Hasil untuk "Civil law"

Ezieddin Elmahjub, Junaid Qadir, Abdullah Mushtaq et al.

As millions of Muslims turn to LLMs like GPT, Claude, and DeepSeek for religious guidance, a critical question arises: Can these AI systems reliably reason about Islamic law? We introduce IslamicLegalBench, the first benchmark evaluating LLMs across seven schools of Islamic jurisprudence, with 718 instances covering 13 tasks of varying complexity. Evaluation of nine state-of-the-art models reveals major limitations: the best model achieves only 68% correctness with 21% hallucination, while several models fall below 35% correctness and exceed 55% hallucination. Few-shot prompting provides minimal gains, improving only 2 of 9 models by >1%. Moderate-complexity tasks requiring exact knowledge show the highest errors, whereas high-complexity tasks display apparent competence through semantic reasoning. False premise detection indicates risky sycophancy, with 6 of 9 models accepting misleading assumptions at rates above 40%. These results highlight that prompt-based methods cannot compensate for missing foundational knowledge. IslamicLegalBench offers the first systematic framework to evaluate Islamic legal reasoning in AI, revealing critical gaps in tools increasingly relied on for spiritual guidance.

Yinlong Dai, Robert Ramirez Sanchez, Ryan Jeronimus et al.

Today's robots attempt to learn new tasks by imitating human examples. These robots watch the human complete the task, and then try to match the actions taken by the human expert. However, this standard approach to visual imitation learning is fundamentally limited: the robot observes what the human does, but not why the human chooses those behaviors. Without understanding which features of the system or environment factor into the human's decisions, robot learners often misinterpret the human's examples. In practice, this results in causal confusion, inefficient learning, and robot policies that fail when the environment changes. We therefore propose a shift in perspective: instead of asking human teachers just to show what actions the robot should take, we also enable humans to intuitively indicate why they made those decisions. Under our paradigm human teachers attach markers to task-relevant objects and use natural language prompts to describe their state representation. Our proposed algorithm, CIVIL, leverages this augmented demonstration data to filter the robot's visual observations and extract a feature representation that aligns with the human teacher. CIVIL then applies these causal features to train a transformer-based policy that -- when tested on the robot -- is able to emulate human behaviors without being confused by visual distractors or irrelevant items. Our simulations and real-world experiments demonstrate that robots trained with CIVIL learn both what actions to take and why to take those actions, resulting in better performance than state-of-the-art baselines. From the human's perspective, our user study reveals that this new training paradigm actually reduces the total time required for the robot to learn the task, and also improves the robot's performance in previously unseen scenarios. See videos at our project website: https://civil2025.github.io

Nuannuan Xiang, Yuki Shiraito

Evolutionary societal changes often prompt a debate. The positions of the two major political parties in the United States on civil rights issues underwent a reversal in the 20th century. The conventional view holds that this shift was a structural break in the 1960s, driven by party elites, while recent studies argue that the change was a more gradual process that began as early as the 1930s, driven by local rank-and-file party members. Motivated by this controversy, this paper develops a nonparametric Bayesian model that incorporates a hidden Markov model into the Dirichlet process mixture model. A distinctive feature of the proposed approach is that it models a process in which multiple latent clusters emerge and diminish as a continuing process so that it uncovers any of steady, sudden, and repeated shifts in analysing longitudinal data. Our model estimates each party's positions on civil rights in each state based on the legislative activities of their Congressional members, identifying cross- and within-party coalitions over time. We find evidence of gradual racial realignment in the 20th century, with two periods of fast changes during the 1948 election and the Civil Rights Movement.

Milena Pustet, Elisabeth Steffen, Helena Mihaljević et al.

The role of civil society organizations (CSOs) in monitoring harmful online content is increasingly crucial, especially as platform providers reduce their investment in content moderation. AI tools can assist in detecting and monitoring harmful content at scale. However, few open-source tools offer seamless integration of AI models and social media monitoring infrastructures. Given their thematic expertise and contextual understanding of harmful content, CSOs should be active partners in co-developing technological tools, providing feedback, helping to improve models, and ensuring alignment with stakeholder needs and values, rather than as passive 'consumers'. However, collaborations between the open source community, academia, and civil society remain rare, and research on harmful content seldom translates into practical tools usable by civil society actors. This work in progress explores how CSOs can be meaningfully involved in an AI-assisted open-source monitoring tool of anti-democratic movements on Telegram, which we are currently developing in collaboration with CSO stakeholders.

Amr Abdelbari, Bülent Bilgehan, Fadi Al-Turjman

In the realm of digital communication, understanding and mitigating the probability of error is crucial, particularly in Rayleigh fading channels where signal impairments are common. This paper presents a unified approach to derive the probability of error formulations for two-users NOMA systems operating in Rayleigh fading channels. The methodologies and findings outlined in this study are essential for IoT applications in construction and civil engineering. Specifically, the derived error probability formulations can be employed to enhance the reliability and efficiency of IoT-based monitoring systems in these sectors. By optimizing communication protocols, the proposed approach ensures accurate data transmission, thereby facilitating real-time monitoring and decision-making processes in construction sites and civil infrastructure projects.

David Hartmann, José Renato Laranjeira de Pereira, Chiara Streitbörger et al.

The European legislature has proposed the Digital Services Act (DSA) and Artificial Intelligence Act (AIA) to regulate platforms and Artificial Intelligence (AI) products. We review to what extent third-party audits are part of both laws and how is access to information on models and the data provided. By considering the value of third-party audits and third-party data access in an audit ecosystem, we identify a regulatory gap in that the AIA does not provide access to data for researchers and civil society. Our contributions to the literature include: (1) Defining an AI audit ecosystem incorporating compliance and oversight. (2) Highlighting a regulatory gap within the DSA and AIA regulatory framework, preventing the establishment of an AI audit ecosystem that has effective oversight by civil society and academia. (3) Emphasizing that third-party audits by research and civil society must be part of that ecosystem, we call for AIA amendments and delegated acts to include data and model access for certain AI products. Furthermore, we call for the DSA to provide NGOs and investigative journalists with data access to platforms by delegated acts and for adaptions and amendments of the AIA to provide third-party audits and data and model access, at least for high-risk systems. Regulations modeled after EU AI regulations should enable data access and third-party audits, fostering an AI audit ecosystem that promotes compliance and oversight mechanisms.

Zhiwei Fei, Songyang Zhang, Xiaoyu Shen et al.

While large language models (LLMs) have showcased impressive capabilities, they struggle with addressing legal queries due to the intricate complexities and specialized expertise required in the legal field. In this paper, we introduce InternLM-Law, a specialized LLM tailored for addressing diverse legal queries related to Chinese laws, spanning from responding to standard legal questions (e.g., legal exercises in textbooks) to analyzing complex real-world legal situations. We meticulously construct a dataset in the Chinese legal domain, encompassing over 1 million queries, and implement a data filtering and processing pipeline to ensure its diversity and quality. Our training approach involves a novel two-stage process: initially fine-tuning LLMs on both legal-specific and general-purpose content to equip the models with broad knowledge, followed by exclusive fine-tuning on high-quality legal data to enhance structured output generation. InternLM-Law achieves the highest average performance on LawBench, outperforming state-of-the-art models, including GPT-4, on 13 out of 20 subtasks. We make InternLM-Law and our dataset publicly available to facilitate future research in applying LLMs within the legal domain.

Hoorieh Sabzevari, Mohammadmostafa Rostamkhani, Sauleh Eetemadi

This study investigates the performance of the zero-shot method in classifying data using three large language models, alongside two models with large input token sizes and the two pre-trained models on legal data. Our main dataset comes from the domain of U.S. civil procedure. It includes summaries of legal cases, specific questions, potential answers, and detailed explanations for why each solution is relevant, all sourced from a book aimed at law students. By comparing different methods, we aimed to understand how effectively they handle the complexities found in legal datasets. Our findings show how well the zero-shot method of large language models can understand complicated data. We achieved our highest F1 score of 64% in these experiments.

Zoltán Tóth J.

A véleménynyilvánítási szabadság az egyik legfontosabb alanyi alapjog, amelyet az Alkotmánybíróság a kezdetektől fogva kiemelt védelemben részesít. E jog ugyan nem korlátozhatatlan, de a jogalkotó a korlátozás során az általánosnál szigorúbb mércének kell hogy megfeleljen. Az egyik elsődleges korlátozási indok más személyek méltósághoz való joga lehet, ami a végső alapját adja egyrészt a „közösségek méltósága” védelmének is, másrészt megalapozza a tételes jogi korlátokat, így különösen a becsület és a jó hírnév polgári jogi és büntetőjogi védelmét. A személyiségvédelem legerősebb büntetőjogi eszköze a rágalmazás és a becsületsértés tényállása, ami különösen a közéleti véleménynyilvánítás eseteiben veti fel a két jog kollíziójának lehetőségét és az ütközés alkotmányjogi megítélésének szükségességét. Jelen tanulmány ezen alkotmányossági megítélés változását mutatja be a magyar Alkotmánybíróság gyakorlatában. Ennek során – a véleménynyilvánítási szabadság általános alkotmányossági aspektusainak ismertetését követően – végigveszi azt a fejlődési ívet, melynek során a közéleti szólást tevő személy alanyi helyzete helyett egyre inkább a szituáció megítélése, az objektív szempontok hangsúlyozása, az ügy közügy jellege kap szerepet.

Mario Germán Iguarán Arana

S. Chambers, W. Kymlicka

The idea of civil society has long been central to the Western liberal-democratic tradition, where it has been seen as a crucial site for the development and pursuit of basic liberal values such as individual freedom, social pluralism, and democratic citizenship. This book considers how a host of other ethical traditions define civil society. Unlike most studies of the subject, which focus on a particular region or tradition, it considers a range of ethical traditions rarely addressed in one volume: libertarianism, critical theory, feminism, liberal egalitarianism, natural law. Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and Confucianism. It considers the extent to which these traditions agree or disagree on how to define civil society's limits and how to evaluate its benefits and harms. A vanety of distinguished advocates and interpreters of these traditions present in-depth explorations of how these various traditions think of ethical pluralism within societies, asking how a society should respond to diversity among its members. Together they produce a work rich with original insights on a wide range of subjects about which little has been written to date. An excellent starting point for a comparative ethics of civil society, this book concludes that while the concept of civil society originated in the liberal tradition, it is quickly becoming an important focus for a truly cross-cultural dialogue

Mahdy Mortazavi, Hosein Mohammadidoost, Raziyeh Dashti

IntroductionGovernance refers to focusing on processes through which collective groups can be managed. In this regard, non-public institutional mechanisms such as civil society have been increasingly expanded in governance processes (Bozzini and Enjolras 2011; Rhodes, 1997). In other words, the administration of affairs in a framework of non-hierarchical, systematic, and collaborative relationships and interactions that includes the real cooperation and interaction of all actors and stakeholders in a field, including government, private and civil society institutions, is referred to as governance.Due to the excessive expansion of the public sector in Iran, the third sector has not been able to have a proper position in responding to the needs of citizens as it deserves (Research Center Parliament, 2008); on the other hand, the public sector itself has not had sufficient efficiency and effectiveness due to its numerous administrative and economic problems, large size and high costs (Danai Fard and Abbasi, 2007). The endowment system is no exception to this rule. Endowment is an institution through which a significant part of the problems and bottlenecks of society can be recognized and the property and assets of good people can be used voluntarily to solve them. But so far, the impact of endowments on the growth and development of the country's economy, reducing economic inequalities and using the endowment capacity in difficult economic conditions has not been tangible (Khaksar Astana et al., 2014). Therefore, the main goal of this research is to formulate the governance model of the Endowment system in Iran, and the research question is, what is the governance model of the Endowment system in Iran? Research MethodologyThis research has been conducted with a qualitative approach, qualitative content analysis was used to analyze the data, and structural-interpretive modeling was used to validate the components of the model. Philosophically, this research has an interpretive approach and is developmental in terms of orientation.In this research, we use qualitative content analysis with a thematic analysis unit (Sandelowski, 1995). In this regard, we have used the method of Braun and Clark (2006):Stage 1: Familiarizing yourself with your data "repeatedly reading the data" and actively reading the data (looking for meanings and patterns).Stage 2: Creating initial conceptual identifiers from the dataStage 3: Categorizing different identifiers in the form of selective identifiers and sorting the identified data summary.Stage 4: Reviewing the primary themes createdStage 6: Defining and naming sub-themesStage 6: Review, comparison, and participation of experts, and final analysis and report writing (Hajipour et al., 2015).The structural-interpretive modeling strategy is a suitable method for identifying and designing the model of complex relationships between the components of a phenomenon (Attri et al, 2013). This method was first proposed and introduced by Warfield (1974).The data collection tool in the qualitative section was semi-structured documents and interviews, and in this stage, 22 experts were selected using non-probability sampling and snowball methods. In the stage of structural-interpretive modeling, the number of samples was 14 experts. Also, to measure the reliability and validity of the research findings, it was indicated that the coefficient of Cohen's kappa is 0.7544, and since it is more than 0.7, it indicates the appropriate reliability of the findings. Research FindingsThe governance model of the endowment system with 3 main themes of strategic factors, infrastructural factors, and consequences and effects, as well as 11 sub-themes of data and information management, spatial oriented strategic plan, structure and model of the endowment administration, coherence and integration, rule of law, accountability, transparency, participation, independence, outcomes, and effects and 46 components were compiled, and the dimensions of the model were organized in four levels Discussion and ConclusionThe three key axes and bottlenecks of endowment governance are explained below:Management of data and information instead of the management of endowments:To implement the trustee-based governance of endowments, information on endowments and real and legal trustees (charities), including the intentions, geography, qualifications of trustees, and the like, should be collected in the territorial arena (Charities Regulator, 2018).The structure and model of endowment administration:In the trustee-centered governance model, each endowment is considered a self-sufficient unit with a legal personality, and a board of trustees, a trustee, and a supervisor can be considered for its management. Therefore, in contrast to state-oriented governance, which has a simple approach, in trustee-oriented governance, a complex, non-hierarchical approach based on the endowment is dominant.The spatial-oriented strategic plan:Having a program based on local requirements, needs and capacities can provide further development and progress. It is obvious that endowments also have specific and special intentions in the field of land in different regions, and the spatial-oriented strategic plan should be formulated and implemented in accordance with this issue, and each region and sometimes each endowment (large endowment) has its own special plan (Chew, 2009). References:Attri, R., Devi, N. & Sharma, V. (2013). Interpretive structural modeling (ISM) approach: An overview. Research Journal of Management Sciences, 2(2), 3-8.Bozzini, E. & Enjolras, B. (Eds.). (2011). Governing ambiguities. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlag.Braun, V. & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-10.Charities Regulator. (2018(. Charities Governance Code, Dublin.Chew, C. (2009). Strategic Positioning in Voluntary and Charitable Organizations. Publishing RoutledgeDanai Fard, H. & Abbasi, T. (2007). Administrative reforms in Iran: An analysis of government downsizing. Daneshvar Raftar, 15(29), 102-121.Hajipour, B., Moutamani, A. & Tayyebi Abolhasani, A.H. (2015). The combination of success factors for the commercialization of advanced technology products. Innovation Management, 5(4), 54-19.Khaksar Astane, H., Rahnama, Ali. & Ibrahim, H. (2014). Pathology of the position of the endowment institution in strengthening the country's economy. The first knowledge-based conference on resistance economy.Research Center Parliament. (2008). Pathology of non-governmental organizations in Iran. Rhodes, R. (1997). Understanding governance: Policy networks, governance, reflexivity, and accountability. Buckingham, PA: Open University Press.Sandelowski, M. (1995). Sample size in qualitative research. Res Nurs Health, 18(2), 179- 83.Warfield, J.N. (1974). Developing interconnection matrices in structural modeling. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetic, 4(1), 81-87.

Vasojević Nena A., Knežević-Lukić Nevenka D.

The paper shows the development of legal representation in the Principality of Serbia, with a special focus on the professional participation of women in court proceedings, shown through the character and work of Marija Milutinović Punktatorka, a teacher and the first female attorney in Serbia. In the judicial system of the Principality of Serbia, women were not prohibited from practicing law, which enabled an educated woman to pave the way for future women lawyers in the period of 'Little Serbia'. In the relevant literature, one can find rare texts in which the life and work of Marija Milutinović are mentioned casually and inconspicuously without an insight into the complete biography. By researching unpublished archival sources, significant information was obtained about the life and work of Marija Milutinović Punktatorka, the wife of the poet Sima Milutinović Sarajlija and the mother of the architect and professor of the Grande école, Dragutin (Dragiša) Milutinović. Marija Milutinović Punktatorka was born in 1809 into the Popović family in Timisoara. As the 'first Serbian' teacher, she educated girls and thus strove for women in the 19th century to fight for their place in the society. She was educated in Buda, where she also studied several sciences privately, with a 'very good approach and accuracy'. After the death of her husband, in October 1848, she opened a private elementary school in Belgrade. Soon, in 1849, she entered the civil service and started working as a teacher at the state school in Belgrade near the Great Church (Saborna crkva), where she received a pension in August 1874. Marija Milutinović's main motive to engage in legal representation stemmed from humane motives and not from material benefit. She practiced law even during her married life. She charged wealthier people, whom she successfully represented and won lawsuits in court with large compensation-modest, symbolic sums, more as a reward than as a fee (Ignjatović, 1860, p. 24). Even after her husband's death (1847), she continued to practice law and fulfil her husband's bequest, providing legal aid and representing the poor free of charge, which reflected badly on her impoverished family fund (Javor, 1862-1863; 1874-1893, p. 350). During the working life of Marija Milutinović, legal regulations did not prohibit women from practicing law, nor did the prohibition result indirectly. With the entry into force of the Law on Legal Representatives (1862), the previous decrees and orders, which often ad hoc solved the issue of providing legal aid in the Principality of Serbia. Officially, Marija Milutinović did not submit a request to be recognized as a lawyer before the competent authorities because she did not graduate from the Faculty of Law. In a formal sense, Marija Milutinović was never recognized by the Ministry as having the right to call herself a lawyer. Based on the real facts, it cannot be disputed that Marija Milutinović Punktatorka was the first woman in the Principality of Serbia to engage in a free profession, in this particular case, legal work.

E. Sukhanov

On the basis of the various legal regimes of real, obligation, corporate and intellectual rights historically established in continental European private law, the article substantiates the conventionality of the terms “digital property” (“digital assets”) and “digital rights”, which in reality are not a new type objects of civil (property) turnover, requiring the creation of a special civil law regime, and a technical method of fixing property rights defined by law (mainly obligations and corporate), which is possible only with the help of special computer technologies within known information systems. “Cryptocurrency” should not displace official means of payment, and its use in circulation is subject to significant restrictions, the presence of which prevents the establishment of a legal regime for non-cash payments for it.

Klara Janouskova, Mattia Rigotti, Ioana Giurgiu et al.

Labeling images for visual segmentation is a time-consuming task which can be costly, particularly in application domains where labels have to be provided by specialized expert annotators, such as civil engineering. In this paper, we propose to use attribution methods to harness the valuable interactions between expert annotators and the data to be annotated in the case of defect segmentation for visual inspection of civil infrastructures. Concretely, a classifier is trained to detect defects and coupled with an attribution-based method and adversarial climbing to generate and refine segmentation masks corresponding to the classification outputs. These are used within an assisted labeling framework where the annotators can interact with them as proposal segmentation masks by deciding to accept, reject or modify them, and interactions are logged as weak labels to further refine the classifier. Applied on a real-world dataset resulting from the automated visual inspection of bridges, our proposed method is able to save more than 50\% of annotators' time when compared to manual annotation of defects.

Zejiang Shen, Kyle Lo, Lauren Yu et al.

With the advent of large language models, methods for abstractive summarization have made great strides, creating potential for use in applications to aid knowledge workers processing unwieldy document collections. One such setting is the Civil Rights Litigation Clearinghouse (CRLC) (https://clearinghouse.net),which posts information about large-scale civil rights lawsuits, serving lawyers, scholars, and the general public. Today, summarization in the CRLC requires extensive training of lawyers and law students who spend hours per case understanding multiple relevant documents in order to produce high-quality summaries of key events and outcomes. Motivated by this ongoing real-world summarization effort, we introduce Multi-LexSum, a collection of 9,280 expert-authored summaries drawn from ongoing CRLC writing. Multi-LexSum presents a challenging multi-document summarization task given the length of the source documents, often exceeding two hundred pages per case. Furthermore, Multi-LexSum is distinct from other datasets in its multiple target summaries, each at a different granularity (ranging from one-sentence "extreme" summaries to multi-paragraph narrations of over five hundred words). We present extensive analysis demonstrating that despite the high-quality summaries in the training data (adhering to strict content and style guidelines), state-of-the-art summarization models perform poorly on this task. We release Multi-LexSum for further research in summarization methods as well as to facilitate development of applications to assist in the CRLC's mission at https://multilexsum.github.io.

Leo Laugier, John Pavlopoulos, Jeffrey Sorensen et al.

Platforms that support online commentary, from social networks to news sites, are increasingly leveraging machine learning to assist their moderation efforts. But this process does not typically provide feedback to the author that would help them contribute according to the community guidelines. This is prohibitively time-consuming for human moderators to do, and computational approaches are still nascent. This work focuses on models that can help suggest rephrasings of toxic comments in a more civil manner. Inspired by recent progress in unpaired sequence-to-sequence tasks, a self-supervised learning model is introduced, called CAE-T5. CAE-T5 employs a pre-trained text-to-text transformer, which is fine tuned with a denoising and cyclic auto-encoder loss. Experimenting with the largest toxicity detection dataset to date (Civil Comments) our model generates sentences that are more fluent and better at preserving the initial content compared to earlier text style transfer systems which we compare with using several scoring systems and human evaluation.

Tatiana Silva Tavares, Kênia Lara Silva, Regina Garcia de Lima et al.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the experiences of families in the exercise of the rights of children with chronic conditions in public health, education and social assistance institutions. Method: ethnographic multiple case study, with qualitative approach, following the theoretical approach of Boaventura Santos. Experiences of the families of these children in a city were studied through interviews with family members, managers and professionals from social institutions (35), participant observations in social spaces (13) and creation of eco-maps (3). Critical Discourse Analysis was performed. Results: the offer of services is lower than the demand, and exclusion processes persist. Given the hegemony of neoliberal and normality ideologies, meetings between family members and professionals revealed obstacles to civil rights; however, when these ideologies were challenged, the realization of their rights was enhanced. Final considerations: the care to promote civil rights requires family members, managers and professionals to develop subjectivities that overcome neoliberal and normality ideologies, recognizing these children as subjects of law.

Ika Ayudyanti, Wasis Wasis

The purpose of this study was to analyze accidents due to road conditions based on the perspective of the Civil Code and Law Number 22 of 2009 and analyze the government's responsibility for accidents due to road conditions. This study used a normative juridical method, a statutory approach, a historical approach, and a case approach. The data sources were obtained from primary and secondary legal materials, which were analyzed using deductive logic techniques. Based on the Civil Code and Law Number 22 of 2009, accidents due to road conditions were unlawful acts committed by the government. The government's responsibility for accidents due to road conditions was not only carried out by repairing damaged roads but must be responsible to victims by providing compensation either materially or immaterially. The government did not enforce its obligation to repair damaged roads, resulting in a traffic law incident.

Ahmad Amiri, Hojjat Mobayen, Mohammad Ali Khorsandian et al.

Although the human personality and dignity are respected in all legal systems and under certain conditions, a criminal liability has been determined for damaging it, civil liability caused by damage to personality has been payed less attention especially in Iranian Law. On this basis, the main issue in this article is studying the institution of civil liability, its conditions and criteria and methods of compensation in Iran jurisprudence and law and its comparison with the English Law. The research method is a descriptive-analytic and comparative one. Civil liability caused by damage to personality is studied under the general heading of "desecration" in Imamiyah jurisprudence and Iran law, and under the heading of "defamation" in English law. The criteria for defamation in English law is "lowering the reputation from a right-thinking member view of society" and the criteria for desecration in Iran law and Imamiyah jurisprudence is "damage to the personality". The conditions of liability are different in these systems based on these two criteria. In English law, unlike law of Iran, compensation for defamation is usually financial, the amount of which is determined by the court.