Hasil untuk "Economic theory. Demography"

Emmanuel Oyasor

Investors are generally concerned about the share prices of listed firms as they depict the risk-return characteristics of their investments. The study examined firm-specific and macro-economic determinants of share pricing of listed firms in Nigeria. The study focused the listed consumer goods firms and data which were extracted from the audited annual report of eighteen (18) firms from 2010 to 2022. Macro-economic data were also obtained from World Bank Database and the Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin. Two-step System Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) was used to analyze the data. Findings showed positive effects of dividend payout and leverage, on share prices at 1% and 5% significant levels respectively. Return on assets and firm growth was found to have had negative, effect on share prices at 1% and 10% significant level, respectively. Also, money supply had negative effect at 1% significant level, while crude oil price had positive effect at 10% significant level. The result further showed that political event had negative effect on share prices at 1% significant level. The study concluded that firm-specific factors and macro-economic variables significantly influence share prices of listed consumer goods firms in Nigeria. The study recommended that potentials investors should monitor the movement of dividend payout, leverage, and return on asset, firm growth, money supply and crude oil price when making investment decision in the sector

Milica Inđić, Aleksandra Marcikić Horvat, Milos Pjanić

By examining intermediate, operating, and profitability aspects, this paper aims to construct a performance model for evaluating the relative efficiency and potential for improvement of 20 banks operating in Serbia for the 2022-2023 period. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), which belongs to relatively new data-oriented techniques, was used in the research to measure efficiency. To achieve its goals, the paper makes use of the CCR and BCC, two fundamental DEA models, and three approaches: intermediary, operating and profitability. The results of the analysis showed that the highest efficiency can be attributed o the use of the intermediate approach, while the lowest efficiency of banks can be attributed to the profitability approach. Additionally, the BCC model has higher efficiency compared to the CCR model. According to the analysis results, efficiency has generally grown and is comparatively stable.

Javier López-de-la-Cruz, Susana Merchán, Felipe Rivero et al.

In this paper we investigate the asymptotic behavior of some SIR models incorporating demography, bounded random transmission coefficient and a time-dependent vaccination strategy targeting the susceptible population. In this setting, we establish the existence and uniqueness of non-negative global solution of the models and derive conditions under which either the disease is eradicated or becomes endemic. In addition, the theoretical results are further illustrated by several numerical simulations.

Joanna Dębicka, Edyta Mazurek

This article introduces a novel method for detecting distinctive structural changes in economic data, particularly within frequency distribution tables. The approach identifies significant shifts in the distribution of a variable over time or across populations, capturing changes in category shares, enabling a deeper understanding of the underlying dynamics and trends. The method is applicable to both categorical and numerical data and is especially useful in fields such as industrial economics, demography, social science and market analysis, where comparative analysis is essential. Selected numerical examples illustrate its effectiveness in tracking market structure evolution, where shifts in firm-level market shares may signal changing competitive dynamics. The results offer interpretable insights into structural transformations in economic systems.

Gabriel Brondino, Francisco Leiva, Hernán Alejandro Roitbarg

El trabajo desarrolla una estrategia de estimación no muestral de matriz de coeficientes insumo-producto intrarregionales de escala metropolitana, tomando como caso el Gran Santa Fe. La estrategia metodológica consiste en “regionalizar” la matriz de coeficientes técnicos nacionales. Las fuentes de información utilizadas son la tabla insumo-producto de Argentina de 2018 estimada por la OCDE y datos de empleo recabados por el INDEC. A partir de la estimación, se caracteriza la estructura productiva del GSF en términos de encadenamientos productivos y efectos multiplicadores. El análisis reconstruye el paisaje económico de la región, identificando sus sectores estratégicos, impulsores, clave e independientes

Damiano Azzolini, Elena Bellodi, Rafael Kiesel et al.

Solving a decision theory problem usually involves finding the actions, among a set of possible ones, which optimize the expected reward, possibly accounting for the uncertainty of the environment. In this paper, we introduce the possibility to encode decision theory problems with Probabilistic Answer Set Programming under the credal semantics via decision atoms and utility attributes. To solve the task we propose an algorithm based on three layers of Algebraic Model Counting, that we test on several synthetic datasets against an algorithm that adopts answer set enumeration. Empirical results show that our algorithm can manage non trivial instances of programs in a reasonable amount of time. Under consideration in Theory and Practice of Logic Programming (TPLP).

Janaska Nurrachmat

Purpose This study aims to investigate the relationship between market power and firms’ performance in the Indonesian manufacturing industry.   Design/methodology/approach Using the Statistik Industri Besar dan Sedang from BPS we extract the data about the market share and productivity of each firm that will represent market power and the firms’ performance respectively. The dataset also allows us to apply dynamic panel data that might address the endogeneity and reverse causality problem which could occur in the estimation.   Findings The results suggest that market power has an inverted U-shaped relationship with firms’ productivity. Further analysis shows similar conditions also occur in all selected industries except automotive.   Research limitations/implications This study could help policymakers if they want to influence firms’ performance based on their market share.   Originality/value This paper applies the DPD method to address the endogeneity problem that might occur in the previous studies.

Sabirin Sabirin, Aulia Azimi, Harry Wahyudi

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh etika profesi auditor dan fee audit terhadap kualitas audit. Desain / metodologi / pendekatan: dalam penelitian ini dilakukan analisis statistik deskriptif dengan pendekatan kuantitatif yang menggunakan teknik analisis regresi linear berganda dengan alat analisis SPSS 24. Temuan Penelitian: Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa etika profesi dan fee audit memiliki pengaruh terhadap kualitas audit. Kontribusi Teoretis / Orisinalitas: Perbedaan penelitian ini dengan penelitian sebelumnya adalah pada teknik analisis yang digunakan, selain itu objek penelitian juga berbeda, pada penelitian ini yang menjadi objek penelitian adalah Kantor Akuntan Publik yang berada di Kota Pontianak dan Bandung dan struktur bisnis yang kompleks sehingga menjadikan penelitian layak untuk diteruskan. Berdasarkan permasalahan di atas, dan melihat pentingnya etika profesi serta sangat sensitifnya fee audit penulis tertarik untuk meneliti kembali dengan fokus KAP di Pontianak Bandung sebagai responden. Keterbatasan dan implikasi penelitian: Peneliti menyadari keterbatasan dalam penelitian ini yang tentunya memerlukan perbaikan dan pengembangan untuk penelitian selanjutnya. Keterbatasan dalam penelitian ini adalah Variabel independen dalam penelitian belum memberikan kontribusi yang baik terhadap variabel dependen. Hal tersebut terlihat dari analisis koefisien determinasi dimana nilai R2 sebesar 66,6%. Sisanya sebesar 33.4% dipengaruhi oleh variabel lain diluar model ini sehingga disarankan bagi peneliti selanjutnya untuk menambahkan variabel-variabel independen yang secara teoritis dapat berpengaruh lebih besar terhadap kualitas audit. Selain itu data yang dikumpulkan untuk diteliti dan dianalisis berdasarkan pada persepsi masing-masing responden terhadap item-item instrumen penelitian sehingga dapat memungkinkan terjadinya bias atau miss perseption.

Iryna Poruchynska, Volodymyr Poruchynsky, Andrij Slashchyk

У статті досліджено різні погляди науковців відносно змісту понять «бренд» та «брендинг». Узагальнено визначення поняття «спортивний бренд», як ресурсу, на основі якого реалізується функція впливу на цілісне сприйняття і споживчий вибір. Визначено, що серед спортивних брендів сучасності важлива роль надлежить футбольним брендам. З’ясовано фактори, які впливають на вартість бренду футбольного клубу. Виокремлено складові елементи бренду футбольного клубу, які забезпечують його максимальну унікальність для створення єдиного образу мислення споживачів. Подано рейтинг найдорожчих футбольних брендів світу у 2022 році за даними консалтингової компанії з оцінки брендів Brand Finance. Охарактеризовно особливості розвитку найдорожчих футбольних брендів у 2021-2022 років. Зазначено, що основним завданням маркетингу для футбольних брендів є покращення їх іміджу, враховуючи соціально-економічні та політичні умови, які мають найбільший вплив.

Dmitry Petrenko, Marina Dolzhikova, Alexander Kudrya et al.

The article is devoted to the study of the humanistic approach in school physical education with the aim of turning the school towards a child, respecting his personality, dignity, trust in him, accepting his personal goals, demands and interests, creating the most favorable conditions for revealing his physical abilities and developing his abilities in physical culture and sport, as well as for its successful self-determination in life, the realization of a healthy lifestyle.

N. S. Evsegneeva

The article was prepared on the basis of the results of the sociological research “Social networks and electoral potential”. The research methods included conducting focus groups involving young people aged 17 to 25 and subsequent content analysis of the data obtained. The purpose of the survey was to identify the opinion of young people about the heroes of our time, the concept of heroism and heroic professions. The study is unique in its analysis of the blogosphere and bloggers from the point of view of contemporary heroism and the identification of the social networks role in this process. The results of the study showed that Generation Z is striving to acquire a social mission in their activities and the theme of heroism moves into the plane of everyday life: everyone can become a hero.

Nikolay Chepachenko, Marina Yudenko, Anna Gospodinova et al.

The current trend of globalization of the world economy necessitates the use of high-tech developments and innovations that allow achieving strategic goals at the national, regional, and sectoral levels. The prerequisites of the study are determined by the urgency of finding solutions to problematic issues of formation and implementation of priority strategic guidelines for the development of enterprises of the construction sector, designed to ensure an adequate contribution to the strategic vector of advanced industrial, technological and socio-economic development of the construction industry and the national economy. This determines the need to find a solution to the problem of forming and implementing priority strategic guidelines for the development of enterprises mainly by increasing technological and innovative potentials that form the economic potential of the development of enterprises by the type of activity "Construction". The purpose of the study is to identify strategic guidelines for the development of enterprises of the construction sector that meet the targets of the fourth scientific and technological revolution and the achievement of strategic goals for the development of national economies. The findings of the paper outline the key signs of development, inherent in the nature of the development of material objects and economic entities of the economy are revealed. This allowed us to propose a systematization of the formation of priority strategic guidelines for the economic development of construction enterprises, reflecting the relationship with the targets for achieving national goals and strategic objectives for the development of economies of various countries and meeting the targets of the fourth scientific and technological revolution Industry 4.0. The practical implications refer to enterprises of the construction sector.

Corina CAUSAN, Galina SAMKO

The health of the population is one of the decisive factors in the economic and social development of the state. The pharmaceutical service is an integral part of the health system. Pharmaceutical assistance aims to ensure the availability and accessibility of the population to effective, harmless and good quality drugs. In this article, the authors try to outline certain directions for improving pharmaceutical care in the Republic of Moldova, analysing international practice. Satisfactory level of public health contributes to economic growth and development of human society. At the same time, the quality of life, from the position of public health, generates physical, psychological and social repercussions of a pathology on the life of the individual.

Michael R Grace, Saikat Guha

We report lowest-order series expansions for primary matrix functions of quantum states based on a perturbation theory for functions of linear operators. Our theory enables efficient computation of functions of perturbed quantum states that assume only knowledge of the eigenspectrum of the zeroth order state and the density matrix elements of a zero-trace, Hermitian perturbation operator, not requiring analysis of the full state or the perturbation term. We develop theories for two classes of quantum state perturbations, perturbations that preserve the vector support of the original state and perturbations that extend the support beyond the support of the original state. We highlight relevant features of the two situations, in particular the fact that functions and measures of perturbed quantum states with preserved support can be elegantly and efficiently represented using Fréchet derivatives. We apply our perturbation theories to find simple expressions for four of the most important quantities in quantum information theory that are commonly computed from density matrices: the Von Neumann entropy, the quantum relative entropy, the quantum Chernoff bound, and the quantum fidelity.

Sergey Rashkovskiy

A thermodynamic approach to the description of economic systems and processes is developed. It is shown that there is a deep analogy between the parameters of thermodynamic and economic systems (markets); so each thermodynamic parameter can be associated with a certain economic parameter or indicator. The economic meaning of such primordially thermodynamic concepts as internal energy and temperature has been established. It is shown that many economic laws, which in economic theory are a generalization of the results of observations, or are based on the analysis of the psychology of the behavior of market actors, within the framework of economic thermodynamics can be obtained as the natural and formal results of the theory. In particular, we show that economic thermodynamics allows a natural description of such a phenomenon as inflation. The thermodynamic conditions of market equilibrium stability are derived and analyzed, as well as the Le Chatelier's principle as applied to economic systems.

Szilvia Flanek, Artur Bálint Kis, Artur Bálint Kis

Munkánk fókuszába a Magyarországon egyelőre kevéssé ismert, de annál izgalmasabb M-Pesa bemutatását helyeztük, annak kenyai aspektusait a politikai gazdaságtan szemszögéből vizsgálva. Arra teszünk kísérletet, hogy az innovatív mobil pénzátviteli rendszer működését részletesen leírva, a kenyai siker feltételeit meghatározzuk. Kitérünk a magaskultúra mint gazdaságpolitikai irányító eszköz formáira és szerepére, valamit részletesen tárgyaljuk a bizalom kulcsfontosságú témáját. Célunk, saját kutatásainkra alapozva, hiánypótló jelleggel, egy olyan kulcs definiálása, amelynek tényezői mellett nemcsak lehetséges, de akár ajánlott is a kenyai rendszer átvétele.

Claudio Grimaldi

Probabilistic arguments about the existence of technological life beyond Earth traditionally refer to the Drake equation to draw possible estimates of the number of technologically advanced civilizations releasing, either intentionally or not, electromagnetic emissions in the Milky Way. Here, we introduce other indicators than Drake's number $N_D$ to develop a demography of artificial emissions populating the Galaxy. We focus on three main categories of statistically independent signals (isotropic, narrow beams, and rotating beacons) to calculate the average number $N_G$ of emission processes present in the Galaxy and the average number of them crossing Earth, $\bar{k}$, which is a quantity amenable to statistical estimation from direct observations. We show that $\bar{k}$ coincides with $N_D$ only for isotropic emissions, while $\bar{k}$ can be orders of magnitude smaller than $N_D$ in the case of highly directional signals. We further show that while $N_D$ gives the number of emissions being released at the present time, $N_G$ considers also the signals from no longer active emitters but whose emissions still occupy the Galaxy. We find that as long as the average longevity of the emissions is shorter than about $10^5$ yr, $N_G$ is fully determined by the rate of emissions alone, in contrast to $N_D$ and $\bar{k}$ which depend also on the emission longevity. Finally, using analytic formulas of $N_G$, $N_D$, and $\bar{k}$ determined for each type of emission processes here considered, we provide a comprehensive overview of the values these quantities can possibly achieve as functions of the emission birthrates, longevities, and directionality.

Victor Olkhov

We introduce the price probability measure η(p;t) that defines the mean price p(1;t), mean square price p(2;t), price volatility σp2(t)and all price n-th statistical moments p(n;t) as ratio of sums of n-th degree values C(n;t) and volumes U(n;t) of market trades aggregated during certain time interval Δ. The definition of the mean price p(1;t) coincides with definition of the volume weighted average price (VWAP) introduced at least 30 years ago. We show that price volatility σp2(t) forecasting requires modeling evolution of the sums of second-degree values C(2;t) and volumes U(2;t). We call this model as second-order economic theory. We use numerical continuous risk ratings as ground for risk assessment of economic agents and distribute agents by risk ratings as coordinates. We introduce continuous economic media approximation of squares of values and volumes of agents trades and their flows aggregated during time interval Δ. We take into account expectations that govern agents trades and introduce aggregated expectations alike to aggregated trades. We derive equations for continuous economic media approximation on the second-degree trades. In the linear approximation we derive mean square price p(2;t) and volatility σp2(t) disturbances as functions of the first and second-degree trades disturbances. Description of each next n-th price statistical moment p(n;t) with respect to the unit price measure η(p;t) depends on sums of n-th degree values C(n;t) and volumes U(n;t) of market trades and hence requires development of the corresponding n-th order economic theory.

Daniel Seligson, Anne McCants

The central problems of Development Economics are the explanation of the gross disparities in the global distribution, $\cal{D}$, of economic performance, $\cal{E}$, and the persistence, $\cal{P}$, of said distribution. Douglass North argued, epigrammatically, that institutions, $\cal{I}$, are the rules of the game, meaning that $\cal{I}$ determines or at least constrains $\cal{E}$. This promised to explain $\cal{D}$. 65,000 citations later, the central problems remain unsolved. North's institutions are informal, slowly changing cultural norms as well as roads, guilds, and formal legislation that may change overnight. This definition, mixing the static and the dynamic, is unsuited for use in a necessarily time dependent theory of developing economies. We offer here a suitably precise definition of $\cal{I}$, a dynamical theory of economic development, a new measure of the economy, an explanation of $\cal{P}$, a bivariate model that explains half of $\cal{D}$, and a critical reconsideration of North's epigram.