Hasil untuk "Economics as a science"

A. Cherp, V. Vinichenko, J. Jewell et al.

Economic development, technological innovation, and policy change are especially prominent factors shaping energy transitions. Therefore explaining energy transitions requires combining insights from disciplines investigating these factors. The existing literature is not consistent in identifying these disciplines nor proposing how they can be combined. We conceptualize national energy transitions as a co-evolution of three types of systems: energy flows and markets, energy technologies, and energy-related policies. The focus on the three types of systems gives rise to three perspectives on national energy transitions: techno-economic with its roots in energy systems analysis and various domains of economics; socio-technical with its roots in sociology of technology, STS, and evolutionary economics; and political with its roots in political science. We use the three perspectives as an organizing principle to propose a meta-theoretical framework for analyzing national energy transitions. Following Elinor Ostrom's approach, the proposed framework explains national energy transitions through a nested conceptual map of variables and theories. In comparison with the existing meta-theoretical literature, the three perspectives framework elevates the role of political science since policies are likely to be increasingly prominent in shaping 21st century energy transitions.

T. Roberts, A. Rosenbaum

D. Easley, J. Kleinberg

A. Comas-Herrera

B. Perry, B. Pescosolido, Stephen P. Borgatti

P. Sánchez, K. Shepherd, M. Soule et al.

Federico Belotti, G. Hughes, A. Mortari

T. Coque, R. Cantón, A. E. Pérez-Cobas et al.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the Global Health challenges of the 21st century. The inclusion of AMR on the global map parallels the scientific, technological, and organizational progress of the healthcare system and the socioeconomic changes of the last 100 years. Available knowledge about AMR has mostly come from large healthcare institutions in high-income countries and is scattered in studies across various fields, focused on patient safety (infectious diseases), transmission pathways and pathogen reservoirs (molecular epidemiology), the extent of the problem at a population level (public health), their management and cost (health economics), cultural issues (community psychology), and events associated with historical periods (history of science). However, there is little dialogue between the aspects that facilitate the development, spread, and evolution of AMR and various stakeholders (patients, clinicians, public health professionals, scientists, economic sectors, and funding agencies). This study consists of four complementary sections. The first reviews the socioeconomic factors that have contributed to building the current Global Healthcare system, the scientific framework in which AMR has traditionally been approached in such a system, and the novel scientific and organizational challenges of approaching AMR in the fourth globalization scenario. The second discusses the need to reframe AMR in the current public health and global health contexts. Given that the implementation of policies and guidelines are greatly influenced by AMR information from surveillance systems, in the third section, we review the unit of analysis (“the what” and “the who”) and the indicators (the “operational units of surveillance”) used in AMR and discuss the factors that affect the validity, reliability, and comparability of the information to be applied in various healthcare (primary, secondary, and tertiary), demographic, and economic contexts (local, regional, global, and inter-sectorial levels). Finally, we discuss the disparities and similarities between distinct stakeholders’ objectives and the gaps and challenges of combatting AMR at various levels. In summary, this is a comprehensive but not exhaustive revision of the known unknowns about how to analyze the heterogeneities of hosts, microbes, and hospital patches, the role of surrounding ecosystems, and the challenges they represent for surveillance, antimicrobial stewardship, and infection control programs, which are the traditional cornerstones for controlling AMR in human health.

A. V. Boer

LHCb collaboration, R. Aaij, A. S. W. Abdelmotteleb et al.

A search for the rare decay $B^{+} \to \bar Λp μ^{+} μ^{-}$ is performed using proton-proton collision data recorded by the LHCb experiment at a center-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s}= 13$ TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5.4 fb$^-1$. An excess of events is found with respect to the background-only expectation, with a signal significance of 3.5 standard deviations, in the low invariant-mass region of $m(\bar Λp)<2.8$ GeV/$c^2$. The branching fraction is measured to be ${\cal B}_{\rm low}({B^{+}}\to {\bar Λp μ^{+} μ^{-}})=\left(1.70 ^{+0.65}_{-0.56}(\rm stat) \pm 0.17(\rm syst) \pm 0.14(\rm ext)\right) \times 10^{-8}$, where the last uncertainty is due to external inputs on ${\cal B}(B^+\to{J/ψ\bar Λp})\times {\cal B}({J/ψ}\to{μ^+μ^-})$. With no significant signal observed in the high $m(\bar Λp)$ region above 2.8 GeV/$c^2$, an upper limit is set to be ${\cal B}_{\rm high}(B^{+}\to {\bar Λp μ^{+} μ^{-}})<2.8\,(3.7) \times 10^{-9}$ at the $90\%$ ($95\%$) confidence level.

LHCb collaboration, R. Aaij, A. S. W. Abdelmotteleb et al.

The first search for the $B_s^0\rightarrow K^-π^+γ$ decay in the range $796<m(K^-π^+)<1800\,\text{MeV/}c^2$ is performed using data from proton-proton collisions collected by the LHCb experiment at centre-of-mass energies of 7, 8, and 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 9 fb$^{-1}$. The photons are reconstructed through their conversion into an electron-positron pair, which significantly improves the mass resolution of the reconstructed decays with respect to decays with an unconverted photon. A signal excess with a significance of 3.5 standard deviations is measured, constituting the first experimental evidence for this decay. In the range $796<m(K^-π^+)<996\,\text{MeV/}c^2$, the ratio ${\cal R}$ between the branching fractions of the signal decay and the favoured $\kern 0.18em\overline{\kern -0.18em B}{}^0\rightarrow K^- π^+γ$ decay is measured to be ${\cal R} = (3.7\pm1.2\pm0.4)\times10^{-2}$ where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic. This measurement is consistent with the value predicted in the Standard Model. In the range $996<m(K^-π^+)<1800\,\text{MeV/}c^2$, the ratio ${\cal R} = (0.2\pm2.7\pm1.3)\times10^{-2}$ is measured.

LHCb collaboration, R. Aaij, A. S. W. Abdelmotteleb et al.

The time-dependent $CP$ asymmetry in $B^{0}\!\to{J\mskip-3mu/\mskip-2muψ}ρ(770)^0$ decays is measured using proton-proton collision data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $6\,\text{fb}^{-1}$, collected with the LHCb detector at a center-of-mass energy of $13\,\text{TeV}$ during the years 2015-2018. The $CP$-violation parameters for this process are determined to be $2β^{\rm eff}_{c\bar{c}d} = 0.710 \pm 0.084 \pm 0.028\,\text{rad}$ and $|λ| = 1.019 \pm 0.034 \pm 0.009$, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second systematic. This constitutes the first observation of time-dependent $CP$ violation in $B$ meson decays to charmonium final states mediated by a $b\!\to{c\bar{c}d}$ transition. These results are consistent with, and two times more precise than, the previous LHCb measurement based on a data sample collected at 7 and $8\,\text{TeV}$ corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $3\,\text{fb}^{-1}$. Assuming approximate SU(3) flavor symmetry, these two measurements are combined to set the most stringent constraint on the enguin contribution, $Δφ_{s}$, to the $CP$-violating phase $φ_{s}$ in $B^{0}_{s}\!\to{J\mskip-3mu/\mskip-2muψ}φ(1020)$ decays, yielding $Δφ_{s} = 5.0 \pm 4.2\,\text{mrad}$.

LHCb collaboration, R. Aaij, A. S. W. Abdelmotteleb et al.

The first measurement of the polarization of charm baryons by the LHCb experiment recorded in fixed-target mode is presented. The polarization of $Λ_c$ baryons is studied in collisions of protons, at an energy of 2.51 TeV, incident on a gaseous target of neon, at a nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy of $68.6$ GeV. The world's first measurement of separate-charge polarizations for $Λ^+_c$ and $\overlineΛ{}^-_c$ baryons is performed, determining $$ P_{Λ^+_c} = ( 24 \pm 9 \pm 2 \, )\% , $$ $$ P_{\overlineΛ{}^-_c} = (-8 \pm 12 \pm 3 \, ) \% , $$ where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second systematic. The polarization is also measured in intervals of baryon transverse momentum and the Feynman-$x$ variable.

LHCb collaboration, R. Aaij, A. S. W. Abdelmotteleb et al.

The collinear and transverse-momentum-dependent jet fragmentation function and the radial profile for $B^{\pm}$ mesons in jets are measured. The $B^{\pm}$ mesons are reconstructed through the $J/ψ(\to μ^{+} μ^{-}) K^{\pm}$ decay channel using proton-proton collision data collected during 2016-2018 with the LHCb detector at a center-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $5.4$ fb$^{-1}$. The results complement recent measurements of jet fragmentation functions for heavy-flavor hadrons and suggest a growing contribution of gluon fragmentation to $B^{\pm}$ mesons as the jet transverse momentum increases.

LHCb collaboration, R. Aaij, A. S. W. Abdelmotteleb et al.

A flavor-tagged time-dependent analysis of $B^{0}\rightarrow K_{S}^{0}μ^{+}μ^{-}$ decays is performed across the full dimuon mass range excluding the $J/ψ$ and $ψ(2S)$ resonance regions. The analysis uses proton-proton collision data collected by the LHCb experiment in 2011--2018 at center-of-mass energies of 7, 8 and 13TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 9$fb^{-1}$. The CP violation parameters are determined to be $C=-0.13 \pm 0.32 \pm 0.04$ and $S= +0.82\pm 0.29 \pm 0.05$, where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second are systematic. The results are consistent with the Standard Model prediction. This is the first experimental study of time-dependent CP violation in $b\rightarrow sl^{+}l^{-}$ processes.

John A List

Hamza Alqudah, Mohammad A. Al-Qudah, Y. A. Huson et al.

This research significantly contributes to comprehending the body of work surrounding green economics and sustainable economies by methodically reviewing and categorizing papers from the Web of Science (WoS) core collection. It highlights key authors, subjects, publishing sources, and nations relevant to green economic studies by meticulously analyzing 4,157 papers. Additionally, it constructs detailed visual maps based on referenced sources. By conducting a thorough bibliometric analysis, this study underscores the importance of using such tools to gauge research impact and productivity. Leveraging the WoS Core Collection, particularly the Science Citation Index Expanded and the Social Sciences Citation Index, was deliberate to ensure a comprehensive evaluation of green economic research. The data accentuates the changing landscape of this field, indicating its growing significance and the expanding academic discussions around sustainable economic practices. The research delves into emerging research directions that could inform considerations for a sustainable economy. Despite the marked increase in publications in recent years, signaling heightened interest in green economics and sustainable economy studies, this field remains in its infancy, with limited quantitative studies conducted. Consequently, many findings remain inconclusive, and numerous aspects in literature remain unexplored. Finally, this study outlines both practical and theoretical implications gleaned from its findings.

Linda M Collins, I. Nahum-Shani, Kate Guastaferro et al.

To build a coherent knowledge base about what psychological intervention strategies work, develop interventions that have positive societal impact, and maintain and increase this impact over time, it is necessary to replace the classical treatment package research paradigm. The multiphase optimization strategy (MOST) is an alternative paradigm that integrates ideas from behavioral science, engineering, implementation science, economics, and decision science. MOST enables optimization of interventions to strategically balance effectiveness, affordability, scalability, and efficiency. In this review we provide an overview of MOST, discuss several experimental designs that can be used in intervention optimization, consider how the investigator can use experimental results to select components for inclusion in the optimized intervention, discuss the application of MOST in implementation science, and list future issues in this rapidly evolving field. We highlight the feasibility of adopting this new research paradigm as well as its potential to hasten the progress of psychological intervention science. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, Volume 20 is May 2024. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Klara Fischer, Lauren Crossland-Marr, Emil Planting Mollaoglu et al.

ABSTRACT In research and policy there is a dominant style of reasoning about the contribution agricultural biotechnologies can make to resolving major global challenges. In this reasoning, consumer scepticism is a major hindrance to deploying biotechnology and there is a significant focus on understanding consumer opinion in order to manipulate it. Analysing the historical role given to publics in public opinion research, and within technology research and policy, demonstrates that the framing of publics is largley shaped by economics. A review of academic publications on agricultural biotechnology and publics between 1995 and 2021 reveals some of the core tenets of this style of reasoning. The dominant framing of publics as individual consumers confines attention to concerns with end products on supermarket shelves. Theories and methods are focused on understanding individual perceptions, and fixed response questions reify the expert/public divide. This obscures broader public concerns with agricultural biotechnologies, such as issues of social justice or governance of uncertainty. A broader framing of different publics and their opinions of technology development and deployment would improve understanding of the issues that concern people as citizens, and enable more meaningful public engagement with agricultural biotechnologies.

LHCb collaboration, R. Aaij, A. S. W. Abdelmotteleb et al.

The first measurements of the top- and antitop-quark differential production cross-sections and the top-quark charge asymmetry in the forward region are presented, using proton-proton collision data collected by the LHCb experiment at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5.4 $fb^{-1}$. The total production cross-sections of top and antitop quarks are also determined. Measurements are performed using the $μ+b\text{-jet}$ final state within a fiducial region defined by a $b\text{-jet}$ $p_{\text{T, jet}}>50$ GeV and pseudorapidity $2.2<η_{\text{jet}}<4.0$,, with the muon from the $W$-boson decay required to have $p_{\text{T},μ}>25$ GeV and pseudorapidity $2.0<η_μ<4.5$. The muon and $b$-jet system must satisfy $p_{T}(μ+\text{jet}) > 20$ GeV. The measured integrated production cross-sections for the top and antitop quarks are $σ_{t} = 0.95 \pm 0.04 \pm 0.08 \pm 0.02$ pb, $σ_{\bar{t}} = 0.81 \pm 0.03 \pm 0.07 \pm 0.02$ pb, where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second systematic, and the third accounts for the luminosity uncertainty. The top-quark charge asymmetry is measured to be $A_C^{t} = 0.08 \pm 0.03 \pm 0.01$, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic. These results are consistent with next-to-leading-order Standard Model predictions.