Safety in elementary schools is a key factor influencing the quality of the educational environment. This research focuses on analysing current security measures at primary schools with the participation of pupils from marginalised Roma communities in eastern Slovakia, identifying the main threats and proposing possible improvements. Using qualitative and quantitative methods, we explored perceptions of safety among students, teachers and parents, and assessed existing safety measures.
Luis Jiro Suzuri Hernández, Alexa Villavicencio Queijeiro, Valeria Alexandra Alonzo Matamoros
En virtud de la importancia que, para la comunidad forense, tiene la perspectiva de las ciencias forenses planteada en el artículo publicado por Roux y Col. 2022, la Editora de la RCFH, considero importante traducir al español este trabajo y ponerlo a disposición de nuestros lectores.
Este artículo es la traducción al español del documento original en inglés, titulado: “The Sydney Declaration – Revisiting the essence of forensic science through its fundamental principles”, escrito por Claude Roux, Rebecca Bucht, Frank Crispino, Peter De Forest, Chris Lennard, Pierre Margot, Michelle D. Miranda, Niamh NicDaeid, Olivier Ribaux, Alastair Ross y Sheila Willis, y publicado en la revista Forensic Science International, volumen 332, año 2022, cuyo original está disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111182
La traducción fue realizada en marzo del 2024 por Luis Jiro Suzuri Hernández y Alexa Villavicencio Queijeiro, de la Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Forenses de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, y fue revisado, editado y corregido por la Licda. Valeria Alexandra Alonzo Matamoros egresada de la carrera de lenguas extranjeras, de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras.
Se agradece a Claude Roux, por brindarnos su autorización para publicar la traducción al español en nuestra revista.
Moses Banyeh, Abdul-Rafik Abdulai, Ernest Kofi Annan
et al.
Sex estimation models are specific to populations and cannot be generalized due to genetic and environmental variabilities. This retrospective cross-sectional study, conducted between January and September 2023 at the Tamale Teaching Hospital, included 119 (50.9 %) females and 115 (49.1 %) males aged 23–82 years. Measurements, including manubrium length (M), manubrium width (MW), sternal body length (B), combined manubrium and sternal body lengths (CL), corpus sterni width at first sternebrae (CSWS1), and corpus sterni width at third sternebrae (CSWS3), were obtained from Computerized Tomographic (CT) images of the sternum using DICOM Viewer, accurate to 0.1 cm. Subsequently, sternal area (SA) and sternal index (SI) were calculated. Univariable and stepwise multivariable discriminant function analysis (DFA) and logistic regression (LR) models were developed using a training sample (70 %), and cross-validation was performed on a holdout sample (30 %). Results showed that the linear measurements, excluding M, and sternal area were higher in males than females (P<0.001), while the sternal index was <50 % in males but >50 % in females (P<0.001). Univariable sex estimation accuracies, in cross-validation, ranged from 43.7 % to 92.9 % in DFA and 50.0–92.9 % in LR. For multivariable models, the accuracy ranges were 92.9–94.3 % in DFA and 91.6–93.0 % in LR. The sternal body length was the most accurate at 90.1 % in DFA and 90.2 % in LR, with lower sex bias (male-female) in LR than in DFA (-0.1 vs. 8.7). The sternum proves valuable for sex estimation, with sternal body length as the most accurate linear measurement. However, multivariable models, particularly LR, demonstrate higher accuracy compared to DFA.
Objective: to summarize and analyze the approaches, established in criminal procedural science, regarding the use of artificial intelligence technologies, to elaborate an author’s approach to the prospects of transformation of criminal procedural proving under the influence of artificial intelligence technologies.Methods: the methodological basis of the research is integrity of general, general scientific and specific legal methods of legal science, including abstract-logical, comparative-legal and prognostic methods.Results: the main areas of using artificial intelligence technologies in the cri mi nal procedure are defined, such as prophylaxis and detection of crimes, organization of preliminary investigation, criminological support of crime investigation, and assessing evidences at pre-trial and trial stages. The author comes to a conclusion that the rather optimistic approach to this issue, established in the science of criminal procedure, significantly outstrips the actually existing artificial intelligence technologies. The main requirements are identified, which the activity of using artificial intelligence in collecting evidences in a criminal case should satisfy. The author pays attention to the problems of using artificial intelligence technologies in conducting expert assessments, requiring an improved methodology of forensic work. The issue is considered of the prospects of transforming the criminal-procedural proving process under introduction of artificial intelligence technologies. A conclusion is substantiated that the assessment of evidences with mathematical algorithms, in which preset values of each evidence quality are used, contradict to the principle of free assessment of evidences in the criminal procedure. The author comes to a conclusion that today there are no sufficient grounds for endowing artificial intelligence with legal personality during proving.Scientific novelty: the work presents an attempt to consider the role of artificial intelligence in the criminal-procedural proving; it specifies the requirements to be met by this technology during evidences collection and analyzes the prospects of transforming the proving process under the introduction of artificial intelligence technologies.Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the research can be used to improve a mechanism of legal regulation of artificial intelligence technologies in the criminal procedure.
Hair analysis has been mainly used to document drug use history in abusers, drug-facilitated crime cases, doping control analysis and postmortem toxicology in the fields of forensic toxicology, clinical toxicology, and doping control. Hair analysis has also gained more attention in the last 30 years in China. Relevant technology has been promoted as more research has appeared concerning hair analysis, and consensus has been sought among forensic toxicologists regarding aspects such as hair decontamination treatment, detection of abused substances in hair, segmental hair analysis and interpretation of analytical results. However, there are still some limitations in the estimation of drug intake time and frequency by segmental hair analysis due to the different growth cycles evident within a bundle of hairs, the drug incorporation mechanism and sampling errors. Microsampling and imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) technology based on a single hair may be a good choice to estimate drug intake time more accurately. Analysis of hair root samples may also be used to document acute poisoning in postmortem toxicology, and the analysis of the hair shaft can document long-term use of drugs depending on the length of the hair being evaluated.
Criminal law and procedure, Public aspects of medicine
The Ladins of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol are an ethnic minority with an ancient history, located in the Dolomites Mountains, a place associated with extreme beauty and rugged land. Under the Italian Constitution, Ladins have acquired several legal rights connected with their language and history.
Ladins have a history dating to the Roman Empire. Located in a strategic place, with Alpine valleys and mountain paths that connect the Italian Peninsula with Central Europe, several Germanic tribes after the end of the Roman Empire invaded and established themselves in the zone, enforcing their customs and laws. Those so-called “barbaric laws” together with Carolingian and Ecclesiastical law gave birth to a particular system of law during the Middle Ages.
Afterward, Ladins became part of the Holy Roman Empire, and later, part of the House of Habsburg. During the aftermath of World War I, Italy obtained the region from the Austrian-Hungarian Empire in the peace treaty of Saint Germain-en-Laye of 1919.
The Italian experience with the Ladins started soon after World War I with several publications taking the task of understanding the origins of their language and its people. Ever since, Italian interest in the Ladins has not ceased. In 1998 the Italian Constitutional Court recognized the Ladin people their right to be represented in regional institutions, answering to the historical and social reality of Alto Adige/Südtirol.
Consequently, the legal resilience of the Ladins gives testimony of a long history of peaceful victories for their rights, associated with the Ladin language, in the context of judicial procedures, political participation, and legislation.
In comparison, Ladins living in other regions of Italy like Veneto and Friuli Venezia Giulia have not reached the same level of autonomy and privileges as those in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol.
Abstract In this article the argument is made that a global court like the icc is not suitable for gaining the trust of those it rules over and that the procedure used when trying crimes against humanity is a poor fit as it is to a large extent based on national procedural codes. It is suggested that a split of the icc into several regional bodies with common procedural rules that are amended to suit the special needs when trying crimes against humanity would be beneficial for the court’s credibility. The point is also made that the goals of international trials and tribunals a poorly formulated and that they over promise and need to be amended to better reflect reality.
Dian Eka Kusuma Wardani, S. Soewondo, Judhariksawan
et al.
The development of technology and information encourages law enforcement officials to be able to maximize case handling, such as investigations by utilizing electronic evidence. Electronic evidence has its own uniqueness, which is different from other general evidence such as objects that can be seen with the naked eye and the touch. Since the promulgation of Law No. 11 0f 2008 (ITE Law), there is an expansion of the types of evidence at court, namely electronic information and / or electronic documents. This research is a normative study using a statutory approach. The legal materials used are primary and secondary legal materials. Based on the results of this study that based on the provisions of the Marketplace 183 KUHAP, it can be concluded that the Criminal Procedure Code adheres to a negative law-based proof system and based on Article 5 paragraph (1) and paragraph (2) of the ITE Law that Electronic Information and / or Electronic / or the printout is valid legal evidence.
La Genética Forense es una especialidad de la genética que actualmente ocupa un lugar preferencial por su gran utilidad para identificar personas, esclarecer casos criminalísticos o de filiación genética, sobre todo en casos en los que no se cuenta con muestras adecuadamente conservadas; por ejemplo, en la identificación de restos óseos. En Honduras la genética forense se viene utilizando desde el año 2002, cuando la Dirección de Medicina Forense inauguró su laboratorio de Genética Forense; y hoy ya es una herramienta plenamente consolidada y ampliamente utilizada.
O artigo parte da análise de afirmações do Presidente da República em decorrência da rebelião ocorrida no Presídio de Altamira (Pará), no início do segundo semestre de 2019, para tratar do dever constitucional de o chefe do Executivo posicionar-se de forma direta em defesa do Direitos Humanos e dos reflexos que a sua omissão pode causar na sociedade. Aborda a questão do monopólio da violência como garantia civilizacional e a imprescindibilidade da defesa dos direitos humanos tanto de vítimas como de criminosos.
Criminal law and procedure, Social pathology. Social and public welfare. Criminology
The Internet of Things (IoT) is poised to revolutionise the way we live and communicate, and the manner in which we engage with our social and natural world. In the IoT, objects such as household items, vending machines and cars have the ability to sense and share data with other things, via wireless, Bluetooth, or Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) technology. "Smart things" have the capability to control their performance, as well as our experiences and decisions. In this exploratory paper, we overview recent developments in the IoT technology, and their relevance for criminology. Our aim is to partially fill the gap in the literature, by flagging emerging issues criminologists and social scientists ought to engage with in the future. The focus is exclusively on the IoT while other advances, such as facial recognition technology, are only lightly touched upon. This paper, thus, serves as a starting point in the conversation, as we invite scholars to join us in forecasting-if not preventing-the unwanted consequences of the "future Internet".
Criminal law and procedure, Social pathology. Social and public welfare. Criminology
В статье рассматриваются отдельные правовые и организационные проблемы в сфере исполнения наказаний и иных мер уголовно-правового характера, не связанных с изоляцией осужденного от общества, представлены результаты анкетирования сотрудников уголовно-исполнительных инспекций территориальных органов Федеральной службы исполнения наказаний, намечены пути решения существующих проблем. Исследование показало, что становление системы исполнения наказаний, не связанных с изоляцией осужденного от общества, в настоящее время еще не завершено. Требуются совершенствование уголовного и уголовно-исполнительного законодательства, более четкая правовая регламентация юридической ответственности осужденных, дальнейшее расширение круга полномочий и функций уголовно-исполнительных инспекций, преодоление сложностей в организационном, кадровом, финансовом и информационном обеспечении их деятельности. В статье указывается на исполнение уголовно-исполнительными инспекциями ряда несвойственных им функций, отсутствие правовой регламентации исполнения отдельных мер пресечения и мер уголовно-правового характера, порядка определения органами местного самоуправления перечня объектов для отбывания осужденными наказаний в виде исправительных работ и обязательных работ, а также порядка обеспечения явки осужденных в судебное заседание. Законодательно не предусмотрено проведение первоначальных мероприятий по установлению местонахождения осужденных к наказанию в виде лишения права занимать определенные должности или заниматься определенной деятельностью, не урегулирован вопрос обжалования непосредственно сотрудниками уголовно-исполнительных инспекций решений суда по представлениям в отношении осужденных.
В статье анализируются социально-психологические детерминанты преступного деяния, предусмотренного ст. 151.1 УК РФ. Данное исследование выполнено на основе административной, уголовной и иной статистики, полученной на официальных сайтах различных государственных органов, докладов органов государственной власти, а также уголовных дел, возбужденных по рассматриваемой статье УК РФ. Автор дает оценку роли семьи и общественно полезной деятельности в формировании личности. При этом отмечается снижение антикриминогенного потенциала института семьи, что во многом обусловливает формирование равнодушного отношения продавцов к несовершеннолетним покупателям, приобретающим алкоголь. Отсутствие контроля со стороны родителей в силу их занятости в общественно полезной деятельности создает благоприятные условия для совершения исследуемых противоправных деяний. Изучение современных условий трудовой деятельности работников торговли позволило сделать вывод о наличии многочисленных нарушениях гарантий и компенсаций, предусмотренных ТК РФ. Продавец, находясь в состоянии незащищенности, постепенно становится лояльным к многочисленным нарушениям законодательства в сфере торговли, начинает воспринимать их как безысходные и оправдывающие противоправное поведение как работодателя, так и самого себя. Социальная приемлемость продавца к многочисленным нарушениям законодательства постепенно становится предшествующей для нарушения уголовного закона.
This chapter discusses comparative approaches to criminal procedure, focusing on transplants, translations, and adversarial-model reforms in European criminal process. In particular, it examines the idea of “Americanization/adversarialization” of European criminal procedures—that is, the possible convergence between American common law and European civil law criminal procedure systems toward a common adversary core structure. The chapter also considers the implications of transplanting some American adversarial features into the non-adversary European soil, such as pretrial investigations conducted by the police and the public prosecutor in lieu of the investigating judge typical of the civilian tradition; exclusionary rules; cross-examination; and jury trial. It compares the so-called tango justice with rumba justice and analyzes the “revolutionary change of procedure” with respect to cross-examination of witnesses, jury trial in Spain, and plea bargaining in Europe.
This paper provides a summary of the doctoral work of Juhana Riekkinen, awarded Doctor of Laws by the Lapin yliopisto (University of Lapland) on 5 June 2019. Index words: Evidence law, civil procedure, Electronic evidence law and legislation, Electronic discovery, Electronic records, Information Technology, Networks
If we recognize that animals have rights, even minimal and rudimentary as the right to not to be killed without an acceptable reason or the right to live without constant or repetitive pain (§ 17 Animal Protection Law), then the consequence is that they would be covered by the right to selfdefense. Such rights would configure the attacked subjective right, which is exercised by humans instead of animals and they do so in their interest based on a legitimate third party’s defense. The legitimate defense in favor of animals is, however, less extensive than the one which is carried out in favor of a human being, according to the thesis I defend in this article.
El objetivo es reflexionar acerca de cuatro aspectos alternativos para la política criminal contra la delincuencia organizada transnacional, que se justifican críticamente en los resultados deficientes producidos por los enfoques tradicionales. En principio se examinan elementos provenientes de la teoría económica, que explican cómo se levantan las estructuras de delincuencia organizada, siempre desde economías subterráneas. Luego, la revisión del uso imprudente de términos para denominar al objeto de estudio, muestra el impacto que esto tiene para la construcción de percepciones y significados que guían las respuestas al problema con poca objetividad y efectividad. El planteamiento estructuralista, que se identifica en la sofisticada división de las actividades delictivas para complementarse entre ellas, propone relaciones que ayudan a entender el crecimiento acelerado y la rentabilidad económica incontenible de la delincuencia organizada. Y por último, se examina la controvertida hipótesis de convergencia entre este problema y el terrorismo. Este manuscrito repasa de manera específica algunos trabajos recientes producidos por especialistas reconocidos, pero también toma referencias clásicas de las ciencias sociales para confrontarlas con la realidad, y crear nuevos argumentos de política pública para la contención del delito organizado.