Rather than constructing its Schwartz kernel explicitly, we proceed more directly using the geometric microlocal approach to the limiting absorption principle pioneered by Melrose and recently extended to the zero energy limit by Vasy.