The rose, often referred to as the queen of flowers, is one of the four primary cut flowers; however, its growth is susceptible to high-temperature stress. Furthermore, with the advent of global warming, extreme high temperatures are becoming increasingly frequent, presenting significant challenges to the normal growth of roses. High temperatures have emerged as a limiting factor in rose cultivation. In this study, transcriptomics combined with lipid determination was employed to reveal that high temperatures resulted in a significant enrichment of genes within the α-linolenic acid metabolic pathway. Subsequent lipid determination analyses indicated that, following high-temperature treatment of the rose variety 'Hi-Ohgi', the content of α-linolenic acid increased, while there was a notable decrease in the content of the chloroplast lipid components monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), alongside an increase in jasmonic acid content. In comparison to the heat-susceptible variety 'Scarlet Bonica', the heat-resistant rose variety 'Hi-Ohgi' exhibited lower levels of MGDG and DGDG, but higher levels of α-linolenic acid and jasmonic acid, with this trend becoming more pronounced under high-temperature conditions. Additionally, pretreatment of suspension cells from 'Scarlet Bonica' with α-linolenic acid or jasmonic acid significantly inhibited the burst of reactive oxygen species induced by high temperatures. This suggests that roses enhance the production of α-linolenic acid and jasmonic acid through lipid remodeling as a response to high-temperature stress. This research provides a theoretical foundation and precise targets for the cultivation of heat-resistant rose varieties.
Polygonatum hunanense H.H. Liu & B.Z. Wang (syn. P. kingianum var. grandifolium), is a perennial Liliaceae species with ethnopharmaceutical and nutraceutical value. It exhibits traditional medicinal properties such as qi-tonifying, yin-nourishing, kidney-benefiting, and antioxidant activities. P. hunanense maintains evergreen foliage year-round and shows significantly higher biomass accumulation than congener taxa. These traits are linked to phytohormone regulation, as indicated by previous studies. The absence of validated reference genes in P. hunanense has hindered molecular-level investigations in this species to date. In this study, 11 candidate reference genes (GAPDH, H2A, EF-1α, ACT, TUA, UBC, RPL, PP2A, 18S, TUB, and UBQ) were identified from the P. hunanense transcriptome dataset. Expression profiles of these genes were analyzed by qRT-PCR across three experimental conditions: different tissues, hormone treatments, and abiotic stresses. Gene expression stability was analyzed using GeNorm, NormFinder, Delta Cᴛ, BestKeeper, and RefFinder software. The stability of candidate reference genes was validated through expression analysis of target genes (KO, KAM, GA13-ox, GA44-dio, ALDH7A1, IPM) involved in phytohormone metabolic pathways. Overall, the stability of the 11 candidate reference genes varied among different P. hunanense samples. EF-1α, 18S and ACT were identified as the most stable in tissue samples. EF-1α, H2A and PP2A showed the highest stability under hormone treatments, and 18S, UBC, and EF-1α exhibited consistent stability in abiotic stresses. This study establishes EF-1α as the optimal pan-experimental reference gene for qRT-PCR normalization in P. hunanense, demonstrating consistent expression stability across diverse tissues, hormone treatments, and abiotic stresses, thereby providing a significant reference for future gene expression studies.
In order to investigate the growth of Pinus yunnanensis seedlings and the stoichiometric characteristics of carbon(C), nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)of different organs in response to shade and drought treatments and the adaptive mechanism, the growth of P. yunnanensis seedlings in shade and drought environments was measured and analyzed in a potting controlled experiment using 1-year-old P. yunnanensis seedlings as the target. The experiment was set up with two levels of 0% shade and 70% shade, and four moisture gradients of normal moisture(CK, 80%±5%), light drought(LD, 65%±5%), moderate drought(MD, 50%±5%)and severe drought(SD, 35%±5%)were set to determine the growth indexes of P. yunnanensis seedlings under shade and drought treatments, as well as the C, N, and P contents of leaf, stem, coarse root and fine root, and calculate the stoichiometric characteristics of their stoichiometric characteristics. The results were as follows:(1)Seedling height, diameter and biomass increment were the greatest under 0% shade and 70% shade conditions with LD; leaf biomass increment was significantly increased under the shade treatment(70% shade)compared with no shade treatment(0% shade)in all drought stress treatments.(2)Compared with the normal water treatment, with the increase of drought stress degree, the C content in each organ of P. yunnanensis seedlings under the shade and drought interaction did not change significantly; the N content in leaf was decreasing, the N contents in stem and coarse root were increasing, and the N content in fine root was decreasing and then increasing; the P content in leaf and coarse root was decreasing, and the P content in fine root was increasing.(3)The order of variability of each element was C<N<P; C element has the smallest variability in stem and weak variability in stem, coarse root and fine root; N element has the smallest variability in leaf; P element has the largest variability in fine root.(4)There was a general correlation among the C, N and P contents in each organ of P. yunnanensis seedlings. C content was negatively correlated between coarse root and fine root, N content were positively correlated between leaf and fine root, stem and coarse root, and coarse root and fine root, and P content was positively correlated between leaf and fine root. In summary, the growth of P. yunnanensis seedlings in drought environment is mainly limited by N element; shade slows down the growth of P. yunnanensis seedlings limited by N element. P. yunnanensis seedlings improve the habitat of seedlings by increasing the utilization efficiency of N and P, and can alleviate the damage caused by drought stress. It is recommended that appropriate shade be provided when cultivating P. yunnanensis seedlings in the forest understory in the future.
سابقه و هدف: گیاه آویشن باغی (Thymus vulgaris L.) متعلق به تیرهی نعناع (Lamiaceae) است. آویشن باغی به دلیل داشتن مقدار زیادی مواد مؤثره، در صنایع آرایشی و بهداشتی، درمانی و پزشکی به عنوان یک گیاه با ارزش، مهم و کاربردی محسوب میشود. هدف از انجام این مطالعه بهبود پرآوری شاخه، تولید گیاهچههای با کیفیت و کاهش اثرات تنشهای درون شیشهای مانند رطوبت بالا، افزایش غلظت اتیلن در خرد-اقلیم درون شیشه و آسیب مکانیکی به بافت ریزنمونه بود. همچنین مطالعات محدودی در ارتباط با تکثیر درون شیشهای این گیاه انجام شده است.مواد و روشها: به منظور بررسی اثرات تهویه، سیلیس و غلظت ساکارز بر رشد و نمو درون شیشهای آویشن باغی (T. vulgaris) پژوهشی تحت آزمایش فاکتوریل بر پایه طرح کاملاً تصادفی که فاکتور اول شامل تهویه در دو سطح مختلف (دارای تهویه (برای اجرای تیمار تهویه از فیلترهای سرسرنگی 4/0 میکرون استفاده شد که در درب ظروف کاشت نصب گردید) و عدم تهویه) فاکتور دوم شامل سیلیس با چهار سطح (صفر، 5/1، 3 و 6 میلیگرم در لیتر) فاکتور سوم شامل ساکارز با سه سطح (5/7، 15 و 30 گرم در لیتر) و شاهد (عدم تهویه) بود. محیط کشت مورد استفاده محیط کشت موراشیگ و اسکوک بود که با 1 میلی گرم در لیتر کینتین، 3/0 میلیگرم در لیتر جیبرلیک اسید و 8 گرم در لیتر آگار تکمیل شده بود. pH محیط کشت قبل از اتوکلاو روی 8/5 تنظیم شد. ریزنمونههای مورد استفاده تک گرههای ساقه بودند که از یک توده پر رشد تهیه شد. صفاتی شامل: تعداد شاخه، طول شاخه، طول میانگره، تعداد برگ، وزنتر شاخه، وزن خشک شاخه، درصد باززایی شاخه، درصد آلودگی ریزنمونه، تعداد ریشه، طول ریشه، وزنتر ریشه، وزن خشکریشه، درصد باززایی ریشه، پرولین، فعالیت آنتیاکسیدانی، رنگیزههای گیاهی (کلروفیل، کاروتنوئید، آنتوسیانین، فلاونوئید) و درصد زندهمانی گیاهچهها اندازهگیری و مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. یافتهها: نتایج اثرات تهویه، سیلیس و غلظتهای مختلف ساکارز بر صفات مورد ارزیابی نشان داد که در اثرات ساده صفات وزن تر ریشه، درصد آلودگی ریزنمونه و درصد زندهمانی گیاهچهها در تیمار ساکارز و صفت فعالیت آنتی اکسیدانی در تیمار تهویه و در اثرات دوگانه صفات تعداد ریشه، درصد باززایی ریشه، وزن تر ریشه، طول شاخه، تعداد روزنه، فلاونوئید و کلروفیل b و در اثرات سه گانه صفات وزن خشک ریشه، پرولین و کلروفیل a در سطح احتمال 5 درصد معنی دار شد. نتایج تجزیه واریانس دادهها نشان داد که تیمار تهویه، سیلیس و غلظت ساکارز در سطح احتمال (٠5/٠(p≤ در اثرات ساده معنیداری نداشت، ولی اثرات دوگانه و سهگانه این فاکتورها بر نیتروژن اثر معنیداری داشت (تیمار 5/7 گرم در لیتر ساکارز و دارای تهویه باعث افزایش درصد نیتروژن به عدد 23/1 شد). نتیجهگیری: پژوهش حاضر نشان داد که اثرات تهویه، سیلیس و غلظت ساکارز بر ویژگـیهـای مورفولـوژیکی، فیزیولوژیکی و بیوشیمیایی گیاه آویشن باغی متفاوت است. تیمار 15 گرم در لیتر ساکارز و 5/1 میلیگرم سیلیس به همراه عدم تهویه باعث افزایش پارامترهای رشدی گیاه آویشن باغی وطول شاخه گردید. با توجه به نتایج بهدستآمده میتوان کاربرد سیلیس را نسبت به تهویه مقرون بهصرفه دانست و آن را بهصورت ترکیبی به محلول کشت جهت افزایش عملکرد و رشد گیاه آویشن پیشنهاد کرد.
Manuela Davanzo, Giosuè Cuccurullo, Elena Zwirner
et al.
We report the first observation of the psammophyte plant species Pancratium maritimum L. (Amaryllidaceae) in the Friuli Venezia Giulia region, Italy. Four adult individuals were observed in spring 2023 on the residual dunes of Lignano Sabbiadoro municipality behind a beach resort. Although we lack genetic analysis to determine its provenance, considering the absence of locally cultivated individuals and the expansion of the species in the neighboring region of Veneto, with individuals located ca. 20 km from this reported observation, we believe that its arrival in Friuli Venezia Giulia should be considered a spontaneous spread of a new native species for the region. This finding indicates that the species now has a distribution extending along the entire Italian coastline.
Abstract Bats are important for the homeostasis of ecosystems and serve as hosts of various microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, and fungi with pathogenic potential. This study aimed to isolate fungi from biological samples obtained from bats captured in the city of Sinop (state of Mato Grosso, Brazil), where large areas of deforestation exist due to urbanization and agriculture. On the basis of the flow of people and domestic animals, 48 bats were captured in eleven urban forest fragments. The samples were processed and submitted to microbiological cultures, to isolate and to identify the fungal genera. Thirty-four (70.83%) of the captured bats were positive for fungi; 18 (37.5%) and 16 (33.33%) of these bats were female and male, respectively. Penicillium sp., Scopulariopsis sp., Fusarium sp., Aspergillus sp., Alternaria sp., Cryptococcus sp., Trichosporon sp., and Candida sp., which may cause opportunistic infections, were isolated. The bat species with the highest number of fungal isolates was Molossus molossus: 21 isolates (43.8%). According to our results, bats captured in urban forest fragments in Sinop harbor pathogenic fungi, increasing the risk of opportunistic fungal infections in humans and domestic animals.
Luana Fernanda Costa Raulino Silva, Luci de Senna Valle, Ana Regina Campos Nascimento
et al.
ABSTRACT Mandacaru (Cereus jamacaru DC - Cactaceae) possesses peculiar physiological and morphological characteristics that allow it to withstand long periods of scarcity and to adapt to different environments. Several uses have also been reported for the species from the 17th century to the present day. Given this history and the importance of the usage of mandacaru, the present investigation aimed to gather information about its uses from different documentary sources, and to perform a comparative analysis between past and present uses. Historia Naturalis Brasiliae by Piso and Marcgrave (17th century) served as the primary source, while information on labels of exsicates in botanical collections, basic scientific literature, and applications for patent filing at INPI, EPO, USPTO, WIPO (until October 2017), served as secondary sources. According to established categories of use, both the primary source and secondary sources revealed that mandacaru has had several applications, among which use for food and medicinal purposes stand out. Other uses, such as ornamental, magical-religious, civil construction and rural fences, were also reported. Despite the numerous references of usage in the documentary sources, knowledge about the potential use of C. jamacaru is not widely spread nor well protected.
Anna Jakubska-Busse, Elżbieta Żołubak, Zbigniew Łobas
et al.
The selection and validation of proper distinguishing characters are of crucial importance in taxonomic revisions. The modern classifications of orchids utilize the molecular tools, but still the selection and identification of the material used in these studies is for the most part related to general species morphology. One of the vegetative characters quoted in orchid manuals is leaf arrangement. However, phyllotactic diversity and ontogenetic changeability have not been analysed in detail in reference to particular taxonomic groups. Therefore, we evaluated the usefulness of leaf arrangements in the taxonomy of the genus Epipactis Zinn, 1757. Typical leaf arrangements in shoots of this genus are described as distichous or spiral. However, in the course of field research and screening of herbarium materials, we indisputably disproved the presence of distichous phyllotaxis in the species Epipactis purpurata Sm. and confirmed the spiral Fibonacci pattern as the dominant leaf arrangement. In addition, detailed analyses revealed the presence of atypical decussate phyllotaxis in this species, as well as demonstrated the ontogenetic formation of pseudowhorls. These findings confirm ontogenetic variability and plasticity in E. purpurata. Our results are discussed in the context of their significance in delimitations of complex taxa within the genus Epipactis.
Background: Acetaminophen as a common antipyretic drug, in overdoses, is poisonous for the liver.
Objective: The current study aimed to assess the protective effects of Ferula (F.) gummosa essential oils against the liver toxicity of acetaminophen in rats.
Methods: 80 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 16 groups (n=5). Negative control group received only DMSO and the positive control group received acetaminophen 500 mg/kg b.w i.p. The treatment groups received F. gummosa essential oils (100 and 200 mg/kg b.w) i.p immediately after acetaminophen administration. The blood were collected for estimating the values of total antioxidant of plasma (FRAP) and liver enzymes; alanin teransferase (ALT), aspartate teransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Also, a piece of liver was used for determining of glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxidation (LP) concentrations, the activity of glutathione s-transferase (GST) and histopathological studies.
Results: The data showed that F. gummosa essential oil modulate significantly the changes in the levels of GSH, GST and FRAP as well as the liver enzymes and lipid peroxidation compared to negative control group. Furthermore, the histopathological findings of the liver tissue was confirmed the biochemical results.
Conclusion: The essential oil extracted from F. gummosa possessed antioxidant activity which protects the liver against the toxic effects of acetaminophen.
The genus Serianthes was erected by Bentham to accomodate plants which Wallich had called Inga grandiflora, from Singapore, and those which Bertero had called Acacia myriadenia, from Tahiti. It has been accepted from the first, as it is amply distinct from Acacia and reasonably so from Inga. though it is usually placed in the tribe Ingeae. Serianthes is widespread in the southwest Pacific, usually, though not always, occurring on islands, frequently on calcareous or serpentine rocks or their derived soils. It is seldom abundant, though in places common. In habit it varies from a dwarf tree or large shrub to a forest giant. It is reported to be an excellent timber tree, but seems nowhere to be abundant enough to be important commercially. Since Bentham's original description in 1844, eleven additional species and one variety have been ascribed to it in addition to the original S. grandiflora. Three of these do not belong in Serianthes. Most of the specimens in herbaria, excepting those called S. grandiflora, have been misidentified, usually being placed in S. myriadenia. Although I first saw this genus growing and collected it in Raivavae and Rurutu in 1934, my interest in it was aroused by failure, in 1950, to find a satisfactory disposition for specimens collected in Palau, similar to those that Kanehira had referred to S. grandiflora, which they clearly were not. The more I tried to make sense of the herbarium material available in a number of herbaria the more frustrating the problem became. Notes were accumulated in a most haphazard and unsystematic manner, as I had no intention of doing more than identifying my Micronesian material. Finally<br />it became evident that over half of the entities discernible in the material examined were undescribed, and I felt a certain obligation to work up at least a synopsis of the genus.