Hasil untuk "Agriculture (General)"

M. Aizen, L. Harder

H. Yao, R. Qin, Xiaoyu Chen

The unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) sensors and platforms nowadays are being used in almost every application (e.g., agriculture, forestry, and mining) that needs observed information from the top or oblique views. While they intend to be a general remote sensing (RS) tool, the relevant RS data processing and analysis methods are still largely ad-hoc to applications. Although the obvious advantages of UAV data are their high spatial resolution and flexibility in acquisition and sensor integration, there is in general a lack of systematic analysis on how these characteristics alter solutions for typical RS tasks such as land-cover classification, change detection, and thematic mapping. For instance, the ultra-high-resolution data (less than 10 cm of Ground Sampling Distance (GSD)) bring more unwanted classes of objects (e.g., pedestrian and cars) in land-cover classification; the often available 3D data generated from photogrammetric images call for more advanced techniques for geometric and spectral analysis. In this paper, we perform a critical review on RS tasks that involve UAV data and their derived products as their main sources including raw perspective images, digital surface models, and orthophotos. In particular, we focus on solutions that address the “new” aspects of the UAV data including (1) ultra-high resolution; (2) availability of coherent geometric and spectral data; and (3) capability of simultaneously using multi-sensor data for fusion. Based on these solutions, we provide a brief summary of existing examples of UAV-based RS in agricultural, environmental, urban, and hazards assessment applications, etc., and by discussing their practical potentials, we share our views in their future research directions and draw conclusive remarks.

D. Allan, D. Erickson, J. Fay

H. Palza

Metals, such as copper and silver, can be extremely toxic to bacteria at exceptionally low concentrations. Because of this biocidal activity, metals have been widely used as antimicrobial agents in a multitude of applications related with agriculture, healthcare, and the industry in general. Unlike other antimicrobial agents, metals are stable under conditions currently found in the industry allowing their use as additives. Today these metal based additives are found as: particles, ions absorbed/exchanged in different carriers, salts, hybrid structures, etc. One recent route to further extend the antimicrobial applications of these metals is by their incorporation as nanoparticles into polymer matrices. These polymer/metal nanocomposites can be prepared by several routes such as in situ synthesis of the nanoparticle within a hydrogel or direct addition of the metal nanofiller into a thermoplastic matrix. The objective of the present review is to show examples of polymer/metal composites designed to have antimicrobial activities, with a special focus on copper and silver metal nanoparticles and their mechanisms.

P. Frey-Klett, P. Burlinson, A. Deveau et al.

H. P. Binswanger, M. Rosenzweig

M. D. Schwartz, R. Ahas, A. Aasa

Stanislas Rigal, V. Dakos, H. Alonso et al.

Significance Using the most recent and largest empirical dataset ever assembled for Europe to investigate the effect of anthropogenic pressures, we highlighted the predominant detrimental impact of agriculture intensification on avian biodiversity at a continental scale over climate change, urbanization, and forest cover changes. Our results do not simply quantify correlations, but our analytical design is meant to strive for more quasicausal responses of bird populations to global change drivers. This paper contributes to the highest political and technical challenge faced by agricultural policy in Europe, struggling to balance high productivity from intensive agricultural practices with environmental protection, and the results are therefore crucial to policymakers, scientists, and the general public concerned for biodiversity and global change issues.

Dora Lawrencia, See Kiat Wong, Darren Yi Sern Low et al.

Rising world population is expected to increase the demand for nitrogen fertilizers to improve crop yield and ensure food security. With existing challenges on low nutrient use efficiency (NUE) of urea and its environmental concerns, controlled release fertilizers (CRFs) have become a potential solution by formulating them to synchronize nutrient release according to the requirement of plants. However, the most significant challenge that persists is the “tailing” effect, which reduces the economic benefits in terms of maximum fertilizer utilization. High materials cost is also a significant obstacle restraining the widespread application of CRF in agriculture. The first part of this review covers issues related to the application of conventional fertilizer and CRFs in general. In the subsequent sections, different raw materials utilized to form CRFs, focusing on inorganic and organic materials and synthetic and natural polymers alongside their physical and chemical preparation methods, are compared. Important factors affecting rate of release, mechanism of release and mathematical modelling approaches to predict nutrient release are also discussed. This review aims to provide a better overview of the developments regarding CRFs in the past ten years, and trends are identified and analyzed to provide an insight for future works in the field of agriculture.

F. Guntzer, C. Keller, J. Meunier

Yasmine Bedoui, Zein Kallas, Adrià Menéndez i Molist et al.

Pricing is an essential element that significantly impacts the supply chain mechanisms. The primary objective of this study is to explore the transmission of producer-to-consumer prices in the Spanish fresh tomato industry. Employing the Threshold Vector Autoregressive model, and subsequently utilizing the Generalized Impulse Response Function, we investigated the nonlinear price adjustments that occur in response to positive and negative shocks affecting both tomato prices of consumers and producers. The findings show a clear pattern of distinct reactions between segments in response to shocks. Specifically, the speed and intensity of consumer price responses to producer price shocks appear to surpass those observed when producer prices respond to consumer price shocks. Furthermore, it is evident from the current research that the behavior of producers has evolved from earlier studies that utilized outdated information, suggesting a more competitive approach. The research identifies a new trend in producer behavior within the supply chain. By analyzing tomato price fluctuations, it advances current knowledge and provides essential market insights to support informed decision-making.

Zhongyang Du, Mengjing Liang, Xiaodan Wang et al.

Introduction: Heavy metal pollution including lead (Pb) has become one of the serious global issues threatening food security, human health, and the ecosystem. Exogenous application of astaxanthin (ATX), a potent natural antioxidant, has been shown to enhance plant tolerance to various abiotic stresses. However, the role of endogenous ATX in alleviating Pb stress and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Objectives: This study aimed to systematically investigate the effects and mechanism of endogenous ATX in biofortified tobacco (T-ATX) in promoting plant growth, particularly enhancing plant tolerance to Pb toxicity and blocking Pb pollution. Methods: Pot experiments were employed to investigate plant growth and Pb tolerance as well as Pb absorption and translocation in T-ATX and wild-type (SNN) tobacco seedlings subjected to various doses of Pb stress. Multiple physiological and cellular examinations were conducted, followed by integrated omics approaches in this study. Results: T-ATX plants exhibited an increased plant height, root length, leaf area, and biomass compared to SNN under Pb stress. T-ATX displayed higher levels of chlorophyll, photosynthetic efficiency, antioxidant enzyme activities, and non-enzymatic antioxidants, with improved integrity of subcellular structures. Remarkably, Pb content in various organs and Pb translocation coefficient were significantly reduced in T-ATX. Multiple genes and metabolites associated with antioxidant defense mechanisms, detoxification pathways, carotenoid metabolism, Pb ion transport, and plant hormone signal transduction were significantly upregulated in T-ATX tobacco plants. Conclusion: Endogenous ATX enriched in the T-ATX genotype significantly confers plant healthy performance and high tolerance to Pb stress by enhancing the antioxidant defense system, maintaining cellular structural integrity, reducing Pb absorption and translocation, upregulating detoxification and the related signaling pathways. These findings provide new insights into the endogenous ATX-mediated molecular mechanisms to promote plant growth and mitigate Pb toxicity, establishing a foundation for using ATX-fortified crops for green control technology of heavy metal pollution.

Payman A. A. Zibari, Zhiyan A. Teli, Mohammed A. Hussain

Four genotypes of faba bean Vicia faba L. (Aknadcge, FlIP-17-078FB, FLIP-17-072FB and Fiedo were carried out during 2020-2021 winter season in year under four levels of phosphorus (0.0 18,36 and 54 Kg ha-1) at the farm of field crops department, college of Agricultural Engineering science, University of Duhok, the experiment unit ranged in factorial within randomized complete block design with three replications. The result show significant effect of faba bean genotypes for all studies traits except plant height and main branches per plant and number of seed per plant, while the phosphorus level exhibited highly significant effect on all studies traits except plant Height and main branches the interaction between genotypes and phosphorus levels show significant effect for days to flowering, pod length, 100 seed weight and number nodes per plant and the rest traits exhibited non-significant. The fedo genotypes was superior in pod weight, 100 seed weight, number of nodules plant-1 and number of pods plant-1. The seed yield gave positive correlation with number of nodules plant-1 (0.742, 0.751) phenotypic and genotypic and positive correlation with 100 seed weight (0.673 and 0.694).

İnci Sevinç Kravkaz Kuşçu

Dünyada yer kabuğundaki en bol bulunan yedinci element olan sodyum (Na), ayrıştırıcılar, hayvanlar ve bitkiler için önemli ve temel elementlerdendir. Aynı zamanda yaygın olarak bulunan metallerdendir. Bundan dolayı özellikle uzun ömürlü ve büyük biyokütleye sahip ağaçların en büyük organı olan odun kısmında Na birikiminin belirlenmesi önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada özellikle peyzaj çalışmalarında yaygın olarak kullanılan dişbudak (Fraxinus excelsior) gövde organlarında Na’nın organ, yön ve dönem bazında değişimi değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda dış kabuktaki Na konsantrasyonlarının iç kabuk ve odundakinden daha yüksek seviyede olduğu belirlenmiştir. Dış kabuktaki en yüksek değerler ise kentleşme ve trafiğin yoğun olduğu kuzey yönde elde edilirken, özellikle odunlarda Na konsantrasyonlarının genel olarak dar bir aralıkta değişim gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Bu sonuçlar havadaki Na kirliliğinin muhtemelen kentsel alanlar ve trafik kaynaklı olduğu ve çalışmaya konu Fraxinus excelsior’un havadaki Na kirliliğinin değişiminin izlenmesi için uygun bir biyomonitor olmadığı şeklinde yorumlanabilir.

Cassandra Upton, Gerhard Prinsloo, Paul Anton Steenkamp et al.

IntroductionSea cucumbers are ecologically and economically significant marine invertebrates, yet the metabolic diversity and bioactive potential of noncommercialized, endemic species remains poorly understood.MethodsThis study presents the first intra-species metabolomic analysis of Pseudocnella sykion, a species endemic to the Eastern coast of Southern Africa, using untargeted 1HNMR metabolomics and full-scan UPLC-QTOF-HR-MS.ResultsThe analysis revealed a diverse array of metabolites associated with protein synthesis, tissue growth, osmoregulation, and energy utilization, with distinct tissue-specific patterns across the body wall, gonad, and gut/mesentery. The gut/mesentery tissue showed higher levels of amino acids and energy-related compounds. UPLCQTOF-HR-MS tentatively identified several metabolites, including triterpene glycosides and rosmarinic acid, a phenolic compound typically associated with plants. Online resources, including the Dictionary of Marine Natural Products, contained no previously recorded compounds for P. sykion.DiscussionThese findings underscore the untapped potential of P. sykion as a source of novel metabolites and demonstrate the utility of untargeted metabolomics in generating baseline profiles for underexplored marine species. The results offer a foundation for future research into bioactivity, environmental monitoring, and cultivation strategies. While this study provides critical baseline data, challenges in metabolite identification and extraction underscore the need for further targeted analyses. Overall, this research enhances our understanding of the metabolic dynamics of sea cucumbers and advocates for continued exploration of lesser-known species to support conservation, bioprospecting, and sustainable aquaculture. It represents a pioneering effort in metabolomic profiling of Southern African sea cucumber species and lays the groundwork for future investigations into their metabolic pathways and potential bioactivities.

E. I. Isaeva, G. L. Yagovenko

D. Corwin, S. Lesch

Nilofar Haresabadi, S.A. Hosseini, M.H. Aminifard

Introduction  Tomato, scientifically known as Solanum lycopersicum L., belongs to the Solanaceae family and is susceptible to various diseases, resulting in reduced yield. Among the diseases, the Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), which belongs to the Tospovirus genus and Bunyaviridae family, causes significant damage to tomato crops and other greenhouse plants. Therefore, it is crucial to find ways to increase plant resistance and control viral infections. One effective method is through proper plant nutrition, which can enhance plant resistance by balancing fertilizer consumption and nutrient supply. Iron (Fe) is an essential element for plants and plays a significant role in increasing their tolerance to various stresses. In Order to evaluate the interaction effects of Tomato spotted wilt virus and Fe on some biochemical traits of Mobil and RioGrand tomato cultivars, a study was conducted in Birjand Faculty of Agriculture. Materials and Methods  Experiment in a Random complete design with greenhouse conditions, with 3 replications and 4 treatments Done. Experimental factors include cultivar with two levels (Mobil cultivar and Rio Grand cultivar) and Fe foliar application in the presence of virus with these three (zero, 1.5 and three milliliter of Fe fertilizer per liter of water). First, two varieties of RioGrand and Mobil tomato seeds were prepared and planted in seedlings. Then, in the two-leaf stage, they were transferred to pots filled with sterile soil and kept in greenhouse conditions. After seedling establishment, the first foliar application of Fe fertilizer was done and in the five to seven leaf stage, the virus was inoculated on all leaves. Then, the second stage of fertilizer was applied 10 days after the first fertilizer and finally, after the last stage of foliar application, the samples were transferred to the laboratory. In Order to accurately investigate the effect of Fe on important plant factors, extracts were taken from the samples. Then, the amount of antioxidants, carbohydrates, Flavonoids, Chlorophyll (a, b and total chlorophyll) and phenol was measured. Finally, the final data analysis was performed using SAS statistical software. Results  The results showed that the simple effect of cultivar on the amount of phenol and flavonoids was significant at the level of one percent and the highest amount of phenol was recorded in Mobil cultivar and the highest amount of flavonoids was recorded in RioGrand cultivar. The effect of treatments on chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll index and antioxidant enzymes was significant at the level of 1% probability and carbohydrate content at the level of 5% probability. The results showed that feeding Fe at a concentration of 1.5 milliliter had a favorable effect on carbohydrate content and increased its amount in infected plants compared to control plants. This Increase effect may be useful for improving tolerance in a variety of tomatoes. According to the results, an increase in foliar application concentration to 3 milliliters led to a decrease in carbohydrate levels. Mechanical inoculation with a positive sample of the virus resulted in plant contamination. However, virus infection increased carbohydrate and antioxidant enzyme levels in tomatoes. The effect of cultivar on treatment was only significant in the amount of antioxidant enzymes at a one percent probability level, with the Mobil cultivar showing the highest response to virus infection treatment. Therefore, it can be concluded that a concentration of 1.5 milliliters of Fe fertilizer could be effective in increasing carbohydrate levels, as well as utilizing enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant components to prevent viral penetration to some extent and reduce symptoms, particularly in the Mobile cultivar. However, the RioGrand cultivar produced less antioxidant components. Different cultivars of the same plant species have been reported to have varying responses to different types of infections, such as viruses, fungi, and bacteria. These differences are attributed to genetic variations among cultivars, which leads to different resistance mechanisms. Conclusion  The final results showed that in the early stages of greenhouse tomato growth, Fe nutrition had an effect on the biochemical properties of the plant and had a positive effect on some traits. In total, Fe fertilizer with a concentration of 1.5 milliliter increased carbohydrates in plants infected with Tomato spotted wilt virus and together with phenol and antioxidants affected the spread of the virus, especially in Mobil cultivar.

Francesco Calzarano, Carmine Amalfitano, Leonardo Seghetti et al.

Esca disease, the most common grapevine wood disease in Europe, causes yield losses correlated with the foliar symptoms’ expression. In two vineyards located in the Abruzzo Region of Italy, each of which were investigated for esca symptoms after 1994, different applications of macro- and microelements were performed in two consecutive growing seasons. The main aim of the work consisted of verifying the effects of the fertilizer applications on the foliar symptoms’ expression, in order to deepen knowledge of the nature of the symptom, which is still unclear. For each treatment, in each year, the leaf content of macro- and microelements and the composition of berries and musts were assessed. The effects of these applications on vegetative growth and yield quantity were also verified. The trials were carried out on symptomatic, asymptomatic and apparently healthy vines. All applications, in particular those with microelements, increased the foliar symptoms’ expression, and a greater vegetative growth was detected only in vines treated with NPK fertilizers. The symptoms’ increase was always associated in the leaf with a decrease of calcium, and to a lesser extent, magnesium, reinforcing the hypothesis of the plant’s hypersensitive reaction in the development of foliar symptoms, given the role of calcium in the defense response. The vineyards were in nutritional balance regardless of the fertilizer applications. The general increase in foliar symptoms and the decrease in sugars in the musts of asymptomatic treated vines underlined the importance of the vegetative-productive balance, in Esca infected vineyards especially, in order to limit the symptoms’ expression and the decrease in yield.

Fernande G. Honfo, Mênouwesso H. Hounhouigan, D. Sylvain Dabade et al.

gboma is a leafy vegetable commonly consumed in Benin, which plays an important role in food security. This study assessed the handling and preservation practices as well as quality attributes of gboma along the supply chain in Southern Benin. A survey among 785 people (285 producers, 180 whole salers/retailers, and 326 consumers) living in four Departments of Benin was conducted to evaluate the consumption frequency, the transportation mode, the preservation methods and quality attributes of gboma during purchasing. The survey revealed that, in general, gboma sauce is consumed twice to three times a month in all the departments covered. Different practices, including humidification, were used to preserve the leaves during selling. Traditional baskets or old clothes were used for the transportation and storage of gboma. Important quality attributes mostly used by actors during purchasing were freshness and color followed by physical damage and, to a lesser extent, weight and leaf surface at different degrees. gboma is currently sold in informal markets; however, improving handling and selling practices could preserve the freshness of this leafy vegetable that could then be placed in conventional supermarkets. Thereby, the selling and consequently the production level will increase, with positive impact on the income of producers.