Hasil untuk "Commercial geography. Economic geography"

Seyed Alireza Tabatabaei, Erfan Ekvan

Identification of property in Imami jurisprudence and, accordingly, in Iranian law, is conditional on having exchange value, legitimacy, possession and transferability. Unusual digital tokens that have created a huge transformation in the field of intellectual property rights and virtual objects are known from the perspective of common property; However, the mere customary identification of its property is not the reason for the validity of the property from a jurisprudential and legal point of view, and other conditions for property identification must be met. This research, with a descriptive and analytical method and using library and internet tools, deals with the feasibility of applying the taxation conditions in Iranian law and Imami jurisprudence to Non-Fungible Token. related to property, such as whether it is movable or immovable, the ability to seize it, etc. in relation to this issue in future research. The results of the research indicate the conformity of the four criteria for identification of ownership obtained from the summation of the opinions of Imamiyyah jurists and the custom of economists on digital tokens. Therefore, such tokens in virtual space have financial conditions and will be classified as assets, and civil and commercial legal effects will follow them.1. Introduction The world has entered a new era since the beginning of the 1980s. Understanding what it is and why it is and understanding the necessary planning to cope with it requires the use of new concepts and theories. Virtual space, as a product of new information and communication technology, has a decisive role in this. This real space, which is an extension of human society in the context of information and communication technology, is an infinite space that organizes all kinds of interactions through information and communication in a digital context. In this space, regardless of the limitation caused by physical geography, extensive communication between persons with each other, persons with objects and objects with each other is provided through computers and in a digital process. One of the latest phenomena of organizing economic and non-economic interactions in the virtual space is called blockchain, which has created a huge evolution in terms of security, speed and transparency of data. Blockchain technology has brought many derivatives to humanity, one of the most prominent of which is Non-Federal Digital Tokens (NFT). These tokens have various applications in the field of economy, trade, culture, politics and other social and interactive affairs of humans with each other, humans with objects and objects with each other. Although today, art, business, and music are at the forefront of using this tool, and the buying and selling of things such as works of art, digital books, and in fact anything that can be converted into this type of token has become common. The basic question regarding these tokens is that according to these economic functions, from the perspective of Imami jurisprudence and according to Iranian law, do these tokens have the conditions to be recognized as property so that it can be assumed that they can be owned and have legal effects on them? or that if buying and selling takes place, it is only for the common practice and basically these tokens do not have juridical value. The purpose of this research is to investigate the conformity of property identification criteria in Imamiyyah jurisprudence and Iranian law on non-homologous digital tokens. Considering that previous researches have generally dealt with finance in the cyber space or paid attention to cryptocurrencies in general, the present research has this innovation that it specifically deals with the finance of non-traditional digital tokens, which until the time of writing this article, in Persian sources, there is no research in this field. The context is not visible. 2. Methodology The method used for this research is descriptive-analytical. In this article, two categories of sources are used: the first category includes authentic books of Imami jurisprudence, laws related to property rights in Iran's legal system, and authentic articles that serve as a reference for obtaining the nature of property and the criteria required for token comparison. Non-homosexual digital tokens are considered in Imamiya and Iranian jurisprudence, and the second category includes valid educational courses, international authoritative articles and sites that are used to obtain the required information related to non-homosexual digital tokens. Non-Fungible Token in Iran, like in other countries, is a new phenomenon and does not have a diverse and extensive research history. in other words, this article is the first research in Iran's legal system that comments on the property of these virtual objects. It should be noted that some limited research related to the rights of Non-Fungible Token in Iran has been done in the form of a thesis in the field of intellectual and intellectual property rights, such as the role of Non-Fungible Token in supporting intellectual property rights at the University of Tehran. 3. Results and Discussion In order to identify any issue in terms of whether it is tax or not, it is necessary to determine the classification of the issue, because each classification of property requires its own criteria for taxation. In Iranian law, property is divided into the same category as tangible property and benefits. A benefit that is included in the category of property can be manifested in two forms, object or service. As a result, in general, regardless of whether the subject of property is object or benefit, property can be considered in this division according to its different nature, object or service. Any non-physical activity that is transferred from its provider to the applicant is called a service, the characteristics of services include intangibility, non-storability, uniqueness, customer participation in services, and inseparability. In contrast to services, Non-Fungible Token have the ability to be stored in digital wallets, they are also independent of their creator after production and are portable in the virtual space through transfer on the blockchain platform, as a result, digital tokens are not considered services in this division and they should be put it in the category of tangible property. The basis for examining the wealth criteria of tangible property can be pure Imamiyyah jurisprudence or special economic custom, which includes the opinions of economists. In Imamiyyah jurisprudence, there are three views on the property of the subjects, according to the first point of view, the mere presence of some kind of halal benefit is sufficient to consider the subject as property, but the criticism that can be made to this opinion is that there are some subjects that in the perspective of Iranian law And custom has value, but their benefit is not a generic; Like the photo of the father of the family, which has no benefit in generic standard, while it is very important for his family, and each member of the family may pay a lot of money to the owner to get this photo. The second view considers having a legitimate interest to be enough to be property, but this opinion is also incomplete; Because it is true that the condition of having a legitimate interest is comprehensive; But after examining more opinions, we will realize that the mere benefit and legitimacy does not make the title of property on an issue true. The third and final view in Imamiyyah jurisprudence also considers rational benefit as the criterion for property, which, like the previous views, faces the problem of being incomplete; Because there are many examples in Iran that may have a small rational benefit; However, from the perspective of Imami jurisprudence, they should not be considered property; Like pork, which is not worth eating due to impurity in Iranian law. The opinions of economists are also incomplete just like Imamiyyah jurisprudence and cannot provide comprehensive criteria and obstacles to identify tangible property. The first opinion is the theory of value and utility, which was presented by some thinkers in the 19th century. According to this theory, like the third opinion of the Imami jurists, any subject that has a rational benefit is considered property, while the mere possession of a rational benefit is not considered property and it is not under the ownership of individuals, for example, consider air, it is true that it has the rational benefit of life for humans, but it cannot be considered as property and considered as the property of limited individuals. The second opinion in the specific economic custom is the theory of value resulting from the cost of production and labor, which was presented by Adam Smith, so everything that is created based on human labor has value, but this opinion is also incomplete. Some examples of property, such as horses, are without value. The fact that a person does something on them, they are considered independently from the perspective of custom and property law. In general, according to the fact that each of the examined opinions is incomplete, the criteria of tangible property should be found in the examination of the relationship between people and property, with a little thought in this connection, four criteria of having an exchange value that causes demand, having juridical and legal legitimacy, ability to possess and transferability can be declared as the criteria of tangible property and concluded that the criteria of tangible property in Iranian law is a combination of Imamiyyah jurists and the special custom of economists. on the same basis, Iranian law has established rules in paragraph 3 of article 190 and articles 215, 240, 348, 422, 637, 754, 773 that imply compliance with these criteria for tangible property. in the end, to check the value of digital tokens, it is necessary to verify the existence of the mentioned criteria in this type of virtual object. Non-fungible tokens due to multiple and unique applications such as creating wealth through selling works of art and playing games and creating virtual property security through providing intellectual and intellectual property rights qualify for the first criterion, i.e. having an exchange value that creates demand. In relation to the second criterion, in Imami jurisprudence as the basis of Iranian law, there are principles that can be used to leave it in case of doubt, in relation to non-fungible tokens due to the lack of a source that indicates sanctity or non-sanctity. There is a doubt in legal and jurisprudential legitimacy that by using the principle of falsity and the principle of authenticity, it is possible to judge the legitimacy of non-fungible tokens, so non-sexual digital tokens have juridical and legal legitimacy as well. Captivability is also subject to the ability to be available and assigned, which non-fungible tokens are also eligible for this criterion because they have the ability to be stored in digital wallets. In order to verify transferability as the fourth criterion, it should be noted that one of the reasons that a person reproduces and offers a work in the form of non-fungible tokens is because it is possible to maintain the intellectual property rights related to his work by selling these works and earn income, the premise of making money in this way is the transfer of non-fungible tokens to the buyer of the work, which in practice is done through the payment of the blockchain network fee and transfer to the person's wallet, as a result, digital tokens are also transferable. 4. Conclusions and Future Research Finally, according to the comparisons made and the arguments expressed, it can be claimed that according to Imami jurisprudence and Iranian law, these tokens are considered property and are included in the property category. Considering the definition of property for non-fungible tokens can be the introduction of new and important research that is suggested by the author of the following topics: The issue of the legitimacy of non-fungible tokens has been examined in this article only using practical principles to solve the initial confusion and it is suggested that experts in Islamic sciences deal with this aspect in a more specialized manner. By discovering the value of these tokens, as mentioned in the conclusion, new legal issues are created that can be investigated in this direction. The topics that can be suggested for research are: 1- matching transactions based on non-representative digital assets with certain contracts, 2- the nature of creating non-representative digital assets‌ is a contract or an event. 3- Since the value of these tokens was determined in this research, it is suggested that the legislator, by introducing a new law or amending the previous laws, consider the laws related to the value of digital tokens as illegal and establish special rules related to it. 4. The identification of these tokens as property is the reason for the authenticity of the transactions whose subject is non-ideal digital tokens (if there are other conditions for the authenticity of the transactions). Create transactions of these tokens.

Kashif Hasan Khan, Iman Bastanifar, Ali Omidi et al.

BOLOJAN GEORGETA , BOGHEANU CORINA DANIELA, NEN MADLENA

The main purpose of this research article is to highlight the benefits brought by the Erasmus+ program in the professional and personal development of teachers participating in mobilities, thus adding value to the institutional management process. The main goal of the study is to first obtain a general picture of the degree of satisfaction of students enrolled in courses offered through the Erasmus + program in the field of education between 2020 and 2023, with a focus on the development of professional and personal skills, including emotional intelligence. Next, the study aims to identify success factors for the management of educational institutions where participatory leadership has been highlighted through the team responsible for promoting and carrying out the Erasmus + program as the project coordinator or consortium coordinator for that specific period. To emphasize the main benefits that the Erasmus+ program provides for both academic management and more specifically organizational leadership, our qualitative research narrows down from general to specific and is based on the following methodology: analyzing the publicly available documents from the National Agency for Community Programs in the Field of Education and Vocational Training (ANPCDEFP), monitoring and case studies related to the implementation of Erasmus+ projects, focusing primarily on the first two major stages: the initial mobilization and the follow-up. Our analysis revealed that the formulation and implementation of an Erasmus+ project constitute a strategic necessity for the management of educational institutions, particularly for the professional and personal development of the teaching staff, for internationalizing educational activities, for international cooperation, and for economic growth based on a smart and strict investment in human resources. This is the primary factor influencing the improvement of the quality of the educational system, as the development of teaching skills has both immediate and long-term effects.

CORINA CREȚU

The European Council adopted the EU Strategic agenda. In this context, this study provides an overview about the Agenda’s implications and also about the 9th Cohesion Report. In this study, a comparison of Cohesion Policy in the EU Strategic Agendas developed for the 2019-2024 and the one developed for 2024-2029 revealed significant differences, adapted to each period's needs, but also common points which remained current in the period 2024-2029. This study underscores that both Agendas admit the importance of cohesion policy in fostering balanced development and reducing disparities among EU regions. Therefore, possible ways to the future were formulated.

Paulius Kozlovas, S. Gudzius, Jokubas Ciurlionis et al.

This paper aimed at assessing the technical and economic potential of using rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) systems in Lithuanian urban areas to support energy and climate policy formation and its implementation in the country. A bottom-up approach was applied. A number of apartment (AP), commercial (COM) and public (PUB) buildings, electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructures and solar PV systems in the largest Lithuanian cities were analyzed, and the results were tailored to national-wide estimates. LiDAR and photogrammetry data of building topologies, geographical information systems (GIS), digital maps for rooftop measurements, factual solar photovoltaic (PV) performance modeling, average profiles of solar PV systems, statistical data of energy consumption in buildings, levelized cost of energy (LCOE) models and the literature review method were used. The results of the assessment of selected buildings and their categories reveal that the rooftop area per installed PV unit was 14.1–18.3 m2/kW in AP buildings, followed by 18.0–18.6 m2/kW in COM and 6.1–18.3 m2/kW in PUB buildings; the factor of rooftop suitability for solar PV system installation varied in ranges of 31.5–85.4%, 48.9–99.4% and 50.1–88.2%, respectively. Corrected by expert judgement, these estimates served as inputs for the assessment of technical and economic potentials. Furthermore, energy generated by solar PV could be consumed locally with little supplied to the distribution grid, resulting in no or a limited need for expensive investments in infrastructure. In addition, locating an EV charger on the premises of COM or PUB buildings could improve the localized consumption of solar energy. Thus, rooftop solar PV systems in urban Lithuanian areas are preferable. The results of the technical potential analysis show that, on the rooftops of AP buildings, 272 MW could be installed, followed by 78 MW on roofs of PUB and 67 MW on COM buildings. If technical potential is extracted, EUR 332.7 million can be invested. The cost of energy produced by solar PV systems was estimated at 2.34–5.25 EURct/kWh, which is significantly lower than the prices of market and retail electricity, standing at 23 EURct/kWh and 24 EURct/kWh (with support from the government) in 2022, respectively. The research’s limitations are defined by the fact that average values were applied to estimate the technical and economic potential of rooftop solar PV systems; a limited number of building categories were analyzed; the category of private houses, which is minor in cities, was missed, and rural areas with a great number of private houses were not covered by this study.

Hongkai Qie, Y. Chao, Hui Chen et al.

PurposeIntellectual property right constitutes play a forceful role to promote economic growth and create a fortune. However, it is not yet clear to what extent the agricultural intellectual property rights represented by geographical indications of agricultural products (AGIs) can affect the development of regional economy. The purpose of this paper is to analyze this impact and its mechanism as well as to draw policy implications from this empirical analysis.Design/methodology/approachUsing county-level panel data from 2006 to 2020, this paper employed the difference-in-differences (DID) model.FindingsThe authors find that AGIs can significantly improve economic development at the county level. The AGIs can stimulate the flow of commercial and industrial capital to the countryside, thus fueling county-level economic development. Unlike AGIs for cereals and cash crops, AGIs for aquatic products and animal products cannot influence or have a negative impact on county-level economic. Compared with Eastern regions, the acquisition of AGIs in Western regions can more significantly boost county-level economic development. Therefore, AGIs can pronouncedly narrow down the gap of cross-county economic growth.Originality/valueConclusions of this paper can provide references for building the county-level countryside into a main ground of agricultural economic development and brand construction, continuously promoting the agricultural supply-front structural reform and boosting realization of all-around rural revitalization.

Fayaz Gul Mazloum Yar, Shamsurahman Zahid, J. Miakhil

Purpose - The emergence of industrial hubs focused on oil and gas energy has fortified economic structures by integrating production, transit, and energy consumption, a phenomenon known as "geo-economics. The Near East, a strategic region rich in hydrocarbon reservoirs, has garnered significant attention as it seeks to influence critical areas, bases, and operational centers to achieve political-military and economic-commercial objectives. Due to its unique geographical location and proximity to major powers like Russia and China, along with regional players such as Iran, Pakistan, and India, Afghanistan assumes a vital operational role.Methodology - This article discusses the consequences of economic, geopolitical, and geo-economic developments in Afghanistan and neighboring regions using analytical and descriptive methods and reliable scientific and research sources. This research method has used the data and results of numerous studies in this field and explained these developments' connections and mutual effects.Findings - Capitalizing on its exceptional geographical position, Afghanistan stands to capitalize on numerous economic opportunities in trade and transit. Despite efforts to leverage this potential, significant progress remains elusive.Implication - This article delves into the economic and political prospects and capabilities engendered by Afghanistan's geographic position, aiming to identify its critical attributes for developmental purposes.

M. Mehmood, Syed Junaid Haqqani, Faraz Zaidi et al.

Cities are widely considered as the lifeblood of a nations’ economy housing the bulk of industries, commercial and trade activities, and employment opportunities. Within this economic context, multinational corporations play an important role in this economic development of cities in particular, and subsequently the countries and regions they belong to, in general. As multinational companies are spread throughout the world by virtue of ownership–subsidiary relationship, these ties create complex inter-dependent networks of cities that shape and define socio-economic status, as well as macro-regional influences impacting the world economy. In this paper, we study these networks of cities formed as a result of ties between multinational firms. We analyze these networks using intra-regional, inter-regional, and hybrid ties (conglomerate integration) as spatial motifs defined by geographic delineation of world’s economic regions. We attempt to understand how global cities position themselves in spatial and economic geographies and how their ties promote regional integration along with global expansion for sustainable growth and economic development. We study these networks over four time periods from 2010 to 2019 and discover interesting trends and patterns. The most significant result is the domination of inter-regional motifs representing cross-regional ties among cities rather than national and regional integration.

BABUCEA ANA-GABRIELA, SIRBU OCTAVIAN

The current business environment is particularly dynamic as a result of the factors of change that are not only numerous but especially complex. In order to cope with the high demands of consumers, accelerated innovation, and intense competition generated by globalization, enterprises must be fast and efficient in changing their way of operating on marketplaces, and the answer to these challenges is digitalization, the adoption and integration of the latest digital technologies and their digital transformation. Cloud computing has a crucial role in enabling organizations to adapt, innovate, and remain competitive in today's fast-paced and data-driven business landscape. Cloud computing can reduce and even drop the disadvantages of running applications on on-premises servers and traditional data centers. Choosing the best cloud solution is often a real challenge due to the different types of available cloud services and numerous providers with advantages and disadvantages to the organization's needs and expectations. For this reason, knowing the different aspects of the implementation models and how each one of them responds to business needs is essential. This paper explores how cloud computing, unanimously considered essential for the digitization of businesses, represents the right solution concerning to different factors, namely the size of the enterprise, the complexity of business processes, and the requirements regarding data management and security.

C. Mardones

ABSTRACT The international community has reacted with surprising speed and unity to Russia’s ‘special military operation’ on Ukrainian territory through commercial and financial sanctions to achieve its economic isolation. This military action will change the relations between Russia and most world countries in ways that cannot yet be foreseen. This study analyzes the short-term effects of international trade interruptions on the economy, considering different isolation scenarios. The hypothetical extraction method and a multi-regional input-output model are used to simulate the economic effects on the production of 189 countries. The results show that the most affected country is Russia, with a drop in production of 10.1% in the scenario with sanctions from the European Union and 14.8% when the sanctions are also applied by Australia, Canada, Japan, United States, and the United Kingdom. The European countries with the greatest geographical proximity and strong trade flow with Russia suffer a significant drop in their production, including Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Finland, Hungary, and Poland. In Russia, the most affected economic sectors are Re-export & Re-import and Mining & Quarrying. Finally, the estimated impacts are a lower bound since the effects associated with financial sanctions, exchange rates, commodity prices, among others, are not considered.

G. Coskuner, M. Jassim, M. Zontul et al.

Reliable prediction of municipal solid waste (MSW) generation rates is a significant element of planning and implementation of sustainable solid waste management strategies. In this study, the multi-layer perceptron artificial neural network (MLP-ANN) is applied to verify the prediction of annual generation rates of domestic, commercial and construction and demolition (C&D) wastes from the year 1997 to 2016 in Askar Landfill site in the Kingdom of Bahrain. The proposed robust predictive models incorporated selected explanatory variables to reflect the influence of social, demographical, economic, geographical and touristic factors upon waste generation rates (WGRs). The Mean Squared Error (MSE) and coefficient of determination (R2) are used as performance indicators to evaluate effectiveness of the developed models. MLP-ANN models exhibited strong accuracy in predictions with high R2 and low MSE values. The R2 values for domestic, commercial and C&D wastes are 0.95, 0.99 and 0.91, respectively. Our results show that the developed MLP-ANN models are effective for the prediction of WGRs from different sources and could be considered as a cost-effective approach for planning integrated MSW management systems.

CHIRCULESCU MARIA FELICIA

The Member States of the European Union have adopted a series of fiscal measures aimed at mitigating some of the worst negative financial effects of the coronavirus crisis. Since February 2020, Member States' budgetary policies have focused on reducing the short-term impact of measures to curb the movement of people and reducing demand on revenue and employment. The paper presents in addition to the effects of fiscal measures as a share of GDP in the Member States of the European Union and their impact on macroeconomic indicators, namely the reflection of total revenues and total expenditures as a share of GDP over the period 2019-2022

S. Zanvo, Sylvestre C. A. M. Djagoun, F. Azihou et al.

Background Pangolins are trafficked in unsustainable volumes to feed both local and global trade networks for their meat and the medicinal properties of their derivatives, including scales. We focus on a West African country (Benin) to assess the medicinal and spiritual values of pangolins among different ethnic groups and identify the cohort of buyers involved in the pangolin trade and related economic values along the chain, notably from local diasporas. Methods We organised 54 focus groups in villages surrounding occurrence habitats of pangolins across Benin and conducted 35 individual interviews with vendors from five major traditional medicine markets (TMMs). Our questionnaire addressed the different uses of pangolins, the commercial value of pangolin items, the categories of clients and the related selling prices. Results Pangolin meat was strictly consumed as food. Scales, head, bones, tongue, blood, heart and xiphisternum were the items used by local communities as part of medicinal (65% of the focus groups) and spiritual (37%) practices. Scales were the most frequently used item (use value index = 1.56). A total of 42 medicinal and spiritual uses, covering 15 International Classification of Diseases (ICD) categories, were recorded among ethnic groups. The ICD and spiritual categories-based analyses of similarity showed a partial overlapping of ethnozoological knowledge across Benin, although knowledge was significantly influenced by ethnicity and geographic location. The pricing of pangolins both varied with the category of stakeholders (local communities vs. stakeholders of TMMs) and clients (local and West African clients vs. Chinese community) and the type of items sold. The Chinese community was reported to only buy pangolins alive, and average selling prices were 3–8 times higher than those to West African clients. Conclusions Our results confirm that pangolins in Africa are valuable and versatile resources for consumption and medicinal / spiritual practices. The pangolin trade in Benin is based on an endogenous and complex network of actors that now appears influenced by the specific, high-valued demand from the Chinese diaspora. Further investigations are required to assess the growing impact of the Chinese demand on the African wildlife trade.

Mouloud LASBEUR

Social Responsibility (CSR) is considered a means of steering actions undertaken in the service of sustainable development, and meeting the needs of present and future generations. To do this, companies adopt the principle of precaution and solidarity between generations and territories. The protection and well-being of consumers are far-reaching issues that are integrated into the social practices of companies, with commitment to the objectives by the ticket of the quality and environmental policy.  By analyzing the annual data from 2012 to 2017, we find that the ENIEM by the note of its policy constitutes a continuous improvement in terms of quality and conformity of its products which ensures a broad satisfaction and protection of the consumer, also it contributes to the preservation of the environment in terms of pollution and generation of hazardous industrial waste. In terms of results, the observation shows that the measurement indicators are clearly positive, which puts the company in the process of continuous improvement. La Responsabilité Sociale (RSE) est considérée un moyen de pilotage des actions entreprises au service du développement durable, et faire face aux besoins des générations présentes et futures. Pour cela, les entreprises adoptent le principe de précaution et de solidarité entre les générations et les territoires. La protection et le bien-être des consommateurs sont des questions d’une grande envergure qui sont intégrées dans les pratiques sociales des entreprises, avec engagement aux objectifs par le billet de la politique  qualité et environnementale. En analysant les données annuelles de 2012 à 2017, nous constatons que l’ENIEM par le billet de sa politique constitue une amélioration continue en termes de qualité et conformité de ses produits qui assure une large satisfaction et protection du consommateur, aussi elle contribue à la préservation de l’environnement en termes de pollution et génération des déchets industriels dangereux. En termes de résultats l’observation montre que les indicateurs de mesure sont nettement positifs, ce qui inscrit l’entreprise dans la démarche d’amélioration continue.

TĂNASE MIHAELA

Managerial communication is a very important tool available to school managers, principals or teachers, through which are transmitted and received the most important aspects that directly influence the smooth running of a school organization. Leadership within school organizations decisively influences the performance of schools. There is a close link between effective leadership and effective communication in schools. In the current context in which the school is conducted online, communication and leadership must be adapted to the new requirements and have certain peculiarities.

Xu Guo, Shuzhi Zhang, Deshun Wang et al.

Integrated energy systems (IESs) can make full use of renewable energy and have become a development trend of future energy due to their high energy efficiency. This study aims to investigate the economic, efficiency and environmental performance of electric‐thermal coupling IESs operating at different latitudes. First, multi‐energy integrated systems for commercial buildings are modelled, which presumably operate in Xi'an, Guangzhou and Harbin. The optimal component sizes of these systems are calculated separately using the region contraction algorithm with the objective of the lowest energy cost. In this work, simulation is implemented through the commercial software tool MATLAB. On this basis, a comprehensive evaluation method is presented to evaluate the performance of IESs in the aspects of economic, environmental and efficiency performance. In addition to a comparison with common systems, IESs in different regions are also analyzed, providing a reference for the planning and evaluation of IESs. The results show that the solar radiation and required loads at various geographical latitudes are different, which leads to the diversity of optimal capacity in different cities. In low latitudes such as Guangzhou, the system component sizes are relatively small, in contrast to the results at high latitudes. The system can obtain a low cost of electricity and high cost of heat in low latitudes, but a high cost of electricity and low cost of heat are usually calculated in high latitudes. Moreover, the system has excellent environmental and efficiency performance but poor economic performance in high latitudes, while the system exhibits the opposite results in low latitudes. The above analysis results reflect that the contrast among environmental, efficiency and economic performance needs to be further considered in component sizing optimization and construction of IESs.

BÂLDAN FLORENTINA CRISTINA, UNGUREANU EMILIA

The paper “Foreign direct investments in Romania by countries of origin, the 2011-2018 period” aims to study the distribution of the balance of foreign direct investments according to the countries of origin of the capital. It highlights an unequal distribution between countries and a concentration in some countries in the European Union area, the causes being related to traditions, neighbourhood and economic complementarities.

MITRA LAL DEVKOTA

The aim of this paper is to investigate the dynamic causality and cointegration between the exports, imports, and the USD exchange rate in India. The quarterly time series data from 2002:Q1 to 2018:Q3 are used. Stationarity of the variables are diagnosed using the Ng-Perron unit root test, and the long-run equilibrium relationship vetween the variables is tested using the Johansen’s cointegration test. In addition, the direction of causality and the short and long-run relationships between the variables are investigated using the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). The findings indicate the existence of a long-run cointegrating relationship between the exports, imports, and the USD exchange rate. In the long-run, exchange rate is positively related to the exports and negatively related to the imports. The VECM results suggest that there are unidirectional Granger causalities running from exchange rate to exports and from exchange rate to imports. In addition, there is a feedback relationship between exports and imports. The existence of cointegration suggests that the macroeconomic policies have been effective in bringing exports and imports in long-run equilibrium, and thus, India is not in violation of her international budget constraint. These findings may have important implications for decision-making by national policymakers.

BUCĂLOIU IONELA

Today, it is unanimoue accepted that the management style influences the productivity and efficiency of an organization. The specialized literature abounds in various approaches of the managerial style, this being classified according to criteria such as: the behavioral aspect, the human personality, the dynamic perspective that includes the behavioral and the attitudinal-motivational side. In a restriced sense, the managerial style includes only the communication action of the manager with the subordinates and in the broad sense, the term designates the variety of motivations, goals, processes used by the manager to exercise his activity but also his qualities, personal abilities or reciprocal relationships. that he establishes with subordinates. Regardless of the level at which it is located, the efficiency of the school organizations and the increase of their productivity is undoubtedly due to the manager's leadership style, a variety of values, personality traits, beliefs, professional qualities, emotional intelligence but also the specificity of the organization

OLEH CHORNYI

This article addresses specific issues regarding the validation of futures studies as a specific scientific discourse and academic discipline. Future dtudies are considered by the author in the context of the interdisciplinarity theory and are understood as an interdisciplinary field of knowledge. The paper provides a brief overview of the theoretical achievements of individual scientists which aim to institutionalize futures studies as scientific field of knowledge. Particular attention is paid to the role of economics, political science, sociology and cultural studies in the formation and development of this scientific discourse. For each of these four areas of scientific knowledge, there are numerous issues that are important in the long term and are the subject of futurists' activities. Economic factors can thus include unemployment, economic growth, financial development, national accounts, transaction costs and building of an innovative economy. Political and governance factors include integration and localization issues, rule of law and law creation, smart and steady growth, political institutions and governance indicators. Social factors include the concepts of social state and social polarization, shared society, inter-generational difference and social justice. Cultural factors include ethics and spiritual needs, morality, the need for specific knowledge, problems of national culture and cultural traditions. All these factors may occupy a very specific place in the work of futurologists, but this does not limit the problems of futures studies. Depending on the research goals, more general or specific research subjects may be distinguished. An interdisciplinary approach is seen as a tool that significantly improves the quality of futures studies.