This study aims to re-examine the word calligraphy by its definitions and perceptions within the Western writing tradition. Conventionally translated as “the art of beautiful handwriting,” this definition causes an anachronistic framework that does not align with the functional role of writing in Western manuscript culture. From late antiquity through the pre-Gutenberg era, calligraphy was primarily executed by scribes as a craft of recording, copying, and transmitting texts for religious, scholarly, and administrative purposes rather than as a form of artistic expression. The term calligraphy itself did not yet exist, nor did the modern concept of art, making the retroactive application of “art of beautiful writing” historically inaccurate. Moreover, the semantic confusion arises from the Western use of calligraphy being conflated with Chinese shufa (the art and the discipline of writing), Japanese shodo (art of writing, a way of writing), and Islamic khatt (line, streak, stripe, trach, path, road), which vary in distinct cultural, philosophical, and spiritual values. The revival movements of the twentieth century and contemporary experimental practices have transformed calligraphy into a personal expression and a refined aesthetic. Thus, through writing-like gestures, abstraction, and visual imagery, calligraphy has evolved into an interdisciplinary and performative discipline. This situation causes the terminological confusion to be based on erroneous evaluations made in the historical context. Within this context, this paper argues that such conceptual overlaps and linguistic projections result in misnomers that obscure the specific historical and functional dimensions of Western writing. Through documentary research based on dictionaries, critical texts, encyclopedias, manuals, and scholarly analyses, this study suggests a more apparent terminological distinction and a historically grounded re-evaluation of what constitutes “calligraphy” within the Western canon.
Sarwendah Puspita Dewi, Tamara Adriani Salim, Muhamad Prabu Wibowo
Latar belakang: Preservasi pengetahuan di lembaga penerbitan membutuhkan pengelolaan pada banyak aspeknya. Jika tidak ada upaya preservasi yang memadai, maka akan banyak informasi berharga yang tidak terdokumentasi dengan baik atau terancam hilang di lingkup lembaga penerbitan Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi isu utama dalam preservasi pengetahuan di bidang penerbitan, teknologi yang digunakan dalam praktik preservasi dalam ranah penerbitan, serta rekomendasi untuk meningkatkan efektivitas preservasi pengetahuan di bidang penerbitan. Metode: Metode yang digunakan adalah kualitatif dengan pendekatan systematic literature review. Database yang digunakan bersumber dari Scopus, dengan rentang waktu 2015–2024. Artikel yang diperoleh sebanyak 324, namun setelah dilakukan seleksi berdasarkan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi yang telah ditetapkan, diperoleh 5 artikel terseleksi. Data penelitian dianalisis dengan menggunakan analisis deskriptif untuk mengidentifikasi isu utama praktik preservasi pengetahuan di lembaga penerbitan, metode yang digunakan, dan rekomendasi yang diberikan. Hasil: Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa isu utama preservasi pengetahuan di lembaga penerbitan mencakup teknik preservasi hasil publikasi di lembaga penerbitan, seperti jurnal, buku, serta ensiklopedi agama, dan juga kebutuhan kritis untuk melestarikan informasi yang terkait dengan informasi mengenai dewan editorial jurnal akademik. Kemudian, pelestarian ini memanfaatkan teknologi pengarsipan internet atau berbasis website. Kesimpulan: Dari ekstraksi data yang dihasilkan dapat diketahui rekomendasi terkait pelestarian sumber informasi ilmiah sesuai dengan isu preservasi pengetahuan yang berkembang di masing-masing lembaga penerbitan, yakni meliputi optimalisasi hubungan eksternal dan kondisi internal organisasi penerbitan.
Background: Knowledge preservation in publishing institutions requires management in many aspects. If there are no adequate preservation efforts, then there will be a lot of valuable information that is not well documented or is at risk of being lost in the scope of publishing institutions. Purpose: This study aims to identify the main issues in knowledge preservation in the field of publishing, the technology used in preservation practices in the realm of publishing, and recommendations for improving the effectiveness of knowledge preservation in the field of publishing. Methods: The method used is qualitative with a systematic literature review approach. The database used is sourced from Scopus, with a time span of 2015– 2024. The articles obtained were 324, but after selection based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria that had been set, 5 selected articles were obtained. The research data were analyzed using descriptive analysis to identify the main issues of knowledge preservation practices in publishing institutions, the methods used, and the recommendations given. Results: The study shows that the main issues of knowledge preservation in publishing institutions include preservation techniques for publication results in publishing institutions, such as journals, books, and religious encyclopedias, as well as the critical need to preserve information related to information regarding the editorial board of academic journals. Then, this preservation utilizes internet or website-based archiving technology. Conclusion: From the resulting data extraction, recommendations related to the preservation of scientific information sources can be identified in accordance with the issues of knowledge preservation that are developing in each publishing institution, namely including optimizing external relations and internal conditions of the publishing organization.
Bibliography. Library science. Information resources
Authoritative citations are critical to ensure information integrity, especially in encyclopedias like Wikipedia. To date, research on automating citation worthiness detection has largely focused on the most resourceful language, English Wikipedia, neglecting the applicability to smaller Wikipedias. In addition, previous research proposed models that analyze the content inherent to a sentence to determine its citation worthiness, overlooking the potential of additional context to improve the prediction. Addressing these gaps, our study proposes a transformer-based contextualized approach for smaller Wikipedias, presenting a novel method to compile high-quality datasets for the Albanian, Basque, and Catalan editions. We develop the Contextualized Citation Worthiness (CCW) model, employing sentence representations enriched with adjacent sentences and topic categories for enhanced contextual insight. Empirical experiments on three newly created datasets demonstrate significant performance improvements of our contextualized CCW model, with 6%, 3% and 6% absolute improvements over the baseline for Albanian, Basque and Catalan datasets, respectively. We conduct an in-depth analysis to understand the influence and extent to which preceding and succeeding context as well as topic categories contribute to the accuracy of citation-worthiness predictions. Our findings suggest that incorporating such contextual information aids in the automatic identification of sentences in need of citations, not least when both the preceding and succeeding context are incorporated. This has implications for supporting Wikipedia projects across low-resource languages, promoting better article validation and fact-checking.
Computational linguistics. Natural language processing
The article examines the 19th – 21st centuries historiography of the localization of the town of Afatkun, mentioned in the 14th – early 15th centuries encyclopedias of the Mamluk period by employees of the state Chancellery of Egypt al-Umari and al-Qalqashandi. According to the encyclopedias, Afatkun was located north of the city of Bulgar. The most common versions of researchers are: Afatkun is the land of the Visu or Vogul people or these peoples themselves; Afatkun is the Rozhdestvenskoye settlement archaeological site on the Upper Kama; Afatkun is one of the cities of Vyatka land with the Russian name Vyatka. It is established that for the most accurate localization of this settlement, a combination of four factors is necessary: identification of the correct reading of the name and its interpretation; translation into the metric system of the number of days of travel from Bulgar to this locality; astronomical and mathematical calculation of the northern latitude of the locality based on the duration of the shortest night in it; the time of appearance of this locality in the Egyptian encyclopedias. Considering all factors, it was found that at present the most well-grounded is the A. N. Polyak — V. V. Napolskykh version that the town, correctly read as Afatkun, was located on the territory of the somewhat later formed Vyatka land, named in the al-Qalqashandi encyclopedia by the same name, and is identified with the Russian name Vyatka. This means that the toponym Vyatka appeared in the al-Umari encyclopedia about 25–30 years earlier than in the all-Russian chronicles.
The Bulgarian Encyclopedia Scientific Information Centre is a constituent part of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, responsible for the compilation and publication of encyclopedias and encyclopedic reference books. Its work follows the tradition of encyclopedic knowledge in Bulgarian culture dating back to medieval collections from the court of Tsar Simeon I in the 9th to 10th centuries. Encyclopedic content is also contained in the first Bulgarian schoolbook, published in 1824, and in the growing interest in reference publications before and after the liberation of Bulgaria from the Ottoman Empire in 1878. The first Bulgarian general encyclopedia, the Encyclopedic Dictionary, was published in 1899–1907, followed by the popular Bulgarian Encyclopedia A-Ya in 1936. A specialised unit for the preparation of encyclopedias and encyclopedic reference literature was established at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences in 1955 under the name Bulgarian Encyclopedia, and was renamed the Bulgarian Encyclopaedia Scientific Information Centre in 2003. The Centre’s mission is to disseminate scientific knowledge widely and in an accessible form. The Centre’s main activities include the compilation and preparation of general one-volume and multi-volume encyclopedias, the development of methodological guidelines and technologies for new publications, the preparation of thematic vocabularies of the articles and illustrations of the editions, and editorial and compiling work. The publications of the Bulgarian Encyclopedia Scientific Information Centre are of a high academic level, and the editorial and compilation work is carried out by experienced scientific encyclopedic editors, which guarantees the high professional standards of the publications. Multiple editions of the Bulgarian Encyclopedia have been published, covering a wide range of topics such as history, science, culture, and more. The Centre has also published thematic encyclopedias and electronic versions of its work, and collaborates with various organisations and publishers to continue its responsible activity of national importance.
The article is dedicated to the recently published online encyclopedia “Significant Figures of Ukrainian Origin in World Civilization” (Kyiv, 2022, https://ukrainci.top). The work’s idea, features of the structure and encyclopedic content are outlined. The first part of the online publication includes biographical articles about personalities who made a significant contribution to the development of world civilization. The second part is about the heroes of the nowaday Russian war against Ukraine, who not only fight for itself country, but also heroically and victoriously defend the civilizational values of the world.
[Статтю присвячено нещодавно опублікованій онлайн-енциклопедії “Знакові постаті українського походження у світовій цивілізації” (Київ, 2022, https://ukrainci.top). Окреслено ідею, особливості структури та енциклопедичного контенту. Перша частина видання вміщує біографічні статті про персоналії, які здійснили вагомий внесок у розвиток світової цивілізації. Друга – про героїв сучасної війни, які не лише захищають Україну, а й відстоюють цивілізаційні цінності світу.]
Objectives: the main objective of this work is to analyze the editing conflicts that occur in the community of Wikipedia editors. To this end, it raises the need to identify different types of studies, as well as the analysis methods used and their theoretical frameworks of reference. Finally, we consider the possibility of establishing a general framework of explanation that can support the study of the information behaviour of the Wikipedia editor community. Methodology: the analysis was conducted using qualitative content analysis of a set of scientific studies published on the subject under study. Results: the results obtained allow us to affirm that there are three main types of studies whose theoretical approaches and analysis methods are heterogeneous. A broad explanatory frame is proposed, based on the notion of psychological property, in which quantitative and qualitative analysis techniques can be combined.
Bibliography. Library science. Information resources, Communication. Mass media
This study aims to describe efforts to optimize students' socio-religious values through conceptual role-playing methods. This study uses library research, in which research objects are usually explored through a variety of library information (books, encyclopedias, scientific journals, newspapers, magazines, and documents). Data sources in library research are primary sources and secondary sources. The data collection technique is a documentation technique. The analysis technique used is deductive, descriptive method and document analysis. The results of the study are that the implementation of role-playing activities can be carried out with 4 steps, namely environmental steps, steps before playing, steps during play, and steps after playing. The role-playing method can improve the development of students' socio-religious values. The increased social and religious development of students is evidenced by children who like to help friends and adults, children who want to share with others, children who are used to being friendly, children who are accustomed to respecting elders, children who listen and pay attention when their friends talk, children can distinguish between right and wrong actions. wrong, able to be responsible, children can work together, children can recognize their feelings and manage them naturally, and children can show empathy.
Tahereh Shakeri, Assie Jokar, Mostafa Moallemi
et al.
Background and purpose: Anatomy is a branch of science that deals with different parts of human body and its organizational structure. It has various goals, such as insight into the divine perfection and understanding the causes of diseases and their treatments. Anatomy in the Islamic era included physiology too. This research aimed at providing an overview on anatomy in the Reference Materials of Persian Medicine.
Materials and methods: A qualitative study (content-analytic library research) was performed based on the books of Persian medicine. This study was conducted at several stages; finding the keywords, searching in reference texts of Iranian-Islamic medicine, in history books and Islamic encyclopedias, and in Persian and Latin electronic banks, then sorting, organizing, and comparing the information.
Results: Anatomical knowledge is prerequisite to treatment and surgery. The works of Muslim scientists on anatomy, like the Europeans, were found to be influenced by the works of Galen. According to evidence, Muslim doctors performed autopsy and were great surgeons.
Conclusion: The basis of the new anatomy enhanced by Vesalius is similar to the Iranian-Islamic anatomy that was introduced to Europe after revising the texts of Galen. Considering the holistic viewpoints in Persian medicine, further research is needed to adapt that to modern medicine.
Digital identity has become a significant paradigm in variety of fields such as, sociology, psychology, social studies, information science and software engineering. Digital identity, as an interdisciplinary research field has a plurality of concepts and terms. Therefore, Ontology is able to define a common cognitive literature and basis for active researchers and specialists in this field who need to share information.
In this research a great effort was used to study digital identity using the qualitative method of “domain analysis” and to use a population of more than 228 information sources of scientific outcomes such as, articles, theses, identified books and reports from Google Scholar database, online encyclopedias, lectures and training videos, and other keyword-based online sources which can be accessed by keywords of this field on Google. Identification, aspect extraction and digital identity-related ontology were also conducted and the identified OWL language-based ontology was represented using OWLGrEd and webovowl software and then experts’ views were studied and reviewed ontologically.
Different definitions and keywords of this field were identified by the conducted survey and the ontology of digital identity was provided. Features of digital identity was provided from 10 different aspects such as paradigms, constituent content, producers, data, identity representation, control, durability, life cycle, awareness and risk-challenge levels, and finally a new definition of digital identity was explained based on the extracted ontology from the field.
Bibliography. Library science. Information resources
In Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine, in articles about scientists there is a tendency to cover other activities, in which they have manifested themselves in addition to science. In this regard, the study traces the main problems that arise in the preparation of an article information when a person is submitting in science as well as in other activities (social activity, policy, art, literature, sports, etc.). Biographical information in articles about scientists depends on their implementation level in several areas of life.
Encyclopedias are studied in view of an effect of the encyclopedic information on the public opinion. It is noted that during the Soviet era, the most important encyclopedias, such as the Soviet Encyclopedia or the Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia, functioned as a strategic tool for the propaganda of communist ideology, the popularization of Soviet socialism, and others like that. It is concluded that nowadays the making of national encyclopedias can be considered as an effective activity in promoting of national values in Ukrainian contemporary society.