In recent years, natural language processing (NLP) has gained increasing attention in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Chinese word segmentation (CWS) is a fundamental task in NLP, focusing on accurately segmenting words based on context. However, TCM texts often exhibit incompleteness, ambiguity, and structural challenges, leading to suboptimal segmentation results. The limited size of available datasets and the inadequacy of existing models to capture the unique characteristics of TCM texts further exacerbate this issue. This paper proposes a multi-metadata embedding TCM text segmentation model (MBMC) based on a Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Network (BiLSTM) combined with a Multi-Head Self-Attention Mechanism (MHA). The MBMC model first constructs a comprehensive corpus of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM2023) explicitly designed for CWS tasks. This corpus fills a significant gap in the existing literature, as there were previously no dedicated datasets for TCM word segmentation. It employs Word2Vec and CNN networks to extract features from Chinese characters and their structural information, and uses them as inputs to the neural network to improve contextual feature extraction. Additionally, Conditional Random Fields (CRF) are utilized to refine segmentation outputs. On the TCM2023 dataset, the MBMC model achieved an F1-score of 95.64%, providing a reliable foundation for downstream NLP tasks in the TCM domain. Furthermore, the MBMC model obtained F1-scores of 98.93% and 97.50% on the MSRA and PKU datasets, respectively. It outperformed several pre-trained models, including BERT and Glyce-BERT, while requiring less time and memory.
Cross-border data flow, as a new product of the Internet era, plays a pivotal role in global economic development. In the Internet era, countries pay more and more attention to cross-border data flow rules. In the international community, the cross-border rules of data include the mode of data free flow, the mode of data rights protection and the mode of data localization. Starting from the legis-lative path of data localization in China, combined with the cross-border data flow rules in the United States and Europe, from the aspects of studying and im-proving the multiple paths of Chinese data outbound, adopting refined data out-bound management policies, vigorously carrying out international coopera-tion, and actively participating in the formulation of international rules, in or-der to promote the development of domestic data and enhance the voice of in-terna-tional data cross-border rules.
Pragmatic competence plays a crucial role in facilitating effective and contextu-ally appropriate communication in real-world interactions. However, existing research has primarily centered on English-major undergraduates or compara-tive studies with native speakers, leaving other learner groups under-examined. To address this gap, this study investigates complaint speech acts across three distinct groups: Non-English-major undergraduates, English-major undergradu-ates, and English-major postgraduates. The findings demonstrate that profi-ciency level significantly influences both the strategic formulation and linguis-tic realization of complaints. Higher-proficiency learners exhibit greater diplo-matic nuance and situational adaptability in their expressions, whereas low-er-proficiency learners rely on more direct strategies. These results underscore the importance of proficiency-tailored pedagogical interventions in pragmatic instruction. By aligning teaching methods with learners’ developmental stages, educators can more effectively enhance communicative competence in EFL contexts.
BackgroundAs a core active metabolite of traditional Chinese medicines including Coptis chinensis Franch. and Phellodendron amurense Rupr., palmatine has been employed in Asian traditional medicine for centuries, primarily for treating jaundice, liver diseases, and inflammatory disorders. Modern research reveals that this isoquinoline alkaloid exhibits multi-target regulatory properties, demonstrating broad therapeutic potential across various diseases. This review systematically elucidates the molecular mechanisms of palmatine in treating digestive system disorders, neurological diseases, metabolic diseases, cancer and so on and cancers, with particular emphasis on analyzing its “disease-target-pathway” relationships.MethodsIn accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases. The search terms included “Palmatine,” “Disease,” “in vitro/in vivo experiment,” “Inflammation,” “Anti-inflammatory,” and “Antioxidation.” among others. The search covered all English-language articles related to palmatine published between 1 January 2014, and 31 May 2025. All included studies underwent a quality assessment.ResultsStudies demonstrate palmatine’s multi-target mechanisms through regulation of NF-κB/NLRP3, Nrf2/HO-1, and AMPK/mTOR signaling pathways, mediating anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and metabolic-modulating effects. Its exceptional blood-brain barrier permeability confers distinct advantages for central nervous system disorders, while its metabolites such as 8-oxypalmatine display superior bioactivity. In anticancer applications, palmatine functions through multiple mechanisms encompassing direct tumor cell cytotoxicity, metastasis suppression, and angiogenesis inhibition, while maintaining dose-dependent safety characteristics.ConclusionPalmatine serves as a bridge connecting traditional medicine and modern therapy, offering novel strategies for complex diseases through its polypharmacological actions. Although limited by low bioavailability, clinical potential can be enhanced via combination therapies, structural modifications such as C13 alkylation, and nano-delivery systems. Future research should prioritize exploration of synergistic effects, targeted delivery technologies, and large-scale clinical validation.
<i>The Great Dictionary of Taoism</i>, published by Huaxia Publishing House in 1994 and compiled by the Chinese Taoist Association and Suzhou Taoist Association, is the first comprehensive reference book on Taoism in the world. The dictionary has provided invaluable assistance for scholars of Taoism. However, in the last three decades, with the flourishing research on the language of Taoist literature, the inadequacies in <i>the Great Dictionary of Taoism</i> have gradually become apparent. Therefore, a systematic revision of this dictionary is necessary. Based on a selection of 700 typical entries with obvious problems from <i>the Great Dictionary of Taoism</i>, this paper conducts a detailed study of their errors from five key areas: entries, meanings, definitions, documentary evidence, and convention. By providing examples and proposing correctional suggestions, the paper aims to provide a necessary reference for the revision of <i>the Great Dictionary of Taoism</i>. <i>The Great Dictionary of Taoism</i> serves as a vital link between the sacred world and the secular society in Taoism, and this study will help Taoist priests, believers, and researchers accurately understand complex Taoist ideologies and practice patterns. It is significant for the inheritance and promotion of Taoist culture.
This paper investigates an understudied topic in adverbial clauses, converbs, which are verb forms that mark adverbial subordination. Focusing on converbal clauses in Cantonese, I show that they do not share a uniform syntax and should be divided into two classes, formed by central converbs (such as conditional clauses formed by V-can1) and peripheral converbs (such as inferential clauses formed by V-dak1) respectively. The central class adjoins low to the event/proposition level projections of the main clauses and has an impoverished internal structure, whereas the peripheral class attaches high to the discourse level projections of the main clauses and has an articulated internal structure. The distinction displays remarkable parallelism with the central-peripheral dichotomy of adverbial clauses proposed by Haegeman (2003a, 2003b, 2010), calling for a unified syntax of adverbial clauses formed by converbs and by subordinators, which is achievable under an agreement analysis of converbs.
One controversy in the study of the Chinese shenme ‘what’-based rhetorical question (shenme-RQ for short) is how it takes on a negative interpretation. This paper attempts to apply enthymeme or rhetorical syllogism to the deduction of negative meaning of the shenme-RQ. Triggered by the shenme-RQ, or one of its words or phrases, the hearer extracts the explicit premise, fills in the premise that is implicit either in the context or in her or his encyclopedic knowledge, and deduces the conclusion, the negative meaning of the shenme-RQ. According to what premises are left out, the paper also explores the deduction patterns of the negative meaning of shenme-RQs and proposes a procedure for obtaining the negative interpretation. That said, the negative meaning of the shenme-RQ will be entrenched in the mind of its users and conventionalized in the Mandarin Chinese community via repeated use.
A Lü Buwei 呂不韋 (i. e. 3. sz.) nevéhez kötődő Lüshi chunqiu 呂氏春秋 17. könyve egy olyan hivatalnoklistát tartalmaz, amely tagjainak nevéhez valamilyen kulturális jelenség megteremtése kötődik. Jelen tanulmányban e listákon szereplő 26 személyt (Da Nao 大橈, Qian Ru 黔如, Rong Cheng 容成, Xi He 羲和, Shang Yi 尚儀, Hou Yi 益, Hu Cao 胡曹, Yi Yi 夷羿, Zhu Rong 祝融, Yi Di 儀狄, Gao Yuan 高元, Yu Xu 虞姁, Bo Yi 伯益, Chi Ji 赤冀, Cheng Ya 雅, Han Ai 寒哀, Wang Hai 王亥, Shi Huang 史皇, Wu Peng 巫彭, Wu Xian巫咸, Xi Zhong 奚仲, Cang Jie 蒼頡, Houji 后稷, Gao Yao 皋陶, Kunwu 昆吾, Gun 鯀) és a velük kapcsolatos információkat tekintem át.
In the framework of the research cooperation agreement between the APSARA and the Hungarian Southeast Asia Research Institute, more archaeological surveys targeted the building complex of Prasat Krachap temple and its close environment in Koh Ker (Cambodia) between 2011 and 2015. These investigations revealed new and significant information concerning the architectural character and quality of the building complex as a part
of the special environmental structure of Koh Ker, the former royal center. The general conclusion of last years’ investigations is that the results from LIDAR surveys of the area basically modify the general picture about Koh
Ker. The LIDAR data provide an improved framework both for the interpretation of the previous results and the planning of future research as regards the settlement history of Koh Ker. Thus, the important site must be interpreted as a specific network habitation area. The previous surveys focused on the distinctive elements of this system, such as individual temples and visible architectural structures, but the areas between the main foci (including settlements and industry) remained unknown. Accordingly, the complex web of communication channels (streets, hydraulic systems) and the structures surrounding the temples (housing, industry) were not explored. However, these aspects can provide important information when interpreting the development and function of Koh Ker. These fundamental details hopefully contribute to the understanding of the extent and character of human intervention to the natural environment, and delineate the development and occupation of the site.
Cell communication is central to the integration of cell function required for the development and homeostasis of multicellular animals. Proteins are an important currency of cell communication, acting locally (auto-, juxta-, or paracrine) or systemically (endocrine). The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family contributes to the regulation of virtually all aspects of development and organogenesis, and after birth to tissue maintenance, as well as particular aspects of organism physiology. In the West, oncology has been the focus of translation of FGF research, whereas in China and to an extent Japan a major focus has been to use FGFs in repair and regeneration settings. These differences have their roots in research history and aims. The Chinese drive into biotechnology and the delivery of engineered clinical grade FGFs by a major Chinese research group were important enablers in this respect. The Chinese language clinical literature is not widely accessible. To put this into context, we provide the essential molecular and functional background to the FGF communication system covering FGF ligands, the heparan sulfate and Klotho co-receptors and FGF receptor (FGFR) tyrosine kinases. We then summarise a selection of clinical reports that demonstrate the efficacy of engineered recombinant FGF ligands in treating a wide range of conditions that require tissue repair/regeneration. Alongside, the functional reasons why application of exogenous FGF ligands does not lead to cancers are described. Together, this highlights that the FGF ligands represent a major opportunity for clinical translation that has been largely overlooked in the West.
Objective: To guide the optimal selection among first-generation epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) in clinical practice. This review attempted to provide a thorough comparison among three first-generation EGFR-TKIs, namely icotinib, erlotinib, and gefitinib, with regard to their molecular structure, pharmacokinetic parameters, clinical data, adverse reactions, and contraindications.
Data Sources: An electronic literature search of the PubMed database and Google Scholar for all the available articles regarding gefitinib, icotinib, and erlotinib in the English language from January 2005 to December 2014 was used.
Study Selection: The search terms or keywords included but not limited to “lung cancer”, “nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC)”, “epidemiology”, “EGFR”, “TKIs”, and “optimal selection “.
Results: As suggested by this review, even though the three first-generation EGFR-TKIs share the quinazoline structure, erlotinib had the strongest apoptosis induction activity because of its use of a different side-chain. The pharmacokinetic parameters indicated that both erlotinib and icotinib are affected by food. The therapeutic window of erlotinib is narrow, and the recommended dosage is close to the maximum tolerable dosage. Icotinib enjoys a wider therapeutic window, and its concentration in the blood is within a safe dosage range even if it is administered with food. Based on multiple large-scale clinical trials, erlotinib is universally applied as the first-line treatment. In marked contrast, icotinib is available only in China as the second- or third-line therapeutic approach for treating advanced lung cancer. In addition, it exhibits a similar efficacy but better safety profile than gefitinib.
Conclusions: Although there is a paucity of literature regarding whether icotinib is superior to erlotinib, its superior toxicity profile, noninferior efficacy, and lower cost indicate that it is a better alternative for Chinese patients living with advanced NSCLC.
Shugan Jianpi Zhixie therapy (SJZT) has been widely used to treat diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D), but the results are still controversial. A meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials was performed to assess the efficacy and tolerability of SJZT for IBS-D.The MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, the China National Knowledge Infrastructure database, the Chinese Biomedical Literature database and the Wanfang database were searched up to June 2014 with no language restrictions. Summary estimates, including 95% confidence intervals (CI), were calculated for global symptom improvement, abdominal pain improvement, and Symptom Severity Scale (BSS) score.Seven trials (N=954) were included. The overall risk of bias assessment was low. SJZT showed significant improvement for global symptom compared to placebo (RR 1.61; 95% CI 1.24, 2.10; P =0.0004; therapeutic gain = 33.0%; number needed to treat (NNT) = 3.0). SJZT was significantly more likely to reduce overall BSS score (SMD -0.67; 95% CI -0.94, -0.40; P < 0.00001) and improve abdominal pain (RR 4.34; 95% CI 2.64, 7.14; P < 0.00001) than placebo. The adverse events of SJZT were no different from those of placebo.This meta-analysis suggests that SJZT is an effective and safe therapy option for patients with IBS-D. However, due to the high clinical heterogeneity and small sample size of the included trials, further standardized preparation, large-scale and rigorously designed trials are needed.
This study investigates Literature Researches in Taiwan in a viewpoint of outside researcher. The methodology of Informetrics will be used to analyze citations of Chinese Literature and Foreign Literature’s research papers which had been published in Taiwan from 1996 to 2006. The citation types, citation disciplines, citation languages and citing half-life are examined. On average, the number of citations of each research paper of Foreign Literature is 22.72; the number of Chinese Literature is 18.66. The self-citation rate of Chinese Literature is 61.25%; the rate for Foreign Literature is 13.90%. Research papers on Chinese Literature have great interaction with General Literature, Philosophy, and History, but Foreign Literature papers have great interaction with Social Science. The major citation types of both Chinese Literature and Foreign Literature are “Book”. The written language of cited works is English for Foreign Literature; the written language of cited works is Chinese for Chinese Literature. The citing half-life of Chinese Literature is 19.29 years and that of Foreign Literature is 11.96 years. The citations of Chinese Literature have much larger time span and then have comparatively long influences. In general, with comparison to researches on Foreign Literature, Chinese Literature in Taiwan is relatively closed and independent and has little interaction with other disciplines except Philosophy, History and itself. (Article content in Chinese with English abstract)
Bibliography. Library science. Information resources
<p>Abstract</p> <p>The economy of China continues to boom and so have its biomedical research and related publishing activities. Several so-called neglected tropical diseases that are most common in the developing world are still rampant or even emerging in some parts of China. The purpose of this article is to document the significant research potential from the Chinese biomedical bibliographic databases. The research contributions from China in the epidemiology and control of schistosomiasis provide an excellent illustration. We searched two widely used databases, namely China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and VIP Information (VIP). Employing the keyword "<it>Schistosoma</it>" (<inline-formula><graphic file="1742-7622-5-19-i1.gif"/></inline-formula>) and covering the period 1990–2006, we obtained 10,244 hits in the CNKI database and 5,975 in VIP. We examined 10 Chinese biomedical journals that published the highest number of original research articles on schistosomiasis for issues including languages and open access. Although most of the journals are published in Chinese, English abstracts are usually available. Open access to full articles was available in <it>China Tropical Medicine </it>in 2005/2006 and is granted by the <it>Chinese Journal of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases </it>since 2003; none of the other journals examined offered open access. We reviewed (i) the discovery and development of antischistosomal drugs, (ii) the progress made with molluscicides and (iii) environmental management for schistosomiasis control in China over the past 20 years. In conclusion, significant research is published in the Chinese literature, which is relevant for local control measures and global scientific knowledge. Open access should be encouraged and language barriers removed so the wealth of Chinese research can be more fully appreciated by the scientific community.</p>