Hasil untuk "Communities. Classes. Races"

Paul R. Milgrom, John E. Roberts

R. Green, Melvin L. Oliver, T. Shapiro

J. Cerdeña, Marie V. Plaisime, J. Tsai

The brutalisation of Jacob Blake and murders of George Floyd, Breonna Taylor, Ahmaud Arbery, Tony McDade, and countless others—coupled with horrifying statistics about the dispro portionate burden of COVID-19 on Black and Brown communities—have forced the USA and the world to reckon with how structural racism conditions survival. Although clinicians often imagine themselves as benefi cent caregivers, it is increasingly clear that medicine is not a stand-alone institution immune to racial inequities, but rather is an institution of structural racism. A pervasive example of this participation is race-based medicine, the system by which research charac terising race as an essential, biological variable, translates into clinical practice, leading to inequitable care. In this Viewpoint, we discuss examples of race-based medicine, how it is learned, and how it perpetuates health-care disparities. We introduce raceconscious medicine as an alternative approach that emphasises racism, rather than race, as a key determinant of illness and health, encouraging providers to focus only on the most relevant data to mitigate health inequities. Research in clinical medicine and epidemiology requires explicit hypotheses; however, hypotheses involving race are frequently implicit and circular, relying on conventional wisdom that Black and Brown people are genetically distinct from White people. This common knowledge descends from European colonialisation, at which time race was developed as a tool to divide and control populations worldwide. Race is thus a social and power construct, with meanings that have shifted over time to suit political goals, including to assert biological inferiority of dark-skinned populations. In fact, race is a poor proxy for human variation. Physical characteristics used to identify racial groups vary with geography and do not correspond to underlying biological traits. Genetic research shows that humans cannot be divided into biologically distinct subcategories. Furthermore, ongoing overlap and mixture between populations erodes any meaningful genetic difference. Despite the absence of meaningful correspondence between race and genetics, race is repeatedly used as a shortcut in clinical medicine. For instance, Black patients are presumed to have greater muscle mass than patients of other races and estimates of their renal function are accordingly adjusted. On the basis of the understanding that Asian patients have higher visceral body fat than do people of other races, they are considered to be at risk for diabetes at lower bodymass indices. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are considered less effec tive in Black patients than in White patients, and they might not be prescribed to Black patients with hypertension (table). We argue that such approaches are harmful and unnecessary, contributing to health-care disparities among the exact populations they are intended to help. Emerging scholarship underscores the harms of these race-adjusted practices, even as some continue to defend them, touting their ability to capture yet-understood differences in clinical measures between racial groups. However, propagation of race-based medicine promotes racial stereotyping, diminishes the need for research identifying more precise biomarkers underpinning disparities, and condones false notions about the biological inferiority of Black and Brown people. Hence, even if significant findings or clinical anecdotes support the use of racially tailored practices, they should be rigorously critiqued and mediating variables, such as structural conditions, should be analysed accordingly. Many medical students enter their training with racial biases that are unconsciously reinforced. Race is often learned as an independent risk factor for disease, rather than as a mediator of structural inequalities resulting from racist policies. Health disparities are presented without context, leading students to develop harmful stereotypes on the basis of the belief that some popu lations are more diseased than others. Students learn to associate race with disease conditions, such as sarcoidosis, cystic fibrosis, hypertension, and focal segmental glomerulonephritis, which upholds their implicit understandings of race as a biological trait. Professors might misleadingly equate genetic ancestry, which could be meaningful when traced to a narrowly circumscribed population of origin (eg, Biafada people), with race (eg, African ancestry). On the wards, students learn that race is relevant to treatment decisions and have inadequate power to question the racialised assumptions of their supervisors. In this way, race-based medicine is quickly propagated. Such racially tailored care might drive medical errors and increase health inequities. For instance, medical students who endorsed the false beliefs that Black patients had longer nerve endings and thicker skin than White patients also rated Black patients as feeling less pain and offered less accurate treatment recommendations in mock medical cases. This racialised belief in diminished pain sensitivity of Black patients translates to consistently inadequate pain management and their reduced likelihood of receiving opioid prescriptions for severe pain. Furthermore, race-adjusted instruments might also affect disease management. The assessment of renal function in Black patients is based on a higher estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), which might mask kidney failure, delaying dialysis and listing for transplant. Race corrections for pulmonary lung function Lancet 2020; 396: 1125–28

S. Hatcher, C. Agnew-Brune, M. Anderson et al.

Although non-Hispanic American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) persons account for 0.7% of the U.S. population,* a recent analysis reported that 1.3% of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases reported to CDC with known race and ethnicity were among AI/AN persons (1). To assess the impact of COVID-19 among the AI/AN population, reports of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases during January 22†-July 3, 2020 were analyzed. The analysis was limited to 23 states§ with >70% complete race/ethnicity information and five or more laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases among both AI/AN persons (alone or in combination with other races and ethnicities) and non-Hispanic white (white) persons. Among 424,899 COVID-19 cases reported by these states, 340,059 (80%) had complete race/ethnicity information; among these 340,059 cases, 9,072 (2.7%) occurred among AI/AN persons, and 138,960 (40.9%) among white persons. Among 340,059 cases with complete patient race/ethnicity data, the cumulative incidence among AI/AN persons in these 23 states was 594 per 100,000 AI/AN population (95% confidence interval [CI] = 203-1,740), compared with 169 per 100,000 white population (95% CI = 137-209) (rate ratio [RR] = 3.5; 95% CI = 1.2-10.1). AI/AN persons with COVID-19 were younger (median age = 40 years; interquartile range [IQR] = 26-56 years) than were white persons (median age = 51 years; IQR = 32-67 years). More complete case report data and timely, culturally responsive, and evidence-based public health efforts that leverage the strengths of AI/AN communities are needed to decrease COVID-19 transmission and improve patient outcomes.

Dae R. Jeong, Kyungtae Kim, B. Shivakumar et al.

A data race in a kernel is an important class of bugs, critically impacting the reliability and security of the associated system. As a result of a race, the kernel may become unresponsive. Even worse, an attacker may launch a privilege escalation attack to acquire root privileges. In this paper, we propose Razzer, a tool to find race bugs in kernels. The core of Razzer is in guiding fuzz testing towards potential data race spots in the kernel. Razzer employs two techniques to find races efficiently: a static analysis and a deterministic thread interleaving technique. Using a static analysis, Razzer identifies over-approximated potential data race spots, guiding the fuzzer to search for data races in the kernel more efficiently. Using the deterministic thread interleaving technique implemented at the hypervisor, Razzer tames the non-deterministic behavior of the kernel such that it can deterministically trigger a race. We implemented a prototype of Razzer and ran the latest Linux kernel (from v4.16-rc3 to v4.18-rc3) using Razzer. As a result, Razzer discovered 30 new races in the kernel, with 16 subsequently confirmed and accordingly patched by kernel developers after they were reported.

Thomas J. Miceli

J. Wang

Hadassah Ely Sharon, Hansen Hanjaya, Gita Noviani et al.

Usaha Mikro, Kecil, dan Menengah merupakan satu kekuatan ekonomi melalui kemampuannya untuk menyerap tenaga kerja. Salah satu kategori usaha yang memiliki peluang yang besar adalah jasa kecantikan karena jumlahnya masih sedikit, terutama di Tasikmalaya. Pandemi Covid-19 menjadi kendala utama bagi pelaku usaha yang memasarkan produk/jasanya secara langsung. Talita Care merupakan salah satu usaha bidang kecantikan yang masih melakukan pemasaran secara konvensional dan belum memiliki kompetensi untuk melakukan pemasaran secara digital. Karena itu diberikan program pendampingan kepada Talita Care untuk mengembangkan kemampuan Talita Care terutama dari sisi Pemasaran Digital. Penerapan Pemasaran Digital diangkat sebagai fokus pembahasan karena memiliki peran penting sebagai strategi promosi bagi produk Talita Care untuk semakin dikenal oleh masyarakat, bahkan setelah pandemi berakhir. Mengingat kondisi pandemi, program pendampingan dilakukan secara online dengan menggunakan media Zoom. Program ini berhasil membuka channel pemasaran baru bagi Talita Care, meningkatkan penjualan melalui platform digital serta meningkatkan kompetensi pemilik dan pegawai Talita Care dalam Pemasaran Digital.

David Oluseun Olayungbo, Aziza Zhuparova, Mamdouh Abdulaziz Saleh Al-Faryan et al.

The relationship between oil price movements and stock markets during the COVID-19 pandemic and the geopolitical crisis like the ongoing Russian-Ukraine war is yet unexplored extensively. This study therefore examines the return-correlation effects of oil prices on stock markets and their spillover effects in oil-exporting and European countries using daily closing data. After estimating the GARCH process, we employ the static and dynamic Markov Switching model that allow the relationship between oil price and stock market to switch between two regimes coined the COVID-19 and the Russia-Ukraine war periods. The static model shows stock price returns to respond positively and significantly to oil price returns in Italy, Germany and the US during the Covid-19 period while the response is significantly positive only for US in the Russia-Ukraine war period. As regards the volatility spillover, significant spillover is found from stock to oil market for Nigeria, vice versa for Saudi Arabia and bi-directional volatility spillover found for the US, Italy and Germany during the COVID-19 period. The policy implication is that Nigeria and Saudi Arabia should prioritize financial policy and energy policy respectively while US, Italy and Germany should adopt policy coordination to stabilize oil-stock market volatility during low oil price period like the COVID-19 period.

Hlengiwe P. Maila, Lianne P. Malan, Adrino Mazenda

Background: The public housing delivery practices in South Africa are fragmented, resulting in various outcomes concerning housing delivery. There is a pressing need to overhaul public housing delivery that puts citizens at the core of the delivery process. Aim: The current state-led model of delivering housing is not effective and by design, the model for housing delivery should include the participation of beneficiaries. The aim was to develop a co-production model for housing delivery. Setting: The article focused on the housing sector in South Africa. Methods: A qualitative research approach and grounded theory as research design was used. Instruments were document analysis and semi-structured interviews with participants who are stakeholders in housing co-production. Data collected was analysed through inductive thematic analysis. Results: The results suggested a self-reliant approach to housing delivery, which is demand driven with the state as a facilitator and not the provider of housing. The model for housing should have a component that does not perpetuate a culture of dependency and entitlement but promotes the concept of co-production. Conclusion: The article explored the possibility of introducing a co-production model for housing delivery model in South Africa. It was established that the role of government must shift to that of an enabler and facilitator instead of a provider of housing. Contribution: This proposed model contributes towards the body of knowledge in terms of promoting public service delivery and performance (in this instance in the housing sector) in South Africa as a country situated in Africa.

Kasprzyk Beata

The subject-matter and aim of this paper is to present the extent of poverty and economic and social exclusion in the countries of the European Union (EU-27). The specific aim is the comparative assessment and reduction of these processes between 2011 and 2022.

Anand Garima

This article is interested in justice and race in two African American novels: Frederick Douglass’s Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass: an American slave and Toni Morrison's Beloved. Going from the quest of profit, we highlight the instrumentalization of the law by the Whites to the detriment of the black community. Violence is institutionalized and it causes many catastrophic consequences which destroy and disperse Negroes who are hardly exploited by the masters like Mr. Garner and Schoolteacher in Beloved, and Colonel Lloyd and Mr. Auld in Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass: an American slave. Like in a capitalistic society, there is the class struggle opposing white masters to black slaves who represent the lower class or the proletarians. The relationships between the races have been endangered causing the death and the flight of many Negroes who run away from the place of their ill treatments or tortures. Because of the rudeness and cruelty of Schoolteacher, the Sweet Home men flee the plantation of Sweet Home, which engenders the loss of Sixo and the scattering of the family. In parallel, Douglass tells his flight from his master’s plantation with John and Freddy before he is caught and submitted to punishment. Douglass and Morrison emphasize the institutionalization of violence and the class struggle to appease the social climate prevailing in America by insisting on the moralization of human relationships.

Mário Antônio Sanches, Clara Nasser Scherer, Giovana Maestrelli

This article examines parents’ (in)tolerance in recommending or not their children’s coexistence with people situated in a wide diversity range. It is an exploratory research, conducted in a southern Brazilian community, by use of a questionnaire, with 225 participants. The analysed questions started with the sentence: “how do you position yourself when your son or daughter seeks to live with people of the opposite sex, another religion, other ethnicities or races, another social class, with disabilities, homosexuals and children of prisoners?”. The analysed results focus on the different postures taken by female and male participants of the sample. The research shows that the female sample appeared to be more prone to encourage coexistence with the multiple categories of people investigated. The study is relevant to understand that living with diversity reveals distinct world views from the female and male populations.

Yousef Aldaihani, Abdullah Almalki

Abstract In the context of America’s active movement toward equality and the unity of races in the post-racist era, the Mountain Dew commercial demonstrates that the media realm continues to be dominated by the biases and stereotypes of racist origin. The study aimed to examine the case study of a Mountain Dew Commercial and critically documented its racial elements which sparked widespread criticism. Using Stuart Hall’s model of Encoding/Decoding, the study disclosed both the denotative and connotative meanings contained in the most racist advertisement in the history of commercials, as called by one of the critics. It examined the commercial from the viewpoint of the different levels of meanings and investigated the relationship between the portrayal of Black people and the ideological meanings that they carry in terms of the existing stereotype and its relation to other racial minorities. Also, the viewpoints of Tyler, the Creator, and Dr. Boyce Watkins were given which presented the arguments in favor and against racial content, aired by commercial entities. The study provided insight into how the idea of a post-racial society is discussed within the Black community, where experiences, education, and class play a major part in shaping competing racial politics.

Z. Ang, Umang Mathur

While current bug detection techniques for concurrent software focus on unearthing low-level issues such as data races or deadlocks, they often fall short of discovering more intricate temporal behaviours that can arise even in the absence of such low-level issues. In this paper, we focus on the problem of dynamically analysing concurrent software against high-level temporal specifications such as LTL. Existing techniques for runtime monitoring against such specifications are primarily designed for sequential software and remain inadequate in the presence of concurrency — violations may be observed only in intricate thread interleavings, requiring many re-runs of the underlying software in conjunction with the analysis. Towards this, we study the problem of predictive runtime monitoring, inspired by the analogous problem of predictive data race detection studied extensively recently. The predictive runtime monitoring question asks, given an execution σ, if it can be soundly reordered to expose violations of a specification. In general, this problem may become easily intractable when either the specifications or the notion of reorderings used is complex. In this paper, we focus on specifications that are given in regular languages. Our notion of reorderings is trace equivalence, where an execution is considered a reordering of another if it can be obtained from the latter by successively commuting adjacent independent actions. We first show that, even in this simplistic setting, the problem of predictive monitoring admits a super-linear lower bound of O(nα), where n is the number of events in the execution, and α is a parameter describing the degree of commutativity, and typically corresponds to the number of threads in the execution. As a result, predictive runtime monitoring even in this setting is unlikely to be efficiently solvable, unlike in the non-predictive setting where the problem can be checked using a deterministic finite automaton (and thus, a constant-space streaming linear-time algorithm). Towards this, we identify a sub-class of regular languages, called pattern languages (and their extension generalized pattern languages). Pattern languages can naturally express specific ordering of some number of (labelled) events, and have been inspired by popular empirical hypotheses underlying many concurrency bug detection approaches such as the “small bug depth” hypothesis. More importantly, we show that for pattern (and generalized pattern) languages, the predictive monitoring problem can be solved using a constant-space streaming linear-time algorithm. We implement and evaluate our algorithm PatternTrack on benchmarks from the literature and show that it is effective in monitoring large-scale applications.

Alfarabi Alfarabi, Lisa Adhrianti, Dionni Ditya Perdana et al.

Indonesia is known as a country that has many tribes, cultures, races, religions, and codes of conduct of the people. But the exciting thing is that the complexity of diversity does not divide Indonesia. Rama Agung Village, Bengkulu Utara Regency, was designated as a Religious Harmony Village in Bengkulu Province in 2018 by the Minister of Religious Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia. Upon launching the minister of religion, the Governor of Bengkulu designated it as a Miniature Village of Religious Harmony in Bengkulu Province. This is in line with the decision of the Regent of Bengkulu Utara in 2021, which established Rama Agung Village as a Religious Tourism Village. In this position, religious and cultural tolerance becomes important as the main indicator that can reduce points of conflict between individuals, social classes, and society. This tolerance was formed not on the basis of an accident. Still, the similarity of struggle that gave birth to valuable lessons bound in the points and points of Pancasila elaborated in the State Constitution and actualized in everyday life. This research design uses qualitative methods with a single instrumental case study approach. Data collection will be collected through interviews and document review. The results showed that the harmonization that occurs in Rama Agung village is currently maintained because of the value of harmony instilled by the community in interreligious life, namely open communication between fellow believers, mutual respect for other religious celebrations, and the rules of other religions.

J. Mallet, M. Joron

Mada Sophianingrum, Melisa Angelina, Prihadi Nugroho

Migration for rural communities is part of an adaptation strategy to deal with stresses and risks to their livelihoods. In fact, the rural agricultural sector is formidable compared to other sectors because it can survive and increase significantly even though the economy is being disrupted due to the Covid-19 Pandemic. This study aimed to analyze the role of migration strategies carried out by migrant households in Padas Village, Jono Village, and Gawan Village. The sustainable livelihood framework becomes a reference for assessing comprehensive household livelihood. This research uses a case study approach. In-depth data collection is carried out on migrants and migrant families with various migration characteristics. The results show that the migration strategy that occurs in Padas Village, Jono Village, and Gawan Village is influenced by the time of migration, differences in resources/livelihood capital characteristics, the context of vulnerability to livelihoods, and the migration strategy conducted. At the regional scale, although there are differences in the characteristics of resources/livelihood capital between the three villages, the role of migration remains the same. Meanwhile, the role of the migration strategy can be seen more clearly based on the time of migration that occurred in the three villages.

Sven ILLERIS

The purpose of this contribution is to discuss what roles the different economic sectors, and in particular services activities (the tertiary sector) play in regional develop ment, understood as growth in production, incomes and employment in weakly developed regions. This question is approached in two ways. The contribution first contains a - primarily theoretical - re-examination of the so-called economic base model, which states that services play a passive role in regional development. The discussion leads to substantial modifications of the model. The second approach is more empirical. It will take as its point of departure the proposition - often heard, but rarely examined - that since service activities are more concentrated in big cities than other activities and in recent decades have shown higher growth rates than other economic activities, it follows that the economic development is now pulled towards big city regions. Examined by way of a statistical analysis in Denmark and France, this proposition could not be verified.

Clément Barbier

Built on a cross-national sociological research that retraces the genesis of two large-scale urban renewal projects in the urban areas of Lille and Hamburg, this article shows to what extent they might be considered as gentrification policies and as a way to question this analytical category. Even if both—Union and IBA Hamburg—projects imply the social and symbolic triage of firms and populations that are legitimate to occupy the targeted neighbourhoods, the coalitions of actors who try to turn these “problem areas” into symbols of “metropolitan attractiveness” are far from acting in a coherent, omnipotent and unequivocal way. The processes of eviction and of real estate value-creation or -destruction throughout the design and implementation of these large-scale urban projects are the result of the action of these public-private coalitions as well as the consequence of their inaction and their (relative) incapacity to actually govern people and capital flows. Therefore, the (in)capacities of local governments to remove populations and businesses from these districts or to enhance the market and symbolic value of these spaces depends on the social and economic embeddedness of these policies.