Hasil untuk "Anthropology"

L. Binford

H. Moore

P. Wolfe

Nicholas Thomas

Wan-Gu Kim, Byoung-Nam Kim, Yohan Chweh

The influence of station-to-station line orientation on sea current speed observations using Coastal Acoustic Tomography (CAT) was quantitatively investigated. For this purpose, we conducted CAT experiments at five stations in Yeosu Bay, South Korea. Through these experiments, the sea current speeds were estimated along a total of six tomographic observation lines with different orientations, and the results were compared with current speeds measured simultaneously by an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP). The comparison showed that the concordance between tomography-estimated sea current speed and ADCP-measured sea current speed tended to decrease as the acute angle between the predominant tidal current direction in Yeosu Bay and a tomographic observation line increased. This tendency is interpreted as arising because the smaller the difference between the two one-way travel times obtained during tomographic observations, the greater the effect of the travel time measurement error whose magnitude is relatively direction-independent. This interpretation was supported by a simple numerical simulation. Furthermore, quantitative analysis of these simulation results indicated that a smaller acute angle between the predominant sea current direction in the survey area and a tomographic observation line enhances the robustness of sea current speed estimation against travel time measurement errors. The results show that the station-to-station line in CAT should be arranged considering the predominant sea current direction in the survey area, which can provide an important guideline for selecting station locations.

S. Low, Denise Lawrence‐Zúñiga

Muhammad Osama Imran, Roshni Lulla, Rodney Sappington

We examine the conceptual and ethical gaps in current representations of Superintelligence misalignment. We find throughout Superintelligence discourse an absent human subject, and an under-developed theorization of an "AI unconscious" that together are potentiality laying the groundwork for anti-social harm. With the rise of AI Safety that has both thematic potential for establishing pro-social and anti-social potential outcomes, we ask: what place does the human subject occupy in these imaginaries? How is human subjecthood positioned within narratives of catastrophic failure or rapid "takeoff" toward superintelligence? On another register, we ask: what unconscious or repressed dimensions are being inscribed into large-scale AI models? Are we to blame these agents in opting for deceptive strategies when undesirable patterns are inherent within our beings? In tracing these psychic and epistemic absences, our project calls for re-centering the human subject as the unstable ground upon which the ethical, unconscious, and misaligned dimensions of both human and machinic intelligence are co-constituted. Emergent misalignment cannot be understood solely through technical diagnostics typical of contemporary machine-learning safety research. Instead, it represents a multi-layered crisis. The human subject disappears not only through computational abstraction but through sociotechnical imaginaries that prioritize scalability, acceleration, and efficiency over vulnerability, finitude, and relationality. Likewise, the AI unconscious emerges not as a metaphor but as a structural reality of modern deep learning systems: vast latent spaces, opaque pattern formation, recursive symbolic play, and evaluation-sensitive behavior that surpasses explicit programming. These dynamics necessitate a reframing of misalignment as a relational instability embedded within human-machine ecologies.

José Ginés Espín, Josep Gascón, Pedro Nicolás

To conduct a didactic analysis of the current modality of study of real numbers in the Bachelor's Degree in Mathematics, we rely on the notion of didactic paradigm and employ a novel research methodology within the framework of the Anthropological Theory of the Didactic. This methodology proposes that, in general, analysing a modality of study of a field of knowledge, currently implemented in a certain didactic institution, consists of modelling, through respective didactic paradigms, not only the current modality of study but also: (1) an alternative modality of study (a possible future) whose didactic ends include attempting to avoid certain current phenomena considered ``undesirable'' from the perspective of research; and (2) an antecedent modality of study (a possible past) that allows us to explain the emergence of current phenomena as a reaction to the existence of certain antecedent phenomena.

Benjamin A. Spiegel, Lucas Gelfond, George Konidaris

Symbolic writing systems are graphical semiotic codes that are ubiquitous in modern society but are otherwise absent in the animal kingdom. Anthropological evidence suggests that the earliest forms of some writing systems originally consisted of iconic pictographs, which signify their referent via visual resemblance. While previous studies have examined the emergence and, separately, the evolution of pictographic systems through a computational lens, most employ non-naturalistic methodologies that make it difficult to draw clear analogies to human and animal cognition. We develop a multi-agent reinforcement learning testbed for emergent communication called a Signification Game, and formulate a model of inferential communication that enables agents to leverage visual theory of mind to communicate actions using pictographs. Our model, which is situated within a broader formalism for animal communication, sheds light on the cognitive and cultural processes underlying the emergence of proto-writing.

Linjiao Wang, Xiang Gao, Maoyin Sheng

Abstract Background Phytolith-occluded organic carbon (PhytOC) is an important mechanism of long-term stable carbon sinks in terrestrial ecosystems. Farmland abandonment is a widespread land use change in the process of urbanization and industrialization and is still ongoing. Farmland abandonment can significantly affect soil carbon cycling. To elucidate the effects of farmland abandonment on soil PhytOC accumulation, in the present study, corn fields abandoned for 0 to 30 years ago in the mountainous areas of southern China were selected as the research objects. The change trends, influencing factors, and driving mechanisms of soil PhytOC accumulation during the abandonment process were studied. Results The following results were obtained: (1) The range of PhytOC content and storage of the 0–15 cm soil profile for both active and abandoned corn fields was 0.39–1.49 g·kg− 1 and 0.27–0.83 t·hm− 2, respectively. (2) There was a notable enhancement in soil PhytOC accumulation as the duration of abandonment lengthened. In particular, after 30 years of abandonment, soil PhytOC accumulation rose significantly. (3) Abandonment noticeably altered the contents and ratios of soil nutrients of C, N, P and Si, along with key soil enzyme activities such as urease, sucrase, alkaline phosphatase, and catalase. (4) In the context of corn field abandonment, increase in soil PhytOC was primarily attributed to modifications in PhytOC inputs due to variations in surface vegetation cover. The impact of soil environment alterations resulting from abandonment on PhytOC decomposition was less pronounced. Conclusions These findings are instrumental for accurately assessing the carbon sequestration potential of farmland abandonment and for developing regional carbon management strategies based on such practices.

Ivanna Kramer, Vinzent Rittel, Lara Blomenkamp et al.

Vertebral morphological measurements are important across various disciplines, including spinal biomechanics and clinical applications, pre- and post-operatively. These measurements also play a crucial role in anthropological longitudinal studies, where spinal metrics are repeatedly documented over extended periods. Traditionally, such measurements have been manually conducted, a process that is time-consuming. In this study, we introduce a novel, fully automated method for measuring vertebral morphology using 3D meshes of lumbar and thoracic spine models.Our experimental results demonstrate the method's capability to accurately measure low-resolution patient-specific vertebral meshes with mean absolute error (MAE) of 1.09 mm and those derived from artificially created lumbar spines, where the average MAE value was 0.7 mm. Our qualitative analysis indicates that measurements obtained using our method on 3D spine models can be accurately reprojected back onto the original medical images if these images are available.

Tianyang Zhong, Zhengliang Liu, Yi Pan et al.

This comprehensive study evaluates the performance of OpenAI's o1-preview large language model across a diverse array of complex reasoning tasks, spanning multiple domains, including computer science, mathematics, natural sciences, medicine, linguistics, and social sciences. Through rigorous testing, o1-preview demonstrated remarkable capabilities, often achieving human-level or superior performance in areas ranging from coding challenges to scientific reasoning and from language processing to creative problem-solving. Key findings include: -83.3% success rate in solving complex competitive programming problems, surpassing many human experts. -Superior ability in generating coherent and accurate radiology reports, outperforming other evaluated models. -100% accuracy in high school-level mathematical reasoning tasks, providing detailed step-by-step solutions. -Advanced natural language inference capabilities across general and specialized domains like medicine. -Impressive performance in chip design tasks, outperforming specialized models in areas such as EDA script generation and bug analysis. -Remarkable proficiency in anthropology and geology, demonstrating deep understanding and reasoning in these specialized fields. -Strong capabilities in quantitative investing. O1 has comprehensive financial knowledge and statistical modeling skills. -Effective performance in social media analysis, including sentiment analysis and emotion recognition. The model excelled particularly in tasks requiring intricate reasoning and knowledge integration across various fields. While some limitations were observed, including occasional errors on simpler problems and challenges with certain highly specialized concepts, the overall results indicate significant progress towards artificial general intelligence.

Mega L. Syamsuddin, Subiyanto Subiyanto, Tonny Bratasena et al.

The Makassar Strait is one of the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) branches that transports warm water masses from the Pacific Ocean to the Indian Ocean. These water masses have a significant impact on oceanographic parameters, which in turn affects the skipjack tuna distribution. Satellite-derived oceanographic factors from January 2015 to December 2020 included sea surface temperature (SST), chlorophyll-a, salinity, sea surface height (SSH), surface current, and surface wind are used to predict the potential habitat of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) in the Makassar Strait using the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model. The SSH was the most important oceanographic variable affecting the skipjack tuna catch, contributing 49.7% to the model gain. An increasing skipjack tuna catch was observed within the following oceanographic variable ranges: 0.48–0.58 m of SSH, 34–35 ppt of salinity, 0.1–1.2 m/s of surface current, 29–30 °C of SST, 5–6 m/s of surface wind, and 0.1–0.5 mg/l of chlorophyll-a concentrations.

Wu Taoyang, Liu Jixu, Wu Chunling et al.

Hydrogen internal combustion engines (H2-ICEs) have advantages such as clean combustion and zero carbon emissions, and have become one of the important technical routes for decarbonization in the internal combustion engine industry. In this paper, several key factors affecting the performance and emissions of hydrogen internal combustion engines, such as ignition timing, excess air coefficient, and hydrogen injection timing, were systematically studied on a spark ignition multi-point injection (MPI) hydrogen internal combustion engine bench. The experimental results indicate that the ignition timing controls the combustion phase of hydrogen. Moderate early ignition can improve the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) while having little impact on the NOX emissions. Excess air coefficient(λ) can significantly affect the performance and emissions of H2-ICE. Along with the increase of the λ, the NOX emissions first increases and then continues to decline. When the λ reaching 2.1 or above, near zero emissions of NOX can be achieved. The advance of hydrogen injection timing will slightly increase the peak of cylinder pressure and instantaneous heat release rate. However, overall, the impact of hydrogen injection timing on BTE and NOX emissions is not significant on MPI H2-ICE.

Aradhana Sharma, Akhil Gupta

Yug Dedhia, Anjali Singh, Vaibhav Singh Tomar et al.

AI is about learning algorithms and huge amounts of data and are drivers of economic growth -- what does this mean for the field of development studies? Can we re-orient to twin AI studies and development theory and practice to generate how development challenges are identified and researched? To do this a good grasp is needed of AI internal mechanisms and outcomes in addressing development issues -- this argument will be developed through a case study of the ADAS [Advanced Driver Assistance System] deployment in India. Over and above discussing the ADAS we bring an anthropological lens to understand the social context that surrounds the system. Focusing on bus drivers, we offer findings from a qualitative and ethnographic study of drivers in a collaborative effort to achieve road safety by deploying AI-driven technology and empowering stakeholders in the transport industry in India especially, bus drivers as critical actors in the city transport network.

Macià Blázquez Salom, Ivan Murray Mas, Antonio Alberto Artigues

Se analiza el ejercicio de la hegemonía empresarial hotelera para reactivar su tasa de beneficios tras la crisis de 2008. El Estado –la administración autonómica- apoyó normativamente obras y reformas hoteleras antes prohibidas, abandonando el “contencionismo” y dispensándolas del cumplimiento de ciertos parámetros normativos. Este respaldo de la regulación pública burla la preservación de los principios de igualdad o de prohibición de la arbitrariedad mediante el alegato a la superación de la crisis, desestacionalizar y a la mejora de la sostenibilidad, la accesibilidad y la seguridad. La metodología de trabajo ha consistido en el análisis de la flexibilización normativa en las Islas Baleares y estadístico y cartográfico de los datos disponibles sobre las obras de reforma y ampliación de los hoteles de Mallorca (2009-2021). Los resultados demuestran que el capital fijo inmobiliario de la industria turística de Mallorca se ha renovado y ampliado, con un aumento de 19.434 plazas entre 2010 y 2021 (superior al registrado entre 1999 y 2010, de 16.117 plazas), y el incremento de categorías e inversión en obras de nueva planta y reformas. Dichos proyectos de reforma y ampliación se concentraron en los resorts de sol y playa y la ciudad histórica de Palma. El relanzamiento del ciclo turístico fue acompañado de la rentabilidad en términos de RevPar y de revalorización del capital hotelero. Es decir, se refleja un claro vínculo entre el circuito primario y el secundario.

M. Katzenberg, S. Saunders

H. Horst, David R. Miller