Hasil untuk "Architectural drawing and design"

Lingyun FAN, Yuxuan TANG, Yongbing TIAN

ObjectiveCollaboratively promoting carbon reduction, pollution reduction, green expansion, and growth, while maintaining national ecological security, has become a key focus area in national strategic planning in recent years. However, rapid urbanization has compressed carbon sink spaces such as forest land and grassland, leading to a significant decline in environmental quality and soil carbon sink capacity. Currently, existing research on carbon sink spaces is limited, and it is mostly concentrated on regional scales with superior ecological environments and rich vegetation cover. Research on rapidly urbanizing areas with poor carbon sink backgrounds is relatively scarce. Therefore, analyzing the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of carbon sinks in highly urbanized areas with weak carbon sink backgrounds and conducting multi scenario simulation analysis. To provide a basis for optimizing the spatial layout of the country and formulating differentiated carbon sink enhancement strategies, thus contributing to maintaining regional ecological security and achieving high-quality development.MethodsThis study focuses on southern Jiangsu region, where urbanization is predominant and carbon sink spaces face intense competition with construction spaces. At the township scale, the carbon sink space is analyzed and classified using specific criteria. The PLUS (patch-generating land use simulation) model is used to analyze the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of carbon sink space from 2000 to 2020, and proposes differentiated strategies based on simulation results of various future development scenarios.ResultsThis study focuses on the town carbon sink space in rapidly urbanizing areas, revealing that the evolution of carbon sink space in rapidly urbanizing areas is the result of the combined effects of natural factors, policy interventions, and town development stages. It has important theoretical and practical value for optimizing the national spatial pattern and achieving carbon neutrality goals, providing scientific support for the green transformation of new urbanization in developed areas. The research indicates four results. 1) From 2000 to 2020, the loss of carbon sink spaces in southern Jiangsu region was not uniform but highly concentrated in high-value carbon sink areas. 2) The structure of carbon sink spaces in southern Jiangsu region at the town scale did not completely disintegrate due to urbanization; instead, it demonstrated remarkable stability. 3) Simulation results show that different intensities of carbon sink protection measures can promote the expansion of high-quality carbon sink spaces. However, a "carbon sink enhancement scenario" is not necessarily optimal. The pursuit of a "high carbon sink coefficient" alone should be avoided, and the risk of ecological function simplification needs to be guarded against. 4) Towns in southern Jiangsu region can be categorized into three types: those with high carbon sink capacity, high carbon sink potential, and high construction intensity. Most towns have maintained their original carbon sink spatial structure characteristics under three simulated scenarios, and in the future, they can focus on exploring the potential of existing space to protect and optimize carbon sink space. For sensitive town types—those with easily fluctuating carbon sink quality, those prone to carbon sink function degradation, and those with clearly degraded carbon sink functions—more targeted strategies should be implemented based on the specific risk types.ConclusionThrough multi scenario simulation, the evolution patterns of future urban carbon sink spaces can be analyzed and predicted, offering references for the protection and optimization of urban carbon sink spaces in rapidly urbanizing areas. This study can scientifically analyze the dynamic evolution laws of regional carbon sink space, explore the optimization path and has significant theoretical and practical value for optimizing territorial spatial patterns and achieving carbon neutrality goals, thus providing scientific support for the green transformation of new urbanization. This method can be widely applied to similar studies on town ecological space planning related to carbon sink enhancement, and helps other cities, especially those with rapid urbanization, to achieve coordinated and sustainable development of ecological environment and economy.

Armand Vokshi

<p>The Central Technical Construction Archive (AQTN) represents a key institution for the preservation of technical documentary heritage in Albania, safeguarding valuable materials that span a wide historical period, from the early years of the communist regime to the present day. This archival structure contains construction projects, technical documentation, urban plans, building standards, and graphic materials that reflect the country’s urban, architectural, and engineering development over the decades. This paper presents a chronological and thematic analysis of the organization of AQTN, including its division according to historical periods and the main categories of preserved documentation. Special attention is given to the archive’s importance for scientific research, urban planning, and the protection of technical heritage, as well as to the challenges related to digitization and public access to its collections.</p><p>Through specific examples of preserved projects, the paper highlights the transformation of construction and planning concepts in Albania, revealing the intertwining of ideological, technical, and economic influences in the development of the built environment. This work aims to raise awareness of AQTN’s significance as a unique resource for interdisciplinary studies in the fields of architecture, engineering, urban history, and cultural heritage.</p><p>DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.34.2025.10</p>

Giordano Andreola, Susanna Caroppo, Giuseppe Di Battista et al.

Several algorithms for the construction of orthogonal drawings of graphs, including those based on the Topology-Shape-Metrics (TSM) paradigm, tend to prioritize the minimization of crossings. This emphasis has two notable side effects: some edges are drawn with unnecessarily long sequences of segments and bends, and the overall drawing area may become excessively large. As a result, the produced drawings often lack geometric uniformity. Moreover, orthogonal crossings are known to have a limited impact on readability, suggesting that crossing minimization may not always be the optimal goal. In this paper, we introduce a methodology that 'subverts' the traditional TSM pipeline by focusing on minimizing bends. Given a graph $G$, we ideally seek to construct a rectilinear drawing of $G$, that is, an orthogonal drawing with no bends. When not possible, we incrementally subdivide the edges of $G$ by introducing dummy vertices that will (possibly) correspond to bends in the final drawing. This process continues until a rectilinear drawing of a subdivision of the graph is found, after which the final coordinates are computed. We tackle the (NP-complete) rectilinear drawability problem by encoding it as a SAT formula and solving it with state-of-the-art SAT solvers. If the SAT formula is unsatisfiable, we use the solver's proof to determine which edge to subdivide. Our implementation, DOMUS, which is fairly simple, is evaluated through extensive experiments on small- to medium-sized graphs. The results show that it consistently outperforms OGDF's TSM-based approach across most standard graph drawing metrics.

Luca Collini, Siddharth Garg, Ramesh Karri

High-Level Synthesis (HLS) tools offer rapid hardware design from C code, but their compatibility is limited by code constructs. This paper investigates Large Language Models (LLMs) for automatically refactoring C code into HLS-compatible formats. We present a case study using an LLM to rewrite C code for NIST 800-22 randomness tests, a QuickSort algorithm, and AES-128 into HLS-synthesizable C. The LLM iteratively transforms the C code guided by the system prompt and tool's feedback, implementing functions like streaming data and hardware-specific signals. With the hindsight obtained from the case study, we implement a fully automated framework to refactor C code into HLS-compatible formats using LLMs. To tackle complex designs, we implement a preprocessing step that breaks down the hierarchy in order to approach the problem in a divide-and-conquer bottom-up way. We validated our framework on three ciphers, one hash function, five NIST 800-22 randomness tests, and a QuickSort algorithm. Our results show a high success rate on benchmarks that are orders of magnitude more complex than what has been achieved generating Verilog with LLMs.

Paolo Di Nardo

Seden Acun Özgünler, Zeynep Sena Karkaş

Tarihi yapıların cephelerinde kullanılan kagir yapı malzemeleri, çevresel ve doğal faktörler nedeniyle detay kaybına uğrayıp hızla bozularak yapısal hasara uğramaktadır. Taşların bozulmasını önleyerek bozulma derecelerini yavaşlatabilmek için koruma çalışmaları doğrultusunda sağlamlaştırıcı ve su itici koruyucu kimyasal malzemeler kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, İstanbul’da, farklı özelliklerde üç önemli tarihi yapının koruma çalışmalarında sağlamlaştırıcı ve su itici kimyasal malzemelere karar verme sürecinde geliştirilen yöntem ele alınmıştır. Bu süreç, disiplinler arası bir hiyerarşiye dayandığı için öncelikle, bu tarihi yapıların alan çalışmalarında yönetim, planlama, karar verme, uygulama, denetleme aşamalarında aktif rol oynayan ve birbirleriyle iş birliği içinde çalışan uzmanlara ortak bir anket çalışması yapılmıştır. Anket çalışmasının verileri ışığında, üç tarihi yapıda, koruyucu kimyasal malzemeler ile yüzey iyileştirme uygulamaları yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmada geliştirilen yöntem ile in-situ ortamda yapılan koruyucu kimyasal uygulamalara karar verilirken hangi parametrelere dikkat edilmesi gerektiğini belirtmek, koruyucu malzemelerin seçimi ile ilgili gerekli kriterler önermek ve in-situ ortamda yapılan koruyucu malzemelerin uygulanmasında standartların önemini vurgulamak amaçlanmıştır.

Chen Chen, Matin Yarmand, Zhuoqun Xu et al.

Accurately drawing non-planar 3D curves in immersive Virtual Reality (VR) is indispensable for many precise 3D tasks. However, due to lack of physical support, limited depth perception, and the non-planar nature of 3D curves, it is challenging to adjust mid-air strokes to achieve high precision. Instead of creating new interaction techniques, we investigated how task geometric shapes and input modalities affect precision-first drawing performance in a within-subject study (n = 12) focusing on 3D target tracing in commercially available VR headsets. We found that compared to using bare hands, VR controllers and pens yield nearly 30% of precision gain, and that the tasks with large curvature, forward-backward or left-right orientations perform best. We finally discuss opportunities for designing novel interaction techniques for precise 3D drawing. We believe that our work will benefit future research aiming to create usable toolboxes for precise 3D drawing.

Loann Giovannangeli, Frederic Lalanne, Romain Giot et al.

While many graph drawing algorithms consider nodes as points, graph visualization tools often represent them as shapes. These shapes support the display of information such as labels or encode various data with size or color. However, they can create overlaps between nodes which hinder the exploration process by hiding parts of the information. It is therefore of utmost importance to remove these overlaps to improve graph visualization readability. If not handled by the layout process, Overlap Removal (OR) algorithms have been proposed as layout post-processing. As graph layouts usually convey information about their topology, it is important that OR algorithms preserve them as much as possible. We propose a novel algorithm that models OR as a joint stress and scaling optimization problem, and leverages efficient stochastic gradient descent. This approach is compared with state-of-the-art algorithms, and several quality metrics demonstrate its efficiency to quickly remove overlaps while retaining the initial layout structures.

Shiyu Su, Qiaochu Zhang, Juzheng Liu et al.

A digital finite impulse response (FIR) filter design is fully synthesizable, thanks to the mature CAD support of digital circuitry. On the contrary, analog mixed-signal (AMS) filter design is mostly a manual process, including architecture selection, schematic design, and layout. This work presents a systematic design methodology to automate AMS FIR filter design using a time approximation architecture without any tunable passive component, such as switched capacitor or resistor. It not only enhances the flexibility of the filter but also facilitates design automation with reduced analog complexity. The proposed design flow features a hybrid approximation scheme that automatically optimize the filter's impulse response in light of time quantization effects, which shows significant performance improvement with minimum designer's efforts in the loop. Additionally, a layout-aware regression model based on an artificial neural network (ANN), in combination with gradient-based search algorithm, is used to automate and expedite the filter design. With the proposed framework, we demonstrate rapid synthesis of AMS FIR filters in 65nm process from specification to layout.

Giovanni Foppiani

There is no plan bee wants to answer a question: “What can Design do for bees crisis?” The question finds its response once formulated to a beekeeper interviewed at the beginning stage of my thesis. He simply replied: “Nothing. Design can’t do anything”. This unexpected response showed a profound truth: it would not have been possible to help honey bees just with a Design vision based on a single product. It would have been necessary to redesign a whole system to create an inter-species collaboration to support biodiversity, which is vanishing and being the first cause of the bees descent.

Marinella Ferrara, Shujun Ban

This article proposes an analysis of the relationship between women's creative practices in the context of Western world design history. The study, based on a review of the literature, highlights the evolution of the role of women in design, considering the relationship with technology. The result is an excursus of the women maker culture growing trough design from the 18th century up to the current times. During this path, despite the social constraints deeply affecting their life and work, women acquired skill and ability for the gradual achievement of a new individualism, and modernity of behaviour for women. The changing role of women making culture was more incisive in the first development of consumption in the 19th century to the consumer society and the breakdown of gender barriers as very recent history. Due to history, which has profoundly shaped the behaviour of women, to date, they tend to have an artistic approach to technology. Current times are characterized by a series of positive processes and actions that reveal social radical change and the emerging of the gender-sensitive design approach to pursue.

Davide Giri, Kuan-Lin Chiu, Giuseppe Di Guglielmo et al.

We present ESP4ML, an open-source system-level design flow to build and program SoC architectures for embedded applications that require the hardware acceleration of machine learning and signal processing algorithms. We realized ESP4ML by combining two established open-source projects (ESP and HLS4ML) into a new, fully-automated design flow. For the SoC integration of accelerators generated by HLS4ML, we designed a set of new parameterized interface circuits synthesizable with high-level synthesis. For accelerator configuration and management, we developed an embedded software runtime system on top of Linux. With this HW/SW layer, we addressed the challenge of dynamically shaping the data traffic on a network-on-chip to activate and support the reconfigurable pipelines of accelerators that are needed by the application workloads currently running on the SoC. We demonstrate our vertically-integrated contributions with the FPGA-based implementations of complete SoC instances booting Linux and executing computer-vision applications that process images taken from the Google Street View database.

Jonathan Klawitter, Peter Stumpf

In phylogenetics, tree-based networks are used to model and visualize the evolutionary history of species where reticulate events such as horizontal gene transfer have occurred. Formally, a tree-based network $N$ consists of a phylogenetic tree $T$ (a rooted, binary, leaf-labeled tree) and so-called reticulation edges that span between edges of $T$. The network $N$ is typically visualized by drawing $T$ downward and planar and reticulation edges with one of several different styles. One aesthetic criteria is to minimize the number of crossings between tree edges and reticulation edges. This optimization problem has not yet been researched. We show that, if reticulation edges are drawn x-monotone, the problem is NP-complete, but fixed-parameter tractable in the number of reticulation edges. If, on the other hand, reticulation edges are drawn like "ears", the crossing minimization problem can be solved in quadratic time.

Helena Bergold, Stefan Felsner, Manfred Scheucher et al.

In this article we discuss classical theorems from Convex Geometry in the context of topological drawings and beyond. In a simple topological drawing of the complete graph $K_n$, any two edges share at most one point: either a common vertex or a point where they cross. Triangles of simple topological drawings can be viewed as convex sets. This gives a link to convex geometry. As our main result, we present a generalization of Kirchberger's Theorem that is of purely combinatorial nature. It turned out that this classical theorem also applies to "generalized signotopes" - a combinatorial generalization of simple topological drawings, which we introduce and investigate in the course of this article. As indicated by the name they are a generalization of signotopes, a structure studied in the context of encodings for arrangements of pseudolines. We also present a family of simple topological drawings with arbitrarily large Helly number, and a new proof of a topological generalization of Carathéodory's Theorem in the plane and discuss further classical theorems from Convex Geometry in the context of simple topological drawings.

Massimiliano Nastri

AAVV

Luca Castelli Aleardi

In this work we consider balanced Schnyder woods for planar graphs, which are Schnyder woods where the number of incoming edges of each color at each vertex is balanced as much as possible. We provide a simple linear-time heuristic leading to obtain well balanced Schnyder woods in practice. As test applications we consider two important algorithmic problems: the computation of Schnyder drawings and of small cycle separators. While not being able to provide theoretical guarantees, our experimental results (on a wide collection of planar graphs) suggest that the use of balanced Schnyder woods leads to an improvement of the quality of the layout of Schnyder drawings, and provides an efficient tool for computing short and balanced cycle separators.

Therese Biedl, Erin Wolf Chambers, David Eppstein et al.

It is well-known that both the pathwidth and the outer-planarity of a graph can be used to obtain lower bounds on the height of a planar straight-line drawing of a graph. But both bounds fall short for some graphs. In this paper, we consider two other parameters, the (simple) homotopy height and the (simple) grid-major height. We discuss the relationship between them and to the other parameters, and argue that they give lower bounds on the straight-line drawing height that are never worse than the ones obtained from pathwidth and outer-planarity.

Pablo Antolin, Annalisa Buffa, Elaine Cohen et al.

In recent years, new methods have been developed to synthesize complex porous and micro-structured geometry in a variety of ways. In this work, we take these approaches one step further and present these methods as an efficacious design paradigm. Specifically, complex micro-structure geometry can be synthesized while optimizing certain properties such as maximal heat exchange in heat exchangers, or minimal weight under stress specifications. By being able to adjust the geometry, the topology and/or the material properties of individual tiles in the micro-structure, possibly in a gradual way, a porous object can be synthesized that is optimal with respect to the design specifications. As part of this work, we exemplify this paradigm on a variety of diverse applications.

Andrea Boeri, Jacopo Gaspari, Valentina Gianfrate et al.

Within the complex and interrelated nature of the smart city concept, the importance of considering both the potential contribute of informed end-users and the impacts of a more organized – district based – approach to energy management are rising as relevant topics. This paper reports the progress of a research aimed to map energy use at district level, translating the zoning concept to balance actions to be delivered in different areas into a city level perspective. The adoption of energy maps is aimed to facilitate the understanding and the communication of the potential impacts in order to increase end-users and key-players awareness on the energy issue as well as to support decision makers to prioritize actions according to a shared systemic approach.

Emil Lanfranchi, Francesco Fonzino

<p><span id="docs-internal-guid-47037059-6390-41ef-c3a2-ab1f59f24270"><span>Although community engagement is increasingly supported by the evolution of technologies which are becoming more accessible to a larger number of people, democratised planning practices are yet struggling to emerge and be included in common practices. Future approaches urgently need to be based on innovative and comprehensive action-oriented processes. </span><span>The paper is a literature review that </span><span>synthesises and gathers the bulk of the turning points which led to radical paradigm shifts for planners and designers. It illustrates various approaches based on technologies of geoinformation and web-based tools such as Geodesign, that can give support to opinion and decision-making processes of co-creation and co-design of alternative futures, while highlights potentials and critics, pushing towards more democratized practices in the real-world projects.</span></span></p><p><span><span>DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.20.2018.4" rel="noopener" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.20.2018.4</a><br /></span></span></p>