Hasil untuk "iot"

B. Farahani, F. Firouzi, Victor Chang et al.

Philipp Schulz, Maximilian Matthé, Henrik Klessig et al.

T. D. Nguyen, Samuel Marchal, Markus Miettinen et al.

IoT devices are increasingly deployed in daily life. Many of these devices are, however, vulnerable due to insecure design, implementation, and configuration. As a result, many networks already have vulnerable IoT devices that are easy to compromise. This has led to a new category of malware specifically targeting IoT devices. However, existing intrusion detection techniques are not effective in detecting compromised IoT devices given the massive scale of the problem in terms of the number of different types of devices and manufacturers involved. In this paper, we present DÏoT, an autonomous self-learning distributed system for detecting compromised IoT devices. DÏoT builds effectively on device-type-specific communication profiles without human intervention nor labeled data that are subsequently used to detect anomalous deviations in devices' communication behavior, potentially caused by malicious adversaries. DÏoT utilizes a federated learning approach for aggregating behavior profiles efficiently. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first system to employ a federated learning approach to anomaly-detection-based intrusion detection. Consequently, DÏoT can cope with emerging new and unknown attacks. We systematically and extensively evaluated more than 30 off-the-shelf IoT devices over a long term and show that DÏoT is highly effective (95.6% detection rate) and fast (257 ms) at detecting devices compromised by, for instance, the infamous Mirai malware. DÏoT reported no false alarms when evaluated in a real-world smart home deployment setting.

Muneeb Ul Hassan, M. H. Rehmani, Jinjun Chen

Abstract Modern Internet of Things (IoT) systems are paving their path for a revolutionized world in which majority of our objects of everyday use will be interconnected. These objects will be able to link and communicate with each other and their surroundings in order to automate majority of our tasks. This interconnection of IoT nodes require security, seamless authentication, robustness and easy maintenance services. In order to provide such salient features, blockchain comes out as a viable solution. The decentralized nature of blockchain has resolved many security, maintenance, and authentication issues of IoT systems. Therefore, an immense increase in applications of blockchain-based IoT systems can be seen from the past few years. However, blockchain-based IoT network is public, so transactional details and encrypted keys are open and visible to everybody in that network. Thus, any adversary can infer critical information of users from this public infrastructure. In this paper, we discuss the privacy issues caused due to integration of blockchain in IoT applications by focusing over the applications of our daily use. Furthermore, we discuss implementation of five privacy preservation strategies in blockchain-based IoT systems named as anonymization, encryption, private contract, mixing, and differential privacy. Finally, we discuss challenges, and future directions for research in privacy preservation of blockchain-based IoT systems. This paper can serve as a basis of development of future privacy preservation strategies to address several privacy problems of IoT systems operating over blockchain.

Yi Liu, Chao Yang, Li Jiang et al.

In recent years, green energy management systems (smart grid, smart buildings, and so on) have received huge research and industrial attention with the explosive development of smart cities. By introducing Internet of Things (IoT) technology, smart cities are able to achieve exquisite energy management by ubiquitous monitoring and reliable communications. However, long-term energy efficiency has become an important issue when using an IoT-based network structure. In this article, we focus on designing an IoT-based energy management system based on edge computing infrastructure with deep reinforcement learning. First, an overview of IoT-based energy management in smart cities is described. Then the framework and software model of an IoT-based system with edge computing are proposed. After that, we present an efficient energy scheduling scheme with deep reinforcement learning for the proposed framework. Finally, we illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

Mojtaba Eskandari, Z. H. Janjua, M. Vecchio et al.

Cyber-threat protection is today’s one of the most challenging research branches of information technology, while the exponentially increasing number of tiny, connected devices able to push personal data to the Internet is doing nothing but exacerbating the battle between the involved parties. Thus, this protection becomes crucial with a typical Internet-of-Things (IoT) setup, as it usually involves several IoT-based data sources interacting with the physical world within various application domains, such as agriculture, health care, home automation, critical industrial processes, etc. Unfortunately, contemporary IoT devices often offer very limited security features, laying themselves open to always new and more sophisticated attacks and also inhibiting the expected global adoption of IoT technologies, not to mention millions of IoT devices already deployed without any hardware security support. In this context, it is crucial to develop tools able to detect such cyber threats. In this article, we present Passban, an intelligent intrusion detection system (IDS) able to protect the IoT devices that are directly connected to it. The peculiarity of the proposed solution is that it can be deployed directly on very cheap IoT gateways (e.g., single-board PCs currently costing few tens of U.S. dollars), hence taking full advantage of the edge computing paradigm to detect cyber threats as close as possible to the corresponding data sources. We will demonstrate that Passban is able to detect various types of malicious traffic, including Port Scanning, HTTP and SSH Brute Force, and SYN Flood attacks with very low false positive rates and satisfactory accuracies.

Mohammad Goudarzi, Huaming Wu, M. Palaniswami et al.

Fog/Edge computing emerges as a novel computing paradigm that harnesses resources in the proximity of the Internet of Things (IoT) devices so that, alongside with the cloud servers, provide services in a timely manner. However, due to the ever-increasing growth of IoT devices with resource-hungry applications, fog/edge servers with limited resources cannot efficiently satisfy the requirements of the IoT applications. Therefore, the application placement in the fog/edge computing environment, in which several distributed fog/edge servers and centralized cloud servers are available, is a challenging issue. In this article, we propose a weighted cost model to minimize the execution time and energy consumption of IoT applications, in a computing environment with multiple IoT devices, multiple fog/edge servers and cloud servers. Besides, a new application placement technique based on the Memetic Algorithm is proposed to make batch application placement decision for concurrent IoT applications. Due to the heterogeneity of IoT applications, we also propose a lightweight pre-scheduling algorithm to maximize the number of parallel tasks for the concurrent execution. The performance results demonstrate that our technique significantly improves the weighted cost of IoT applications up to 65 percent in comparison to its counterparts.

Li D. Xu, Yang Lu, Ling Li

In recent years, the Internet of Things (IoT) has made great progress. The interconnection between IoT and the Internet enables real-time information processing and transaction implementation through heterogeneous intelligent devices. But the security, the privacy, and the reliability of IoT are key challenges that limit its development. The features of the blockchain, such as decentralization, consensus mechanism, data encryption, and smart contracts, are suitable for building distributed IoT systems to prevent potential attacks and to reduce transaction costs. As a decentralized and transparent database platform, blockchain has the potential to raise the performance of IoT security to a higher level. This article systematically analyzes state of the art of IoT security based on the blockchain, paying special attention to the security features, issues, technologies, approaches, and related scenarios in blockchain-embedded IoT. The integration and interoperation of blockchain and IoT is an important and foreseeable development in the computational communication system.

M. Javaid, I. Khan

Background/objectives The Internet of Things (IoT) can create disruptive innovation in healthcare. Thus, during COVID-19 Pandemic, there is a need to study different applications of IoT enabled healthcare. For this, a brief study is required for research directions. Methods Research papers on IoT in healthcare and COVID-19 Pandemic are studied to identify this technology's capabilities. This literature-based study may guide professionals in envisaging solutions to related problems and fighting against the COVID-19 type pandemic. Results Briefly studied the significant achievements of IoT with the help of a process chart. Then identifies seven major technologies of IoT that seem helpful for healthcare during COVID-19 Pandemic. Finally, the study identifies sixteen basic IoT applications for the medical field during the COVID-19 Pandemic with a brief description of them. Conclusions In the current scenario, advanced information technologies have opened a new door to innovation in our daily lives. Out of these information technologies, the Internet of Things is an emerging technology that provides enhancement and better solutions in the medical field, like proper medical record-keeping, sampling, integration of devices, and causes of diseases. IoT's sensor-based technology provides an excellent capability to reduce the risk of surgery during complicated cases and helpful for COVID-19 type pandemic. In the medical field, IoT's focus is to help perform the treatment of different COVID-19 cases precisely. It makes the surgeon job easier by minimising risks and increasing the overall performance. By using this technology, doctors can easily detect changes in critical parameters of the COVID-19 patient. This information-based service opens up new healthcare opportunities as it moves towards the best way of an information system to adapt world-class results as it enables improvement of treatment systems in the hospital. Medical students can now be better trained for disease detection and well guided for the future course of action. IoT's proper usage can help correctly resolve different medical challenges like speed, price, and complexity. It can easily be customised to monitor calorific intake and treatment like asthma, diabetes, and arthritis of the COVID-19 patient. This digitally controlled health management system can improve the overall performance of healthcare during COVID-19 pandemic days.

M. Uddin, A. Stranieri, I. Gondal et al.

Abstract Conventional IoT ecosystems involve data streaming from sensors, through Fog devices to a centralized Cloud server. Issues that arise include privacy concerns due to third party management of Cloud servers, single points of failure, a bottleneck in data flows and difficulties in regularly updating firmware for millions of smart devices from a point of security and maintenance perspective. Blockchain technologies avoid trusted third parties and safeguard against a single point of failure and other issues. This has inspired researchers to investigate Blockchain’s adoption into IoT ecosystem. In this paper, recent state-of-the-arts advances in Blockchain for IoT, Blockchain for Cloud IoT and Blockchain for Fog IoT in the context of eHealth, smart cities, intelligent transport and other applications are analyzed. Obstacles, research gaps and potential solutions are also presented.

T. Sanislav, G. Mois, S. Zeadally et al.

The rapid growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) has accelerated strong interests in the development of low-power wireless sensors. Today, wireless sensors are integrated within IoT systems to gather information in a reliable and practical manner to monitor processes and control activities in areas such as transportation, energy, civil infrastructure, smart buildings, environment monitoring, healthcare, defense, manufacturing, and production. The long-term and self-sustainable operation of these IoT devices must be considered early on when they are designed and implemented. Traditionally, wireless sensors have often been powered by batteries, which, despite allowing low overall system costs, can negatively impact the lifespan and the performance of the entire network they are used in. Energy Harvesting (EH) technology is a promising environment-friendly solution that extends the lifetime of these sensors, and, in some cases completely replaces the use of battery power. In addition, energy harvesting offers economic and practical advantages through the optimal use of energy, and the provisioning of lower network maintenance costs. We review recent advances in energy harvesting techniques for IoT. We demonstrate two energy harvesting techniques using case studies. Finally, we discuss some future research challenges that must be addressed to enable the large-scale deployment of energy harvesting solutions for IoT environments.

Paula Fraga-Lamas, S. I. Lopes, T. Fernández-Caramés

Internet of Things (IoT) can help to pave the way to the circular economy and to a more sustainable world by enabling the digitalization of many operations and processes, such as water distribution, preventive maintenance, or smart manufacturing. Paradoxically, IoT technologies and paradigms such as edge computing, although they have a huge potential for the digital transition towards sustainability, they are not yet contributing to the sustainable development of the IoT sector itself. In fact, such a sector has a significant carbon footprint due to the use of scarce raw materials and its energy consumption in manufacturing, operating, and recycling processes. To tackle these issues, the Green IoT (G-IoT) paradigm has emerged as a research area to reduce such carbon footprint; however, its sustainable vision collides directly with the advent of Edge Artificial Intelligence (Edge AI), which imposes the consumption of additional energy. This article deals with this problem by exploring the different aspects that impact the design and development of Edge-AI G-IoT systems. Moreover, it presents a practical Industry 5.0 use case that illustrates the different concepts analyzed throughout the article. Specifically, the proposed scenario consists in an Industry 5.0 smart workshop that looks for improving operator safety and operation tracking. Such an application case makes use of a mist computing architecture composed of AI-enabled IoT nodes. After describing the application case, it is evaluated its energy consumption and it is analyzed the impact on the carbon footprint that it may have on different countries. Overall, this article provides guidelines that will help future developers to face the challenges that will arise when creating the next generation of Edge-AI G-IoT systems.

S. Popoola, Ruth Ande, B. Adebisi et al.

Deep learning (DL) has been widely proposed for botnet attack detection in Internet of Things (IoT) networks. However, the traditional centralized DL (CDL) method cannot be used to detect the previously unknown (zero-day) botnet attack without breaching the data privacy rights of the users. In this article, we propose the federated DL (FDL) method for zero-day botnet attack detection to avoid data privacy leakage in IoT-edge devices. In this method, an optimal deep neural network (DNN) architecture is employed for network traffic classification. A model parameter server remotely coordinates the independent training of the DNN models in multiple IoT-edge devices, while the federated averaging (FedAvg) algorithm is used to aggregate local model updates. A global DNN model is produced after a number of communication rounds between the model parameter server and the IoT-edge devices. The zero-day botnet attack scenarios in IoT-edge devices is simulated with the Bot-IoT and N-BaIoT data sets. Experiment results show that the FDL model: 1) detects zero-day botnet attacks with high classification performance; 2) guarantees data privacy and security; 3) has low communication overhead; 4) requires low-memory space for the storage of training data; and 5) has low network latency. Therefore, the FDL method outperformed CDL, localized DL, and distributed DL methods in this application scenario.

I. Ullah, Q. Mahmoud

The growing development of IoT (Internet of Things) devices creates a large attack surface for cybercriminals to conduct potentially more destructive cyberattacks; as a result, the security industry has seen an exponential increase in cyber-attacks. Many of these attacks have effectively accomplished their malicious goals because intruders conduct cyber-attacks using novel and innovative techniques. An anomaly-based IDS (Intrusion Detection System) uses machine learning techniques to detect and classify attacks in IoT networks. In the presence of unpredictable network technologies and various intrusion methods, traditional machine learning techniques appear inefficient. In many research areas, deep learning methods have shown their ability to identify anomalies accurately. Convolutional neural networks are an excellent alternative for anomaly detection and classification due to their ability to automatically categorize main characteristics in input data and their effectiveness in performing faster computations. In this paper, we design and develop a novel anomaly-based intrusion detection model for IoT networks. First, a convolutional neural network model is used to create a multiclass classification model. The proposed model is then implemented using convolutional neural networks in 1D, 2D, and 3D. The proposed convolutional neural network model is validated using the BoT-IoT, IoT Network Intrusion, MQTT-IoT-IDS2020, and IoT-23 intrusion detection datasets. Transfer learning is used to implement binary and multiclass classification using a convolutional neural network multiclass pre-trained model. Our proposed binary and multiclass classification models have achieved high accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score compared to existing deep learning implementations.

Faris A. Almalki, S. H. Alsamhi, Radhya Sahal et al.

The development of the Internet of Things (IoT) technology and their integration in smart cities have changed the way we work and live, and enriched our society. However, IoT technologies present several challenges such as increases in energy consumption, and produces toxic pollution as well as E-waste in smart cities. Smart city applications must be environmentally-friendly, hence require a move towards green IoT. Green IoT leads to an eco-friendly environment, which is more sustainable for smart cities. Therefore, it is essential to address the techniques and strategies for reducing pollution hazards, traffic waste, resource usage, energy consumption, providing public safety, life quality, and sustaining the environment and cost management. This survey focuses on providing a comprehensive review of the techniques and strategies for making cities smarter, sustainable, and eco-friendly. Furthermore, the survey focuses on IoT and its capabilities to merge into aspects of potential to address the needs of smart cities. Finally, we discuss challenges and opportunities for future research in smart city applications.

Wissal Ben Arfi, I. B. Nasr, G. Kondrateva et al.

Abstract The Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged over the last few decades in many fields, and healthcare can significantly benefit from the IoT. This study aims to examine factors influencing patients’ adoption of the IoT for eHealth. To reach this objective, a research framework was developed that applies the United Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model and includes the risk−trust relationship to predicting intention to use IoT in the medical context. Partial Least Approach - Structural Equation Modeling was conducted with a sample of 267 French users. The findings highlight the key role of the risk−trust relationship for IoT adoption. An unexpected result indicates that performance expectancy has no impact on intention to use the IoT for eHealth. The contributions of this study can enable developers, medical professionals, and marketers to improve the design of connected devices, optimize patient communication, and target potential users more accurately, respectively.

I. Ullah, Q. Mahmoud

Cybersecurity is important today because of the increasing growth of the Internet of Things (IoT), which has resulted in a variety of attacks on computer systems and networks. As the number of various IoT devices and services grows, cyber security will become an increasingly difficult issue to manage. Malicious traffic identification using deep learning techniques has emerged as a key component of network-based intrusion detection systems (IDS). Deep learning methods have been a research focus in network intrusion detection. A recurrent neural network is useful in a wide range of applications. This paper proposes a novel deep learning model for detecting anomalies in IoT networks using recurrent neural networks. The proposed model is implemented in IoT networks utilizing LSTM, BiLSTM, and GRU-based approaches for anomaly detection. A convolutional neural network can analyze input features without losing important information, making them particularly well suited for feature learning. In addition, we propose a hybrid deep learning model based on convolutional and recurrent neural networks. Finally, employing LSTM, BiLSTM, and GRU-based techniques, we propose a lightweight deep learning model for binary classification. The proposed deep learning models are validated using NSLKDD, BoT-IoT, IoT-NI, MQTT, MQTTset, IoT-23, and IoT-DS2 datasets. Our proposed binary and multiclass classification model achieved high accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score compared to current deep learning implementations.

Guimin Dong, Mingyue Tang, Zhiyuan Wang et al.

The Internet of Things (IoT) boom has revolutionized almost every corner of people’s daily lives: healthcare, environment, transportation, manufacturing, supply chain, and so on. With the recent development of sensor and communication technology, IoT artifacts, including smart wearables, cameras, smartwatches, and autonomous systems can accurately measure and perceive their surrounding environment. Continuous sensing generates massive amounts of data and presents challenges for machine learning. Deep learning models (e.g., convolution neural networks and recurrent neural networks) have been extensively employed in solving IoT tasks by learning patterns from multi-modal sensory data. Graph neural networks (GNNs), an emerging and fast-growing family of neural network models, can capture complex interactions within sensor topology and have been demonstrated to achieve state-of-the-art results in numerous IoT learning tasks. In this survey, we present a comprehensive review of recent advances in the application of GNNs to the IoT field, including a deep dive analysis of GNN design in various IoT sensing environments, an overarching list of public data and source codes from the collected publications, and future research directions. To keep track of newly published works, we collect representative papers and their open-source implementations and create a Github repository at GNN4IoT.

Adel Abusitta, Glaucio H. S. Carvalho, O. A. Wahab et al.

Internet of Things (IoT) systems have become an intrinsic technology in various industries and government services. Unfortunately, IoT devices and networks are known to be highly vulnerable to security attacks that target data integrity and service availability. Moreover, the heterogeneity of the data collected from various IoT devices, together with the disturbances incurred within the IoT system, render the detection of anomalous behavior and compromised nodes more challenging compared to traditional Information Technology (IT) networks. As a result, there is a pressing need for effective and reliable anomaly detection to identify malicious data to guarantee that they will not be used in IoT-driven decision support systems. In this paper, we propose a deep learning-powered anomaly detection for IoT that can learn and capture robust and useful features, which cannot be significantly affected by unstable environments. These features are then used by the classifier to enhance the accuracy of detecting malicious IoT data. More specifically, the proposed deep learning model is designed based on a denoising autoencoder, which is adopted to obtain features that are robust against the heterogeneous environment of IoT. Experimental results based on real-life IoT datasets show the effectiveness of the proposed framework in terms of enhancing the accuracy

Souradip Roy, Juan Li, Bong-Jin Choi et al.

Abstract As the Internet of Things (IoT) is becoming increasingly popular, we have experienced more security breaches that are associated with the connection of vulnerable IoT devices. Therefore, it is crucial to employ intrusion detection techniques to mitigate attacks that exploit IoT security vulnerabilities. However, due to the limited capabilities of IoT devices and the specific protocols used, conventional intrusion detection mechanisms may not work well for IoT environments. In this paper, we propose a novel intrusion detection model that uses machine learning to effectively detect cyber-attacks and anomalies in resource-constraint IoT networks. Through a set of optimizations including removal of multicollinearity, sampling, and dimensionality reduction, our model can identify the most important features to detect intrusions using much fewer training data and less training time. Extensive experiments were performed on the CICIDS2017 and NSL-KDD datasets respectively to evaluate the proposed approach. The experimental results on two popular datasets show that our model has a high detection rate and a low false alarm rate. It outperforms existing models in multiple performance metrics and is consistent in classifying major cyber-attacks, respectively. Most importantly, unlike traditional resource-intensive intrusion detection systems, the proposed model is lightweight and can be deployed on IoT nodes with limited power and storage capabilities.