Hasil untuk "Economic geography of the oceans (General)"

Joanna Bernacka, Indra Ponnuswamy, Marcin Gołembski

Purpose: This case study aims to determine if mature organisations are more capable of sustainable management. Specifically, it seeks to establish whether mature organisations manage their sustainable development more effectively due to the resources available to them. Methodology/approach: This qualitative study involved 16 individuals, in-depth, semi-structured interviews, purposefully sampled, with most interviewees being auditors or practitioners involved in sustainable management or inspection. Findings: Mature organisations are better prepared for sustainable management due to available resources, experienced employees, and superior management practices. Research limitations/implications: Although the collected data indicates that mature organisations have more resources to manage their sustainable development and growth, the authors recommend continuing with quantitative research to identify the different challenges in implementing sustainable goals based on an organisation's maturity level. Practical implications: This article provides insights from experienced respondents on how to approach the challenges in implementing sustainable goals. Social implications: The study aims to determine whether employees in mature organisations have a higher awareness of the social implications of their organisation's sustainable management. Originality/value: This study contributes to existing research by providing a unique perspective on the capability of organisational maturity in sustainable management and emphasises the distinction between SDG and ESG, which are often used interchangeably by business practitioners.

Ewa Badowska, Dawid Bandzierz, Bartosz Kaźmierczak

The article describes the possibility of using green infrastructure for rainwater management on the example of an existing kindergarten building located in central Poland in the town of Skierniewice in the Łódź Voivodeship. The article shows solutions for the use of green infrastructure objects such as green roofs, infiltration basins and rain gardens, which, in addition to their technical function, have a positive impact on the facility's users. These devices were dimensioned based on rainfall intensity determined using the PMAXTP model for 15-minute rainfall with a probability of occurrence of p=0.2. The individual devices for rainwater management were analysed in terms of reducing rainwater runoff into the sewage system, and the course of calculations for the selection of specific solutions was presented. The findings lead to the conclusion that the implementation of the described solutions enables a reduction in the volume of rainwater discharged into the sewage system by 53%.

Peter Baláž, Tomasz Abramowski, Eva Kristianová et al.

The purpose of the paper is to investigate the potential of seabed polymetallic nodules in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ) as a sustainable source of critical metals such as rare earth elements (REEs), cobalt, manganese, lithium and scandium. The methodology involves extensive geological surveys and sampling within the Interoceanmetal Joint Organization (IOM) exploration area, followed by the analysis of the mineral composition, metal content, and assessment of metallurgical processing possibilities. The importance of critical metals is discussed on the basis of literature analysis. The research confirms that polymetallic nodules in the CCZ are rich in critical and strategic metals with economic potential. Further research is needed to assess the environmental impacts and economic feasibility of deep-sea mining. Practical implications are that the development of deep-sea mining could be a viable alternative to traditional land-based mining, potentially reducing Europe’s reliance on imported critical metals. Social implications of the project are in the sustainable supply of critical metals for advancing green technologies, combating climate change and the goals of the society energy transition. The study provides an evaluation of the potential of polymetallic nodules as a strategic resource, and contributes to the discourse on sustainable mining and resource security in the context of global supply challenges.

Tharit Sereekiatdilok, Panupong Vichitkunakorn

The undirected edge geography is a two-player combinatorial game on an undirected rooted graph. The players alternatively perform a move consisting of choosing an edge incident to the root vertex, removing the chosen edge, and marking the other endpoint as a new root vertex. The first player who cannot perform a move is the loser. In this paper, we are interested in the undirected edge geography game on the grid graph $P_m\square P_n$. We completely determine whether the root vertex is a winning position (N-position) or a losing position (P-position). Moreover, we give a winning strategy for the winner.

Adriana Jasiak

This article presents the results of a systematic review of the Scopus bibliographic database, during which the state of knowledge on wine architecture and urban planning accompanying vineyards was examined in light of the contemporary development of enotourism. In the 2020s, global interest in enotourism has grown, accompanied by the revival and development of wine culture. The aim of the research was to identify and verify sources of literature contributing to disciplinary knowledge on wine architecture and accompanying urban planning in light of the contemporary development of enotourism, as well as to classify the thematic literature. Based on bibliometric analysis using the VOSviewer software, thematic groups of publications were identified. The topic is an attempt to find current directions for the research concentration to match the emerging wine-related architecture. 

Izabela Anna Tałałaj, Sławomira Hajduk

Variability and diversity of landfill leachate cause difficulties in assessing the actual degree of threat to the environment and selecting an appropriate method of disposal or treatment. Therefore, quantifying leachate contamination potential is essential in landfill management and could be used to assess the accuracy of landfill operation and its impact on surrounding areas. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the performance of the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method and its suitability in determining leachate pollution potential in comparison to the Leachate Pollution Index (LPI) method. For this purpose, the quality of leachate from the landfill, collected four times a year from 2004 to 2021, was analysed. The following parameters were monitored: pH, EC, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr, and Hg. On the basis of the measured parameters, the LPI and TOPSIS indexes were calculated. The obtained results indicated that the TOPSIS method is more sensitive and accurate in observing changes in leachate quality. It can be applied to any number of contaminant parameters without restrictions on scope, quantity, or their relative importance. It can also be used to compare the variations in leachate quality over time or to analyse differences in leachate quality among various landfill sites.

Dorota Wyszkowska, Beata Zofia Filipiak

The aim of this article paper is to try to establish whether or not there is a relationship between the issuance of green bonds and the achievement of selected SDG goals. Achieving such a goal required: (1). Defining green bonds - presenting the problem of recognition classification against the backdrop of legal regulations, (2). Determine the scale of green bond issuance and funding directions (3). Assess the impact of green bond issuance on the achievement of selected Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In particular, Pearson correlation coefficients, multidimensional scaling and linear ordering results for metric data were used. In the first step, multidimensional scaling is used to visualise objects in two-dimensional space. The study confirmed the link between the SDG goals – goal 7 (7.2.1.) related to energy and the green bond market. It also showed that market size matters for achieving the SDG goals.

Manish Jha, Jialin Qian, Michael Weber et al.

We use generative AI to extract managerial expectations about their economic outlook from 120,000+ corporate conference call transcripts. The resulting AI Economy Score predicts GDP growth, production, and employment up to 10 quarters ahead, beyond existing measures like survey forecasts. Moreover, industry and firm-level measures provide valuable information about sector-specific and individual firm activities. A composite measure that integrates managerial expectations about firm, industry, and macroeconomic conditions further significantly improves the forecasting power and predictive horizon of national and sectoral growth. Our findings show managerial expectations offer unique insights into economic activity, with implications for both macroeconomic and microeconomic decision-making.

Adolfo Cristobal Campoamor, Osiris Jorge Parcero

This paper proposes a two blocks and three regions economic geography model that can account for the most salient stylized facts experienced by Eastern European transition economies during the period 1990 2005. In contrast to the existing literature, which has favored technological explanations, trade liberalization is the only driving force. The model correctly predicts that in the first half of the period, trade liberalization led to divergence in GDP per capita, both between the West and the East and within the East. Consistent with the data, in the second half of the period, this process was reversed and convergence became the dominant force.

Hamish Graham

This article examines the policies and personnel that allowed France’s Old Regime monarchy to obtain huge supplies of naval timber from within the kingdom. In contrast to many other accounts, however, the main focus here is on the people who actually carried out this work (forestry officials, naval shipwrights, government contractors), specifically in south-western France. These agents were supposed to cooperate, but that did not always occur, and this article suggests some explanations. The demands of the central state provoked varied responses from woodland proprietors (the Church, rural communities, and private landholders). Their reactions are considered as well, since this “social history” approach allows us to appreciate that France’s success in building up its naval forces during the “age of sail” were not always welcomed by the king’s subjects.

Stanisław Czaja, Agnieszka Becla

The study presents selected issues concerning management principles in implementing balanced and sustainable development. These include the principles of: (1) traditional extensive economy, (2) intensive traditional economy, (3) alternative economies, (4) eco-development, (5) Sustainable Development and (6) entropy sustainable development. Selected criteria for the evaluation of these principles were also characterised.

Malte F. Jansen, Wanying Kang, Edwin Kite et al.

Globally ice-covered oceans have been found on multiple moons in the solar system and may also have been a feature of Earth's past. However, relatively little is understood about the dynamics of these ice-covered oceans, which affect not only the physical environment but also any potential life and its detectability. A number of studies have simulated the circulation of icy-world oceans, but have come to seemingly widely different conclusions. To better understand and narrow down these diverging results, we discuss energetic constraints for the circulation on ice-covered oceans, focusing in particular on Snowball Earth, Europa, and Enceladus. Energy input that can drive ocean circulation on ice-covered bodies can be associated with heat and salt fluxes at the boundaries as well as ocean tides and librations. We show that heating from the solid core balanced by heat loss through the ice sheet can drive an ocean circulation, but the resulting flows would be relatively weak and strongly affected by rotation. Salt fluxes associated with freezing and melting at the ice sheet boundary are unlikely to energetically drive a circulation, although they can shape the large-scale circulation when combined with turbulent mixing. Ocean tides and librations may provide an energy source for such turbulence, but the magnitude of this energy source remains highly uncertain for the icy moons, which poses a major obstacle to predicting the ocean dynamics of icy worlds and remains as an important topic for future research.

R. Inanc Baykur, Mustafa Korkmaz, Jonathan Simone

We produce simply connected, minimal, symplectic Lefschetz fibrations realizing all the lattice points in the symplectic geography plane below the Noether line. This provides a symplectic extension of the classical works populating the complex geography plane with holomorphic Lefschetz fibrations. Our examples are obtained by rationally blowing down Lefschetz fibrations with clustered nodal fibers, the total spaces of which are potentially new homotopy elliptic surfaces. Similarly, clustering nodal fibers on higher genera Lefschetz fibrations on standard rational surfaces, we get rational blowdown configurations that yield new constructions of small symplectic exotic $4$-manifolds. We present an example of a construction of a minimal symplectic exotic $\mathbb{CP} \# 5\,\overline{\mathbb{CP}}$ through this procedure applied to a genus-$3$ fibration.

Edward Hill, Marco Bardoscia, Arthur Turrell

General equilibrium macroeconomic models are a core tool used by policymakers to understand a nation's economy. They represent the economy as a collection of forward-looking actors whose behaviours combine, possibly with stochastic effects, to determine global variables (such as prices) in a dynamic equilibrium. However, standard semi-analytical techniques for solving these models make it difficult to include the important effects of heterogeneous economic actors. The COVID-19 pandemic has further highlighted the importance of heterogeneity, for example in age and sector of employment, in macroeconomic outcomes and the need for models that can more easily incorporate it. We use techniques from reinforcement learning to solve such models incorporating heterogeneous agents in a way that is simple, extensible, and computationally efficient. We demonstrate the method's accuracy and stability on a toy problem for which there is a known analytical solution, its versatility by solving a general equilibrium problem that includes global stochasticity, and its flexibility by solving a combined macroeconomic and epidemiological model to explore the economic and health implications of a pandemic. The latter successfully captures plausible economic behaviours induced by differential health risks by age.

Kyle Burke, Matthew Ferland, Shanghua Teng

We settle two long-standing complexity-theoretical questions-open since 1981 and 1993-in combinatorial game theory (CGT). We prove that the Grundy value (a.k.a. nim-value, or nimber) of Undirected Geography is PSPACE-complete to compute. This exhibits a stark contrast with a result from 1993 that Undirected Geography is polynomial-time solvable. By distilling to a simple reduction, our proof further establishes a dichotomy theorem, providing a "phase transition to intractability" in Grundy-value computation, sharply characterized by a maximum degree of four: The Grundy value of Undirected Geography over any degree-three graph is polynomial-time computable, but over degree-four graphs-even when planar and bipartite-is PSPACE-hard. Additionally, we show, for the first time, how to construct Undirected Geography instances with Grundy value $\ast n$ and size polynomial in n. We strengthen a result from 1981 showing that sums of tractable partisan games are PSPACE-complete in two fundamental ways. First, since Undirected Geography is an impartial ruleset, we extend the hardness of sums to impartial games, a strict subset of partisan. Second, the 1981 construction is not built from a natural ruleset, instead using a long sum of tailored short-depth game positions. We use the sum of two Undirected Geography positions to create our hard instances. Our result also has computational implications to Sprague-Grundy Theory (1930s) which shows that the Grundy value of the disjunctive sum of any two impartial games can be computed-in polynomial time-from their Grundy values. In contrast, we prove that assuming PSPACE $\neq$ P, there is no general polynomial-time method to summarize two polynomial-time solvable impartial games to efficiently solve their disjunctive sum.

Sergey Rashkovskiy

A thermodynamic approach to the description of economic systems and processes is developed. It is shown that there is a deep analogy between the parameters of thermodynamic and economic systems (markets); so each thermodynamic parameter can be associated with a certain economic parameter or indicator. The economic meaning of such primordially thermodynamic concepts as internal energy and temperature has been established. It is shown that many economic laws, which in economic theory are a generalization of the results of observations, or are based on the analysis of the psychology of the behavior of market actors, within the framework of economic thermodynamics can be obtained as the natural and formal results of the theory. In particular, we show that economic thermodynamics allows a natural description of such a phenomenon as inflation. The thermodynamic conditions of market equilibrium stability are derived and analyzed, as well as the Le Chatelier's principle as applied to economic systems.

Michael Timothy Bennett, Yoshihiro Maruyama

We attempt to define what is necessary to construct an Artificial Scientist, explore and evaluate several approaches to artificial general intelligence (AGI) which may facilitate this, conclude that a unified or hybrid approach is necessary and explore two theories that satisfy this requirement to some degree.

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Summaries in Polish

Maryam R. Al Shehhi

The novel corona virus (COVID-19) has slowed down a lot of human activities in the world. A lockdown for a period of 2 months, due to the pandemic, was enough to cause a drop of 7% of the anthropogonic CO2 in the atmosphere. In addition to the world in general, the excess of the anthropogonic CO2 emission in the atmosphere has always been a threat to the oceans as well. Oceans play a key role to buffer the greenhouse effect, but in the process, it becomes warmer, more acidic, and less oxygenated. While there have already been investigations done on the effect of pandemic on atmosphere, the question what happens to oceans during the pandemic remains unanswered. The aim of this paper is to study the pandemic's effect and the resultant reduction in CO2 emissions on the productivity of the global oceans. Often Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), Particulate organic and inorganic carbon (PIC:POC) and sea surface temperature(SST), are used to indicate the productivity of oceans. Herein, satellite-derived estimates of the aforementioned parameters are used. Based on these estimates, a drop in Chl-a (0.5 mgm-3) is observed off Alaska, North Europe,South China and Southeast USA during the pandemic. CO2 reduction of 123 MtCO2 during the pandemic in China might have caused reduction in mean Chl-a by around 5% (2.5 to 1.6 mgm-3). Reduction of Chl-a during the pandemic is mostly associated with the reduction of PIC:POC. The pandemic demonstrates noticeable effect on Chl-a and/or SST. A cooling response of 0.5 oC in mean SST is observed over most of the coastal areas, especially off Alaska,north Indian ocean and eastern Pacific. The decrease in the CO2 emissions in India by 30% during the pandemic translates into a drop of mean SST in the north Indian ocean by 5% (from 29.95 to 28.46 oC). All these suggest that maintaining global activities as sustainable as the pandemic period, can help to recover the oceans.

Monika Paradowska

Purpose: Many policies aimed at developing sustainable transport are based on a (partial) exclusion of car drivers and on a decrease in rivalry between different transport users. In this context, the primary purpose of this study is to assess the impact of changes in levels of rivalry and excludability resulting from infrastructural changes in the transport system providing enhanced sustainable transport choices. Methodology/approach: Rivalry and excludability determine patterns of consumption and are the basis of many aspects of sustainable transport policies. Therefore, the key issue for policy making is to determine the extent to which changes in these features support sustainable transport choices. To attempt to understand these features, preliminary survey research was conducted among users of the Wrocław (Poland) transport system to investigate; (i) which changes in the transport system are the most important for respondents, (ii) how these changes influence the intensity of rivalry and excludability, and (iii) whether these changes lead to a shift in transport mode choice. Findings: Changes in the transport system led to decreased or unchanged intensity of rivalry. There were few examples of exclusion, which affected primarily car users. Modifications in the levels of the two analysed features were not accompanied by a permanent shift towards more sustainable transport choices. Originality/value: While many studies investigate changes in transport behaviour resulting from particular solutions that promote sustainable transport, this study focuses on how transport users react when faced with many different changes in the transport system. The novelty of this approach sheds light on transport choices resulting from changes in rivalry and excludability and the results obtained may assist evidence-based policy recommendations.