PROFESSOR V. GORDON GHILDE, who died in the Blue Mountains of his native Australia in 1957 soon after retiring from the Directorship of the London University Institute of Archaeology, was one of the great pre-historians of the world. More perhaps than any other man he showed how by using the data won by archaeologists and natural scientists it was possible to gain a new view of what constituted human history. Inevitably some of the books in which he summarized, with brilliant mastery of detail, the current situation in different fields of prehistoric archaeology have begun to lose something of their value for modern students. The general works in which he opened up new and often vast perspectives on the other hand are in many cases classics that repay constant re-reading and are likely to retain their value for a long time to come. Of these one of the most important is the present volume, originally published in 1941 and last revised in 1954.
تاريخ الالقاب عند العرب والمسلمين واسع الميدان بعيد المدى وأغرب مافي تطور هذا اللقب أنه استعمل للمدح والتعظيم بعدما كان للذم والاحتقار، وكان العرب اذا ارادت تعظيم المخاطب به خاطبته بالكنية، ثم ترقوا عن الكنى الى الالقاب الحسنة.
لقد اهتم العرب بالالقاب وأخذت تشغل حيزاً كبيراً واولعوا بها وتفننوا وتفاخروا ببعضها الآخر في مجالسهم الادبية وحلقاتهم العلمية وكانوا يقولون (الالقاب تنزل من السماء).
وللالقاب ابعاد سياسية مهمة وما تمنحه لصاحبها من الامتيازات المعنوية ومادية وسياسية وتضفي له مكانة رفيعة.
بأنتقال الخلافة الى العباسيين أصبح للالقاب شأن عظيم في الدولة وذلك كصدى للتغيير الكبير الذي طرأ على الدولة الاسلامية والذي كان من مظاهرها الميل الى الاقتباس من الحضارة الفارسية وتقاليدها وكان من أثر ذلك أقتباس القاب جديدة.
لم يكد أن ينتصف العقد الرابع من القرن الرابع الهجري، القرن العاشر الميلادي الا وكان البويهييون([i]) على اعتاب أبواب بغداد، واستيلائهم على الحكم واستبدادهم بالسلطة، ازداد النفوذ الفارسي وربما كان من مظاهر ازدياد هذا النفوذ ازدياد العناية والاهتمام بالالقاب وتنظيمها فضلاً عن ظهور القاب جديدة فعرفت بالالقاب المضافة الى (الدولة) و (الملة) و (الامة). واتخذ البويهيون القاباً تنم عن تعظيم وتكريم لحاملها لمنزلة سياسية وصل اليها كأوحد الزمان مثل (الشاهنشاه) و (ملك الملوك).
وما للالقاب من اهمية فقد اختصت دراستنا للالقاب في فترة التلسط البويهي في العراق
(334-447هـ/945-1055م)، وتضمنت دراسة تاريخية للقب. وتطور المعنى التاريخي له، ومن ثم دراسة وتحليل القاب الامراء البويهيين معناها ودلالاتها وأبعادها والالقاب المضافة الى الالقاب، وكذلك الآراء الفقهية حول منح اللقب والمراسيم المتبعة في منح اللقب.
([i]) البويهيون: ينتسب البويهيون الى أبي شجاع بن بويه بن فناخسرو من قبلية (شيرزل اوند) من الديلم من جبال البرز في الجنوب الغربي لبحر قزوين. فقد اختلف المؤرخون في نسبهم، منهم من يرجعهم الى ملوك الفرس ومنهم من يرجعهم الى بني حنبة من العرب. ينظر: مسكويه، تجارب الامم، جـ5، ص5، المقريزي، السلوك، جـ1، ص129. ابن العديم، بغية الطلب، جـ7، ص3259. وللمزيد ينظر: غضبان، البويهيون في فارس، ص119-172.
Globalization provides access to people, services, goods, ideas, beliefs and values in a new way and poses fundamental challenges for all areas of education in every country. Education on global issues is a process of individual and collective growth which allows for transformation and self-transformation. In this vein, this quantitative study seeks to investigate the perspectives of 310 adult educators on global education training. The accessible population of the study was adult educators working in the public and private vocational training institutes in the region of Western Greece during the academic year 2021–2022. The random sampling technique was applied. Research findings show that teachers recognize the necessity and importance of training on global competence and most of them have attended one or more courses mostly during their undergraduate or postgraduate studies or during their participation in training programs. They also regard the University as the most appropriate training actor, and they are in favor of optional training programs and of mixed type. Regarding training topics, they proposed interculturalism, diversity, current events, religion, history, immigrants, environment, geography, human rights and culture. Finally, participants’ aspects do not seem to be affected by their employment relationship and years of service. On the contrary, gender, ICT knowledge and additional studies seem to affect the results of the research.
Maria Lahtinen, David Clinnick, Kristiina Mannermaa
et al.
Abstract Dogs (Canis familiaris) are the first animals to be domesticated by humans and the only ones domesticated by mobile hunter-gatherers. Wolves and humans were both persistent, pack hunters of large prey. They were species competing over resources in partially overlapping ecological niches and capable of killing each other. How could humans possibly have domesticated a competitive species? Here we present a new hypothesis based on food/resource partitioning between humans and incipient domesticated wolves/dogs. Humans are not fully adapted to a carnivorous diet; human consumption of meat is limited by the liver’s capacity to metabolize protein. Contrary to humans, wolves can thrive on lean meat for months. We present here data showing that all the Pleistocene archeological sites with dog or incipient dog remains are from areas that were analogous to subarctic and arctic environments. Our calculations show that during harsh winters, when game is lean and devoid of fat, Late Pleistocene hunters-gatherers in Eurasia would have a surplus of animal derived protein that could have been shared with incipient dogs. Our partitioning theory explains how competition may have been ameliorated during the initial phase of dog domestication. Following this initial period, incipient dogs would have become docile, being utilized in a multitude of ways such as hunting companions, beasts of burden and guards as well as going through many similar evolutionary changes as humans.
Maria Cristina Oliveira Bruno, Fabiana Comerlato, Carlos Alberto Santos Costa
et al.
O presente artigo apresenta diferentes narrativas sobre os trajetos da Rede de Museus e Acervos Arqueológicos e Etnográficos (REMAAE) no país, criada em 2008. Por meio da coleta de relatos e informações de diversas ordens entre suas/seus coordenadoras/es e integrantes, e da análise de publicações, artigos e documentos da Rede, exploramos os antecedentes dessa articulação, seus reposicionamentos e agendas ao longo do tempo, bem como os desafios identificados no presente, que possam orientar ações futuras. A perspectiva oferecida pelo campo da Memória Social permitiu, ademais, valorizar e reproduzir algumas das características mais pungentes da articulação de seus membros, como a polifonia e a não-hierarquização das áreas disciplinares de formação.
Gruta do Caldeirão es un yacimiento arqueológico en cueva situado en Tomar (Portugal, oeste de la península Ibérica), que contiene una importante secuencia perteneciente al Pleistoceno superior, adscrita culturalmente al Paleolítico medio (Musteriense) y Paleolítico superior (Solutrense-Magdaleniense), que incluye industria lítica, restos humanos y restos de grandes y pequeños vertebrados. La revisión e interpretación de la asociación de roedores de la secuencia, previamente publicada en los años 90 del siglo pasado, nos ha permitido remarcar tres importantes conclusiones: 1) la única especie del subgénero Iberomys presente en la secuencia es la especie endémica actual de topillo Microtus (Iberomys) cabrerae (topillo de Cabrera); 2) la asociación de roedores está dominada en toda la secuencia por especies relacionadas con bosques abiertos, como el ratón de campo (Apodemus sylvaticus) y especies relacionadas con espacios abiertos-húmedos como los topillos mediterráneo y lusitánico (Microtus (Terricola) spp.), remarcando la presencia de un hámster extinto (Allocricetus bursae) en el nivel K y tres especies de topillos que no tienen representación actual en la zona circundante a la cavidad (Microtus arvalis - topillo campesino, Microtus agrestis – topillo agreste y Chionomys nivalis - topillo nival); 3) Finalmente, el método del Modelo Bioclimático, aplicado a la asociación de roedores, otorga resultados acordes con que la ocupaciones solutrenses situadas entre los niveles H y Fa están relacionadas con un periodo frío equiparado con el Último Máximo Glacial (LGM), indicado por las dataciones de radiocarbono y anteriores estudios de susceptibilidad magnética de la secuencia.
PHILIPPE FAJON, BOGDAN SANDRIC, IRINA OBERLÄNDER-TÂRNOVEANU
Landscape Archaeology(ies) and Archaelogical Landscape in the
Danubes inferior region. A project history, methodology and a
selection of some results. Archaeological practising has changed a lot
with the new technologies and new intellectual approaches. IT tools, such
as GIS, usually used by geographers may open innovative perspectives, only
if archaeologists integrate their thinking in a process of "longue durée"
with a special attention to the quality and nature of the information
processed. The techniques should not be separated from an
epistemological reflection. This is what the archeogeography provides in
having an analytical and critical view of the geo-historical objects. To show
the status of these issues in Romania, we replace the recent works in the
history of the Romanian "national archaeological map". Then, five examples
of analyzes of historical and archaeological sites around the Lower Danube
Valley suggest five research topics, among others, in the fiel of «
understanding the landscape systems » : role of hydraulic systems, notion
of landscape stability, resilient landscape elements, landscape planning.