Hasil untuk "Electric apparatus and materials. Electric circuits. Electric networks"

Muhamad Ihsan Nuril Anwar, Margareta Hardiyanti

– In today's digital era, the effectiveness of user interface (UI) design is key to the success of a digital platform, as it can increase user engagement, loyalty, and support institutional goals. By contrast, a lack of UI can cause frustration and reduce the effectiveness of information delivery. Unitrend is a data platform developed by the Institute for Policy Development (PolDev) at Universitas Gadjah Mada, which aims to present and analyze issues in Indonesia, including social, economic, and political issues. However, the initial design of Unitrend faced issues of accessibility and ease of use, which in turn affected the effectiveness of the platform. This research aims to respond to these issues by redesigning the UI using two complementary methods. Lean UX focuses on team collaboration and rapid iteration, while Design Thinking focuses more on empathy and deep understanding of user needs. Test results showed significant improvements in usability. The redesign with Lean UX achieved a success rate of 97.61%, while Design Thinking gave the highest result with a success rate of 99.52% and better time-based efficiency. Based on the User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ) results, both methods showed improvement in all categories, with Design Thinking results proving higher. Although both approaches significantly improve the quality of user experience, Design Thinking is considered more optimal in improving user effectiveness and satisfaction. The findings are expected to provide concrete solutions to improve Unitrend’s UI design quality. Additionally, this study aims to contribute to the development of UI design guidelines for similar digital platforms, enhance information delivery, and enrich the literature on applying both methods in UI redesign

Aaron Chan, Guoxin Zheng, Dechen Zhang et al.

ABSTRACT Extreme magnetoresistance (XMR) is a phenomenon characterized by an increase in resistance by factors of 104–107% when a magnetic field is applied. This phenomenon is found in a number of semimetals such as WTe2, PtSn4, Cd3As2, and LaSb. The origin of XMR is still hotly debated, possibly with different materials having different (or multiple) explanations. Extreme transverse magnetoresistance of up to 8000% at 14 T and 1.8 K is measured in TiZn16, a semimetal with a multitude of bands crossing the Fermi energy, akin to PtSn4. The magnetoresistance is suppressed when the magnetic field is rotated to be parallel to the applied current, similar to PtSn4 and PdSn4. The resistance of TiZn16 follows Kohler's rule, but displays different behavior under an applied transverse field and under a longitudinal magnetic field, suggesting distinct electrical phases. Also present are Shubnikov‐de Haas and de Haas‐van Alphen oscillations with a transverse magnetic field up to 43 T, showing that despite an insulator‐like temperature‐resistance curve, charge carriers are still present. This positions TiZn16 as an interesting addition to the investigation of XMR materials as a multi‐band metal with complex Fermi surface geometries.

J. Song, Changmin Lim, Jae-Seung Jeong et al.

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) rely on precise spike timing for computation; however, their performance often suffers jitter-induced errors and constraints on synaptic weight updates. In this study, we address this challenge by expanding the neuronal integration window, enhancing temporal robustness while maintaining efficient learning dynamics. We introduce a material-driven approach to expand the operational window of artificial neuron devices, which is defined as the difference between the threshold voltage (Vth) and holding voltage (Vhold), in ovonic threshold switch (OTS)-based neurons, demonstrating its direct impact on synaptic weight updates and error mitigation. Carbon doping in GeTe-based OTS devices is employed to systematically modulate trap depth variations under an electric field, achieving precise control over Vth and Vhold. Electrical measurements confirm that an optimal 3.4% carbon concentration maximizes the operational window, stabilizing threshold switching and ensuring reliable neuronal operation. To reveal the atomic-scale mechanisms behind this behavior, we perform density functional theory (DFT) simulations, analyzing coordination number and bond angles to elucidate how carbon incorporation modifies trap distributions and influences device characteristics. Finally, we assess the practical impact of operational window expansion by implementing the optimized OTS neurons in a learning framework based on the tempotron learning rule, revealing enhanced spike timing robustness and reduced synaptic weight update constraints. This study provides a scalable pathway toward more reliable spike-based neuromorphic computing to advance the next generation of artificial intelligence hardware. Carbon doping in GeTe-based ovonic threshold switch devices widens the voltage window and enhances switching stability. The expanded voltage window is experimentally verified to correspond to the neuronal integration window in hardware neuron circuits. The C:GeTe-based neuron device stabilizes spike-based signal processing under timing fluctuations. This work links material-level modification to neuromorphic performance, bridging electronic device physics and brain-inspired computing. Carbon doping in GeTe-based ovonic threshold switch devices widens the voltage window and enhances switching stability. The expanded voltage window is experimentally verified to correspond to the neuronal integration window in hardware neuron circuits. The C:GeTe-based neuron device stabilizes spike-based signal processing under timing fluctuations. This work links material-level modification to neuromorphic performance, bridging electronic device physics and brain-inspired computing.

Hao Tian, Junqiu Liu, A. Siddharth et al.

Integrated photonics enables signal synthesis, modulation and conversion using photonic integrated circuits (PICs). Many materials have been developed, among which silicon nitride (Si3N4) has emerged as a leading platform particularly for nonlinear photonics. Low-loss Si3N4 PICs have been widely used for frequency comb generation, narrow-linewidth lasers, microwave photonics and photonic computing networks. Yet, among all demonstrated functionalities for Si3N4 integrated photonics, optical non-reciprocal devices such as isolators and circulators have not been achieved. Conventionally, they are realized based on the Faraday effect of magneto-optic materials under an external magnetic field; however, it has been challenging to integrate magneto-optic materials that are not compatible with complementary metal–oxide–semiconductors and that require bulky external magnet. Here we demonstrate a magnetic-free optical isolator based on aluminium nitride (AlN) piezoelectric modulators monolithically integrated on low-loss Si3N4 PICs. The transmission reciprocity is broken by spatio-temporal modulation of a Si3N4 microring resonator with three AlN bulk acoustic wave resonators that are driven with a rotational phase. This design creates an effective rotating acoustic wave that allows indirect interband transition in only one direction among a pair of strongly coupled optical modes. A maximum of 10 dB isolation is achieved under 300 mW total radiofrequency power applied to three actuators, with minimum insertion loss of 0.1 dB. An isolation bandwidth of 700 MHz is obtained, determined by the optical resonance linewidth. The isolation remains constant over nearly 30 dB dynamic range of optical input power, showing excellent optical linearity. Our integrated, linear, magnetic-free, electrically driven optical isolator could be a key building block for integrated lasers and optical interfaces for superconducting circuits. An electrically driven, magnetic-free optical isolator is demonstrated. The device, based on aluminium nitride piezoelectric modulators and a silicon nitride microring resonator, may be useful for integrated lasers and other opto-electric systems.

Jishi Zhou, Mingzi Liu, Siqi Gao et al.

Smart sensor networks play important roles in structural monitoring, health diagnosis, and data transmission. Given their extensive distributed energy requirements, piezoelectric energy harvesting, which aims to convert mechanical vibrational energy into electrical power, can serve as a viable alternative or supplement to power supplies owing to its compact size, high power density, and excellent stability. Piezoelectric energy harvesting involves three key components: piezoelectric materials responsible for mechanical-to-electrical energy conversion, mechanical structures enabling mechanical-to-mechanical energy transmission, and power-management systems used to efficiently extract electrical energy. For electromechanical conversion, state-of-the-art piezoelectric materials, including crystals, ceramics, polymers, and composites, are analyzed. Regarding mechanical energy transmission, the focus is on methodologies to achieve high power output, wide bandwidth, and multi-directional vibration capability. Several widely adopted electrical circuits are comprehensively reviewed in terms of power management. From an application perspective, practical energy harvesters are categorized into magneto-mechano-electric, fluid-based, biomechanical, and ultrasound-induced types. Additionally, future theoretical and practical challenges in piezoelectric energy harvesting are discussed.

Ling Huang, Dezhen Zhao, Xinwen Yan et al.

Abstract Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have attracted tremendous attention owing to their extensive applications on bioelectronics and neuromorphic computing during recent decades. Printing techniques have provided broad prospects for large‐scale, highly efficient, low‐cost, and low temperature manufacturing of OECTs upon traditional lithography‐based techniques. In this review, the recent progress on printed OECT is comprehensively summarized, covering aspects of ink materials, printing strategies, and emerging applications. In particular, device performance of printed OECTs is taken into comparison upon various printing techniques. Furthermore, printed OECT exhibits powerful potential on applications ranging from biochemical sensors to neuromorphic computing, which also deeply discussed in this review. Finally, critical challenges that printed OECTs have to face are listed, following with one‐by‐one possible solutions and research directions in near future.

Shengyu Yang, Peng Wu, Yanfei Sheng et al.

Abstract The majority of published studies evaluating microwave absorbing (MA) materials focus on calculating reflectivity, identifying materials with lower reflectivity as having “good absorption capability”. However, Rozanov et al. posited that reflection minimum depth is insufficient as the quality criteria—a viewpoint that remains under‐recognized in scientific discourse so far. This study leverages the quarter‐wavelength wavelength relationship in conjunction with transmission line theory to engineer various microwave absorbers composed of ferromagnetic or dielectric materials. The results indicate that each of these absorbers can achieves perfect matching (Zin/Z0 = 1), suggesting that, in practice, they can all achieve the best reflection loss (RL) value of negative infinity, thereby affirming Rozanov ′s perspective. In order to be able to better evaluate MA materials, it is identified that the squared refractive index at perfect matching, denoted as (με)p, serves as a robust quality metric. Experimental results indicate that materials with a higher (με)p value exhibit superior absorption performance. Furthermore, this metric offers valuable insights for the design of low‐frequency thin‐layer absorbers and for identifying better MA materials. These findings underscore an indissociable link between MA device performance and MA material characteristics.

Danylo Babich, Julien Tranchant, Coline Adda et al.

Abstract The rise of the electronic age sparked a quest for increasingly faster and smaller switches, since this element is ubiquitous and foundational in any electronic circuit to regulate the flow of current. Mott insulators are promising candidates to meet this need as they undergo extremely fast resistive switching under electric field initiated by an avalanche phenomena. However, the nature of the final switched state is still under debate. The spatially resolved micro‐X‐ray Diffraction  imaging and micro‐Raman experiments carried out on the prototypal Mott insulator (V0.95Cr0.05)2O3 show that the resistive switching is associated with the creation of a conducting filamentary path consisting in an isosymmetric compressed phase without any chemical or symmetry change. This strongly suggests that the avalanche initiated resistive switching mechanism is inherited from the bandwidth‐controlled Mott‐Hubbard transition just like the laser induced insulator to metal transition recently studied in the same system. This discovery may hence ease the development of a new branch of electronics called Mottronics.

Paul Korn, Marcus Praast, Andreas Reinhold et al.

Output capacitance losses in modern semiconductor devices become increasingly relevant with fast switching power converters. One widely used method to measure such losses is the Sawyer-Tower circuit. A new voltage generation approach is proposed to handle the highly variable capacitive load in a Sawyer-Tower circuit. An LLC resonant converter is applied to generate the high voltage, high frequency sinusoidal excitation voltage, overcoming limitations of HF amplifiers. An external DC voltage source is introduced to prevent reverse conduction of the device under test, ensuring accurate charge-voltage (Q-V) characterization. Measurements under this voltage excitation are presented. The calculated dissipated energy is verified by thermal measurements observing the temperature rise of the DUT, showing less than 6% deviation. This article presents a scalable and practical setup for power semiconductor characterization at high voltages.

Aimal Khan, Muhammad Qasim Nawaz, Xu Lu

Vibrational energy harvesters, also referred to as MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) piezoelectric energy harvesters, have garnered significant attention for their potential to power wireless sensor networks and low-power electronics without external power sources. Piezoelectric materials, due to their high energy conversion efficiency and seamless integration into microsystems, are widely utilized in such designs. In this study, we simulate MEMS piezoelectric energy harvesters using PZT (lead zirconate titanate) material, each constructed with a silicon core layer and PZT piezoelectric layers. The simulations, conducted using COMSOL Multiphysics, analyze the performance of cantilever-shaped harvesters under identical boundary conditions, including solid mechanics, electrostatics, and an electric circuit with a 10 kΩ resistive load. The results show that natural frequencies range from 100 Hz to 500 Hz depending on the cantilever shape, with the generated voltage varying between 1.2 V and 3.5 V and corresponding power outputs ranging from 0.2 μW to 1.5 μW. These variations highlight the influence of cantilever geometry on energy harvesting efficiency. The study also identifies specific advantages, such as higher power density and tunable frequency ranges, making these harvesters suitable for powering remote sensing devices and microscale electronics. By quantifying performance metrics and demonstrating shape-dependent benefits, this research provides valuable insights into the design and optimization of MEMS piezoelectric harvesters for diverse applications.Keywords: Piezoelectric vibration energy harvesters, COMSOL simulation, MEMS vibrational energy harvesters, bimorph design.

Tushar Bansal, Visalakshi Talakokula, T. Jothi Saravanan

The service life and durability of the prestressed concrete (PC) structures mainly depend on the corrosion resistance of the prestressing strands, wires, or tendons. Once corrosion occurs in the strands, identifying the location and quantifying the phases of corrosion is a very challenging task. Thus, this paper presents a novel way to monitor the corrosion process and identify the deterioration in a PC beam using an embedded piezo sensor (EPS) based on the electro-mechanical impedance (EMI) technique. The accelerated corrosion tests were conducted on a PC beam in which EPS was attached to the prestressing wire inside the beam to monitor the changes in the EMI signature during the corrosion progression. In addition, statistical damage indices such as root mean square deviation is identified to quantify the damage due to corrosion. Further, this study identifies the deterioration in mechanical changes such as stiffness, mass, and damping by extracting the equivalent structural parameters from the raw EMI signatures. Based on qualitative and quantitative results, it is found that the EPS effectively senses the changes at different time intervals during the corrosion process and identifies the damage of corrosion. Also, the equivalent stiffness parameter identified from raw EMI signatures is realistically measuring the material deterioration under corrosion and identifying the corrosion phases. Hence, it is concluded that the EMI technique based on EPS in structural health monitoring of PC beam can accurately assess the deterioration under the effect of corrosion.

Arief Zuhri, Margareta Hardiyanti, Norma Latif Fitriyani et al.

Diabetes merupakan kondisi serius pada kesehatan masyarakat serta menjadi salah satu penyebab mortalitas tertinggi secara global. Tujuan perawatan diabetes adalah mencegah atau menunda komplikasi dan mengoptimalkan kualitas hidup. American Diabetes Association (ADA) menjabarkan pendekatan multifaktorial untuk mengurangi risiko komplikasi diabetes yang diterapkan melalui perubahan gaya hidup dan edukasi. Manajemen diabetes melalui aplikasi berbasis mobile terbukti membantu individu dalam keberhasilan melakukan manajemen diabetes secara mandiri. Meskipun aplikasi yang ada telah memberikan manfaat signifikan, masih terdapat ruang untuk pengembangan lebih lanjut dalam hal efektivitas manajemen diabetes dan keberlanjutan pengembangan sistem. Pada penelitian ini, sistem monitor kadar gula darah berbasis mobile dirancang berdasarkan pendekatan multifaktorial. Teknologi pengembangan mengadopsi pendekatan Modern Android development (MAD) dari Google. Tahapan pengembangan mencakup analisis, perancangan, implementasi, dan pengujian. Implementasi menerapkan enam komponen MAD: penargetan versi Android terbaru, penggunaan Android Studio, Kotlin, Jetpack Compose, Android Jetpack, dan penerapan praktik terbaik untuk arsitektur dan pengujian. Aplikasi berhasil dibangun dengan dua fitur utama: monitor kadar gula darah dan rekomendasi perawatan diabetes. Fitur monitor menyajikan grafik gula darah, pencatatan aktivitas yang dapat memengaruhi gula darah, dan alarm gula darah. Adapun rekomendasi perawatan diabetes memberikan edukasi dan dorongan kepada pasien untuk menerapkan gaya hidup sehat. Penerapan MAD menghasilkan sistem yang skalabel dan mudah dipelihara. Dari hasil pengujian, fungsi aplikasi berjalan sesuai dengan hasil analisis dan perancangan serta tidak ditemukan kerusakan. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan agar sistem dapat membantu pasien dalam mencapai tujuan perawatan diabetes. Selain itu, sistem diharapkan dapat terus dikembangkan untuk memastikan relevansinya dan dampak yang berkelanjutan.

Lingting Huang, Dianping Tang, Zhen Yang

Abstract Biomarker identification is a tried‐and‐true method that can provide precise biological information for disease diagnosis. Prompt diagnosis, disease progression monitoring, therapy efficacy evaluation, and prognosis assessment of cancers all benefit from sensitive, rapid, and precise measurement of significant biomarkers employing chemical and immunological approaches. The study of biomolecules and immunoassay evaluations can profit greatly from recent advancements in flexible electronic materials and technologies, which provide amazing flexibility, affordability, mobility, and integration. However, an overview of the implementation of portable immunoassays in conjunction with flexible electronic devices is rare to come by. This review focuses on recent breakthroughs in flexible electronic materials and devices for portable biomarker testing, which provides an extensive summary of flexible electrical components and sensing‐capable devices, emphasizing their adaptability in the construction of biosensing platforms. These platforms employ various signal transduction systems to record biological affinity recognition events, including pressure, temperature, electrical parameters, colorimetric signals, and other physical features. The challenges for portable, integrated, intelligent, and multifunctional immunoassays based on flexible sensing devices are also discussed. The portable immunoassays with flexible electronics would unlock the potential to transform clinical diagnostics into non‐clinical personalized treatments and achieve home‐based point‐of‐care testing for daily monitoring.

Musa Hussain, Hijab Zahra, Syed Muzahir Abbas et al.

Abstract Dielectrics are non‐conducting substances that are primarily utilized to hold electric charges. These materials are widely employed in the field of chemical mechanical, civil and structural engineering, because of their inherent insulating properties. Besides these domains, dielectric materials are also used in electrical and electronic applications. Dielectric materials have shown an ever‐increasing potential in recent years in the fabrication of antennas, sensors, and optical devices that are extensively utilized for on‐body, environmental, robotics, and biomedical applications. With inherent electrostatic shielding, insulation, and dielectric relaxations, these materials are used in intelligent electronic devices used for biomedical applications, smart devices, vehicles, and future IoT applications. Numerous applications necessitate multiple kinds of dielectric, classified based on their polarization, flexibility, thickness, dielectric constant, and specific application. In this extensive research review, the characteristics and various aspects of dielectric materials are discussed, followed by a thorough and detailed review of flexible dielectrics and their usage in flexible electronics. Additionally, the practicality and applications of these materials which come from a variety of publications in the literature are also discussed. Moreover, in‐depth study of dieletrics in sensors and RF applications are performed.

B. Oh, Hyun-Kyung Kim

As the electric vehicle (EV) market grows, there is an increasing demand for high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) to gain a competitive edge over internal combustion engine vehicles. However, graphite-based anode materials have reached a limit in terms of the further enhancement of energy density. Recently, lithium-metal batteries (LMBs) have attracted considerable attention owing to their high theoretical capacity (3,860 mAh/g), low negative electrochemical potential (-3.04 V vs. the standard hydrogen electrode), and low density (0.534 g/cm3). However, developing LMBs poses challenges due to the growth of Li dendrites, potential short circuits, formation of dead Li, and significant volume changes. Various solutions are being considered to address this problem, including the use of solid electrolytes, surface coating techniques, electrolyte additives, and other methods. Nonetheless, fundamental problems persist, specifically an unstable solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) and dendrite growth under high current density conditions1. In this study, we report the use of tin (IV) oxide/nanoporous graphene (SnO2/NPG) as a lithiophilic material in a three-dimensional (3D) network electrode for dendrite-free LMB anodes. Furthermore, we devise a 3D network structure with a lithiophilic/lithiophobic gradient using a straightforward vacuum filtration method with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and SnO2/NPG. These electrode designs based on lithiophilicity gradients have been reported to suppress dendrite growth, even under high current densities. Furthermore, the design involves creating a 3D network structure using carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which accommodates volume expansion and reduces the localized current density by offering a high specific surface area. In the bottom layer of this structure, lithiophilic SnO2/NPG is uniformly distributed, forming a bottom-up deposition path and enabling uniform Li deposition. SnO2, an inexpensive and eco-friendly material, provides lipophilic sites with Sn4+ and O2-, reducing the Li nucleation energy and achieving dendrite-free performance2,3. Additionally, NPG reduces the local current density, contains functional groups, provides additional lithiophilic sites, and allows uniform Li-ion transport through its pores4,5. The top layer consists of lithiophobic SWCNTs acting as a protective layer and offering additional space for Li deposition. Furthermore, the lithophilicity gradient-based design capitalizes on the excellent electronic conductivity of CNTs present throughout the electrode, enabling electron transfer without the need for conductive additives. Additionally, owing to the highly reactive surface of the CNTs, they effectively adhere to SnO2/NPG, eliminating the need for binders and maximizing the energy density. As a result, a lithiophilic/lithiophobic gradient electrode is expected to provide a high dendrite-free capacity and long-term cycling stability. Further details regarding the analysis procedure, structure, and electrochemical properties will be presented in the meeting. References [1] Liu, Yucheng, et al. "Lamellar-structured anodes based on lithiophilic gradient enable dendrite-free lithium metal batteries with high capacity loading and fast-charging capability." Chemical Engineering Journal 451 (2023): 138570. [2] Guodong, Liang, et al. "Free-standing SnO2@ C/MWCNTs paper as anode for lithium-ion batteries." Materials Research Express 6.12 (2019): 125511. [3] Liu, Yucheng, et al. "Ultralow‐expansion lithium metal composite anode via gradient framework design." Advanced Functional Materials 32.35 (2022): 2202771. [4] Lee, Geon-Woo, et al. "Tortuosity modulation on microspherical assembly host of graphene via in-plane nano-perforations for stable Li metal anode." Carbon 198 (2022): 289-300. [5] Yu, Yikang, et al. "Thermally reduced graphene paper with fast Li ion diffusion for stable Li metal anode." Electrochimica Acta 294 (2019): 413.

D. Popova, Aleksey Sazhenkov

The paper analyzes the main mechanisms of the volcanic ash impact on various types of aviation gas turbine engines. The results of engineering tests of the operation of two-circuit gas turbine engines PW F100 under the influence of volcanic ash are presented. The impact of volcanic ash on the Rolls-Royce RB211-524D4 and General Electric CF6-80C2 engines of Boeing 747 aircraft when all aircraft engines were shut down in flight is considered. The main engine damages are: abrasive-erosive depreciation of compressor blades; formation and accumulation of deposits of melted ash particles on combustion chamber elements and high-pressure turbine blades. It is confirmed that the most critical consequence of the impact of volcanic ash on a gas turbine engine is the formation and accumulation of vitreous deposits on the blades of the nozzle apparatus of the first stage of the turbine. The foreign materials presented in open sources are compared with the results of certification tests of the PD-14 gas turbine engine for resistance to volcanic ash. Further research directions have been identified as development of a model for the accumulation of ash material deposits on the first nozzle blades of a gas turbine, as well as modeling of generation zones (volumes) of the liquid phase of volcanic ash in the combustion chamber of a gas turbine engine at different engine operating modes, taking into account the temperature parameters of ash particles. The presented research is performed under the leadership of Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences A.A. Inozemtsev.

Jun Lin, Xianliang Mai, Dayou Zhang et al.

Ziye Ling, Wenzhu Lin, Zhengguo Zhang et al.

Abstract This paper presents a simple 2D thermal network model for a battery thermal management system with phase change materials (PCMs). An equivalent electric circuit model is developed to solve heat transfer problems that include the processes of battery heat generation and PCM thermal storage. This thermal network model is compact and accurate. The simulation time is saved by 99% compared with a conventional numerical model, whereas the average prediction error of battery temperature is lower than 1 °C. This model is applied for the rapid optimization of the PCM properties to warm up a battery pack rapidly during cold starts. The results demonstrate that the PCM suitable for thermal management under low temperatures should have a melting point of approximately 40 °C, high thermal conductivity of over 5.4 W/m K, and a low latent heat storage density of less than 0.0145 kJ/m3. Utilizing its high computation efficiency and resolution for capturing the temperature distribution in 2D, the model can quantitatively assess the long-term effect of the thermal management system on the life of a battery module during a 10,000-hour charge–discharge cycle. A lifespan model that integrates a battery capacity fade model into the thermal network is developed and the simulation results verify that a lower temperature and temperature difference reduce the capacity loss in a multi-cell module. The thermal network model is efficient to design and optimize the thermal management system for a real-size battery pack, based on the assessment of its long-term impacts on battery performance.

Wondu Lee, Wonyoung Yang, Jooheon Kim

Abstract A novel filler surface treatment is employed to produce thermally conductive composites using an aramid nanofiber (ANF) and pentaerythritol (PER) grafted onto the surface of graphite nanoplates (GnP). The resulting composite exhibits exceptional properties, including a high through‐plane thermal conductivity of 4 W mK−1, a high tensile strength of 163.58 MPa, and an improved flame retardancy. When the composite is applicated in central processing unit (CPU), the efficient thermal management performance is achieved with a decreased operating temperature of 12 °C. The ANF/GnP–PERANF composites are promising for enhancing thermal management in electric devices. The manufactured ANF composites will open new avenues for advancing the development of next‐generation thermal management systems.

M.A. Jawale, P. William, A.B. Pawar et al.

In the intelligent transportation system the automatic license plate recognition and detection plays a very important role. This application could be used for traffic control security e-payment systems in the toll pay and parking. Many algorithms have been developed to force license plate detection and recognition and all have many advantages and flaws under different situations. With the advent and rise of deep learning concepts in various fields of artificial intelligence, computer vision has developed in leaps and bounds in terms of innovations and methods. Automatic License Plate Recognition has emerged as an effective method to automate the watch keeping process for traffic systems, parking fee structures, and police surveillance. License plate recognition (LPR) is a quite used and mature technology but much work is needed to be done in order to make it perfect. In recent years, the scientific community has made major advances in methodology and performance. This paper tries to aim at summarizing and analyzing various methodologies and progress in LPR in the deep learning era using IOT sensors. Hence, in this paper, an Automatic License Plate Detection and Recognition (ALPDR) system has been proposed having four steps namely License Plate Extraction, Image Pre-processing, Character Segmentation and Character Recognition. For the first three steps (extraction, pre-processing, and segmentation), unique methods have been proposed. As the character recognition is an important step of license plate recognition and detection, four different methods for character recognition have been experimented on, which include Convolution Neural Network (CNN), MobileNet, Inception V3, ResNet 50.