Hasil untuk "South Asia. Southeast Asia. East Asia"

P. Tapponnier, G. Peltzer, A. Dain et al.

J. Kurokawa, T. Ohara

Abstract. A long-term historical emission inventory of air and climate pollutants in East, Southeast, and South Asia during 1950–2015 was developed as the Regional Emission inventory in ASia version 3 (REASv3). REASv3 provides details of emissions from major anthropogenic sources for each country and its sub-regions and also provides monthly gridded data with 0.25∘ × 0.25∘ resolution. The average total emissions in Asia during 1950–1955 and during 2010–2015 (growth rates in these 60 years estimated from the two averages) are as follows: SO2: 3.2 Tg, 42.4 Tg (13.1); NOx: 1.6 Tg, 47.3 Tg (29.1); CO: 56.1 Tg, 303 Tg (5.4); non-methane volatile organic compounds: 7.0 Tg, 57.8 Tg (8.3); NH3: 8.0 Tg, 31.3 Tg (3.9); CO2: 1.1 Pg, 18.6 Pg (16.5) (CO2 excluding biofuel combustion 0.3 Pg, 16.8 Pg (48.6)); PM10: 5.9 Tg, 30.2 Tg (5.1); PM2.5: 4.6 Tg, 21.3 Tg (4.6); black carbon: 0.69 Tg, 3.2 Tg (4.7); and organic carbon: 2.5 Tg, 6.6 Tg (2.7). Clearly, all the air pollutant emissions in Asia increased significantly during these 6 decades, but situations were different among countries and regions. Due to China's rapid economic growth in recent years, its relative contribution to emissions in Asia has been the largest. However, most pollutant species reached their peaks by 2015, and the growth rates of other species were found to be reduced or almost zero. On the other hand, air pollutant emissions from India showed an almost continuous increasing trend. As a result, the relative ratio of emissions of India to that of Asia has increased recently. The trend observed in Japan was different from the rest of Asia. In Japan, emissions increased rapidly during the 1950s–1970s, which reflected the economic situation of the period; however, most emissions decreased from their peak values, which were approximately 40 years ago, due to the introduction of control measures for air pollution. Similar features were found in the Republic of Korea and Taiwan. In the case of other Asian countries, air pollutant emissions generally showed an increase along with economic growth and motorization. Trends and spatial distribution of air pollutants in Asia are becoming complicated. Data sets of REASv3, including table of emissions by countries and sub-regions for major sectors and fuel types, and monthly gridded data with 0.25∘ × 0.25∘ resolution for major source categories are available through the following URL: https://www.nies.go.jp/REAS/index.html (last access: 31 October 2020).

Yu Liu, Yuntian Chen, Banghua Liao et al.

In Asia, about 1%–19.1% of the population suffer from urolithiasis. However, due to variations in socio-economic status and geographic locations, the prevalence and incidence have changed in different countries or regions over the years. The research for risk factors of urinary tract stones is of predominant importance. In this review, we find the prevalence of urolithiasis is 5%–19.1% in West Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, as well as some developed countries (South Korea and Japan), whereas, it is only 1%–8% in most part of East Asia and North Asia. The recurrence rate ranges from 21% to 53% after 3–5 years. Calcium oxalate (75%–90%) is the most frequent component of calculi, followed by uric acid (5%−20%), calcium phosphate (6%−13%), struvite (2%−15%), apatite (1%) and cystine (0.5%−1%). The incidence of urolithiasis reaches its peak in population aged over 30 years. Males are more likely to suffer from urinary calculi. Because of different dietary habits or genetic background, differences of prevalence among races or nationalities also exist. Genetic mutation of specific locus may contribute to the formation of different kinds of calculi. Dietary habits (westernized dietary habits and less fluid intake), as well as climatic factors (hot temperature and many hours of exposure to sunshine) play a crucial role in the development of stones. Other diseases, especially metabolic syndrome, may also contribute to urinary tract stones.

Mark Lipson, O. Cheronet, Swapan Mallick et al.

Ancient migrations in Southeast Asia The past movements and peopling of Southeast Asia have been poorly represented in ancient DNA studies (see the Perspective by Bellwood). Lipson et al. generated sequences from people inhabiting Southeast Asia from about 1700 to 4100 years ago. Screening of more than a hundred individuals from five sites yielded ancient DNA from 18 individuals. Comparisons with present-day populations suggest two waves of mixing between resident populations. The first mix was between local hunter-gatherers and incoming farmers associated with the Neolithic spreading from South China. A second event resulted in an additional pulse of genetic material from China to Southeast Asia associated with a Bronze Age migration. McColl et al. sequenced 26 ancient genomes from Southeast Asia and Japan spanning from the late Neolithic to the Iron Age. They found that present-day populations are the result of mixing among four ancient populations, including multiple waves of genetic material from more northern East Asian populations. Science, this issue p. 92, p. 88; see also p. 31 Ancient DNA data shed light on the past 4000 years of Southeast Asian genetic history. Southeast Asia is home to rich human genetic and linguistic diversity, but the details of past population movements in the region are not well known. Here, we report genome-wide ancient DNA data from 18 Southeast Asian individuals spanning from the Neolithic period through the Iron Age (4100 to 1700 years ago). Early farmers from Man Bac in Vietnam exhibit a mixture of East Asian (southern Chinese agriculturalist) and deeply diverged eastern Eurasian (hunter-gatherer) ancestry characteristic of Austroasiatic speakers, with similar ancestry as far south as Indonesia providing evidence for an expansive initial spread of Austroasiatic languages. By the Bronze Age, in a parallel pattern to Europe, sites in Vietnam and Myanmar show close connections to present-day majority groups, reflecting substantial additional influxes of migrants.

G. Lin, G. Lin, W. Liao et al.

<p>Traditional global climate models (GCMs) exhibit substantial biases in simulating precipitation over East Asia, largely due to uncertainties in convection parameterizations. To address this issue, we implement a Multiscale Modeling Framework (MMF), which explicitly resolves convection in a cloud resolving model, into the atmospheric component of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Earth System Model (CAS-ESM). Simulations using CAS-ESM with and without MMF reveal that the MMF implementation significantly reduces the wet bias around the Tibetan Plateau and the dry bias over South China and Southeast Asia. The intensity–frequency characteristics of precipitation are more realistically represented in the MMF version. In addition, the CAS-ESM with MMF better captures the monthly evolution of precipitation and simulates a more realistic seasonal migration of the East Asian rainband, albeit with a somewhat step-wise progression. Further enhancement is achieved by incorporating a convective momentum transport (CMT) parameterization, typically neglected in previous MMF implementations. This inclusion leads to a smoother northward migration of the rainband, more consistent with observations. Comparison with ERA5 reanalysis suggests that this improvement is associated with a more accurate simulation of the western Pacific subtropical high. These results demonstrate that MMF, especially when combined with CMT, substantially improves the simulation of East Asian precipitation. This modeling advancement offers a promising approach for evaluating regional precipitation responses to future climate change.</p>

Shirikalova Alisa A.

The article examines the evolution of South Korean Internet culture from the late 1990s to the 2020s and its role in shaping gender conflicts and the electoral preferences of the young generation in the Republic of Korea. The main purpose of the study is to analyze the factors contributing to the formation of the youth political agenda in contemporary South Korea, with a focus on the role of Internet culture, digital discourse, and gender conflicts. Since the late 1990s, South Korean Internet culture has evolved from spontaneous anonymous online discussions into a significant factor in the country’s socio-political life. Internet neologisms, which initially emerged as a form of satirical expression, have gradually transformed into ideological markers and a means of articulating collective sentiment. By the early 2020s, online conflicts and their language, as well as digital activism, have significantly influenced the transformation of youth identity and political self-determination, gradually becoming part of populist politics. The 2022 and 2025 presidential elections demonstrated the growing polarization of the electoral behavior of the young generation, which is associated with the candidates’ statements on issues relevant to youth, including gender discrimination. Social networks and online platforms have contributed to the intensification of gender polarization in South Korean society, while simultaneously providing young people with new forms of political participation. The use of digital communities and the rhetoric of “justice” by political leaders such as Yoon Suk-yeol and Lee Jun-seok illustrates the institutionalization of Internet discourse within electoral politics and the transformation of “online” identities into a tangible political force.

Ryuji Hattori, Sam Baron, Ryan Hartley

Throughout much of the twentieth century, Japan maintained a “special relationship” with Myanmar, often bucking the policy approach of Western countries to provide financial and political support to the country’s military leaders. Following the February 2021 coup d’état in Myanmar, however, Japan’s policy approach toward the country notably shifted in response to domestic and international pressures. Utilizing declassified documents from Japan’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA) and other Japanese-language sources, this study examines how Japanese diplomacy toward Myanmar evolved in response to the coup. Through a structured assessment of Japan’s geopolitical strategy, bureaucratic politics, and the influence of informal actors, the study demonstrates how these interconnected factors prompted Tokyo to “rethink” certain aspects of its relationship with Myanmar while maintaining distinctive elements of its previous approach.

Hui Gao, Ting Ding, TieJun Xie

There has been a notable rise in the number of wet heatwave days across most of Asia, particularly in countries with a sizeable 65+ elderly population (e.g. China and India) and in countries with a high proportion of elderly individuals (such as Japan) during 2001–2020. The frequency of dry heatwave in Asia has been observed to increase by 0.9 d per decade, whereas the wet HTs have demonstrated a considerably more pronounced trend of 1.9 d per decade. Furthermore, the growth percentage in excess of 50% is evident in the majority of regions across Asia, including West Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia and East Asia, which collectively account for 99% of the continent’s elderly population. Relative to the period 2001–2020, the exposure to wet heatwave is projected to increase from 1.4 times to 3.2 times in EA, from 1.6 to 13 times in WA, from 1.3 to 9 times in CA, from 1.3 to 8.4 times in SA and from 2.2 to 15.7 times in SEA from 2030 to 2100. This represents a rate of increase which is more than twice that of the dry heatwave in 2100 across most regions of Asia. The rise in temperature and the growth in the population aged 65+ are responsible for the increase in exposure to wet heatwaves, and the population effect has more contribution than the climate effect across all regions.

Nurdiyana Nabilah Rosli, Hee-Min Teh, Sooyoul Kim

Climate change is intensifying storm surge risks in Southeast Asia, particularly along Malaysia’s east coast facing the South China Sea. This study uses the d4PDF climate dataset to simulate maximum storm surge heights under 2 °C and 4 °C global warming scenarios. Results show that projected surge heights exceed 1 meter at all key coastal stations, with localized surges reaching up to 1.8 meters. By integrating these projections with 2014–2024 flood loss statistics and national budget allocations, the study identifies a concerning mismatch between increasing storm surge risks and current mitigation investments, suggesting that existing policy frameworks are underfunded and may lack the capacity to adequately protect high-risk coastal areas. To address this, the study recommends the development of a unified regional storm surge prediction and response system that integrates real-time data and supports cross-border coordination. It also proposes the establishment of standardized infrastructure guidelines tailored to storm surge resilience, and calls for increased investment in community-based risk mapping powered by artificial intelligence (AI). These strategies provide an actionable framework for strengthening disaster management, improving policy responsiveness, and enhancing coastal resilience across Malaysia and Southeast Asia.

Kon’ I.R.

The fragmentation of the world economy and the associated reconfiguration of global production networks have been discussed in academic and business literature for a relatively long time, but the topic of the division of the world into geopolitically determined trade and production blocs has received the most attention in the last 7 years, since the beginning of the trade confrontation between the US and the PRC. This study focuses on quantifying the change in the US indirect dependence on the PRC over the period from 2017 to 2023 due to the US government-initiated process of increasing trade and production ties with Vietnam (friendshoring). The change in indirect dependence refers to the change in the share of value added of a geopolitical adversary country in the structure of value-added exports of a geopolitical ally or neutral country to the initiating country of friendshoring. The information base of the study is the latest multiregional input-output tables released by the Asian Development Bank in 2024, based on which the value-added structure of Vietnam's exports to the US for 2015–2023 was calculated. The findings show an increase in the indirect dependence of the US on the PRC, expressed in the increase in the share of Chinese value added in Vietnam's exports to the US, over 2017–2023 by 4.5 p. p., but there is а sectoral and temporal specificity. The share of Chinese value- added in Vietnam's exports was highest in 2021, and among the top five sectors of the Vietnamese economy in terms of absolute increase in exports to the US, the increase in Chinese value-added share in their exports is the highest in the only high-tech sector among them. Consistent factors that may have influenced the increasing share of Chinese value-added in Vietnamese exports to the US are suggested. Among them are spatial proximity, economic differences in the level of development between Vietnam and the PRC, and socio-cultural ties.

Amir Asiaee, Samhita Pal, James O'quinn et al.

We study causal discovery from observational data in linear Gaussian systems affected by \emph{mixed latent confounding}, where some unobserved factors act broadly across many variables while others influence only small subsets. This setting is common in practice and poses a challenge for existing methods: differentiable and score-based DAG learners can misinterpret global latent effects as causal edges, while latent-variable graphical models recover only undirected structure. We propose \textsc{DCL-DECOR}, a modular, precision-led pipeline that separates these roles. The method first isolates pervasive latent effects by decomposing the observed precision matrix into a structured component and a low-rank component. The structured component corresponds to the conditional distribution after accounting for pervasive confounders and retains only local dependence induced by the causal graph and localized confounding. A correlated-noise DAG learner is then applied to this deconfounded representation to recover directed edges while modeling remaining structured error correlations, followed by a simple reconciliation step to enforce bow-freeness. We provide identifiability results that characterize the recoverable causal target under mixed confounding and show how the overall problem reduces to well-studied subproblems with modular guarantees. Synthetic experiments that vary the strength and dimensionality of pervasive confounding demonstrate consistent improvements in directed edge recovery over applying correlated-noise DAG learning directly to the confounded data.

Samhita Pal, James O'quinn, Kaveh Aryan et al.

We study structure learning for linear Gaussian SEMs in the presence of latent confounding. Existing continuous methods excel when errors are independent, while deconfounding-first pipelines rely on pervasive factor structure or nonlinearity. We propose \textsc{DECOR}, a single likelihood-based and fully differentiable estimator that jointly learns a DAG and a correlated noise model. Our theory gives simple sufficient conditions for global parameter identifiability: if the mixed graph is bow free and the noise covariance has a uniform eigenvalue margin, then the map from $(\B,\OmegaMat)$ to the observational covariance is injective, so both the directed structure and the noise are uniquely determined. The estimator alternates a smooth-acyclic graph update with a convex noise update and can include a light bow complementarity penalty or a post hoc reconciliation step. On synthetic benchmarks that vary confounding density, graph density, latent rank, and dimension with $n<p$, \textsc{DECOR} matches or outperforms strong baselines and is especially robust when confounding is non-pervasive, while remaining competitive under pervasiveness.

Asia Belfiore, Jonathan Passerat-Palmbach, Dmitrii Usynin

The increased availability of genetic data has transformed genomics research, but raised many privacy concerns regarding its handling due to its sensitive nature. This work explores the use of language models (LMs) for the generation of synthetic genetic mutation profiles, leveraging differential privacy (DP) for the protection of sensitive genetic data. We empirically evaluate the privacy guarantees of our DP modes by introducing a novel Biologically-Informed Hybrid Membership Inference Attack (biHMIA), which combines traditional black box MIA with contextual genomics metrics for enhanced attack power. Our experiments show that both small and large transformer GPT-like models are viable synthetic variant generators for small-scale genomics, and that our hybrid attack leads, on average, to higher adversarial success compared to traditional metric-based MIAs.

Kousar Raza, Faizan Ali

This paper presents a structured and comprehensive dataset corresponding to the 2025 Asia Cup T20 cricket tournament, designed to facilitate data-driven research in sports analytics. The dataset comprises records from all 19 matches of the tournament and includes 61 variables covering team scores, wickets, powerplay statistics, boundary counts, toss decisions, venues, and player-specific highlights. To demonstrate its analytical value, we conduct an exploratory data analysis focusing on team performance indicators, boundary distributions, and scoring patterns. The dataset is publicly released through Zenodo under a CC-BY 4.0 license to support reproducibility and further research in cricket analytics, predictive modeling, and strategic decision-making. This work contributes an open, machine-readable benchmark dataset for advancing cricket analytics research.

Parker Riley, Siamak Shakeri, Waleed Ammar et al.

We present TyDi QA-WANA, a question-answering dataset consisting of 28K examples divided among 10 language varieties of western Asia and northern Africa. The data collection process was designed to elicit information-seeking questions, where the asker is genuinely curious to know the answer. Each question in paired with an entire article that may or may not contain the answer; the relatively large size of the articles results in a task suitable for evaluating models' abilities to utilize large text contexts in answering questions. Furthermore, the data was collected directly in each language variety, without the use of translation, in order to avoid issues of cultural relevance. We present performance of two baseline models, and release our code and data to facilitate further improvement by the research community.

Mihir Panchal, Ying-Jung Chen, Surya Parkash

Landslides are a growing climate induced hazard with severe environmental and human consequences, particularly in high mountain Asia. Despite increasing access to satellite and temporal datasets, timely detection and disaster response remain underdeveloped and fragmented. This work introduces CC-GRMAS, a framework leveraging a series of satellite observations and environmental signals to enhance the accuracy of landslide forecasting. The system is structured around three interlinked agents Prediction, Planning, and Execution, which collaboratively enable real time situational awareness, response planning, and intervention. By incorporating local environmental factors and operationalizing multi agent coordination, this approach offers a scalable and proactive solution for climate resilient disaster preparedness across vulnerable mountainous terrains.

Abdella Mohameda, Christian Hendricksb, Xiangyu Hua

Growing interest in decarbonization and Arctic accessibility has renewed attention on Europe-Asia shipping corridors. The Northern Sea Route (NSR) is often portrayed as a 30-40% shortcut relative to Suez, with savings propagated to time, fuel, and CO2. The effect of enforcing sea-only feasibility on these baselines, and its downstream impact on time, fuel, and CO2, remains under-examined. We compare great-circle baselines with sea-only routes computed via A-star search (A*) on a 0.5-degree grid between Northern Europe and Northeast Asia across the Suez, Cape of Good Hope, and NSR corridors under three waypoint philosophies. Distances are mapped to voyage time using corridor-typical speeds and to fuel/CO2 using main- and auxiliary-engine accounting. Sea-only routing preserves the ranking NSR < Suez < Cape but compresses NSR's advantage once realistic speeds are applied. NSR remains shortest (about 8000-10000 nm versus 11000-12000 nm for Suez), yet typical durations differ modestly and fuel/CO2 savings over Suez are small and variant-dependent. Equal-speed tests restore geometric ordering, and endpoint sensitivity shows larger NSR gains for more northern East Asian ports. The framework provides a reproducible, corridor-agnostic benchmark for later integration of sea ice, weather, regulatory overlays, and AIS data in dynamic Arctic voyage planning.

Korneev K.A., Kistanov V.O.

Japan has a number of specific interests in the Arctic region, which in their current form emerged near the end of the 2000s. Firstly, the authors discuss using the transport capabilities of the Northern Sea Route, which can potentially have a significant positive effect on the development of the Japanese economy not only by diversifying hydrocarbon supply routes, but also as a shorter logistics leg for the export of goods, mainly to European countries. Secondly, the exploitation of the natural resources of the Arctic is of great importance for Japan – whereas it is a resource-deficient country, participation in such projects is always relevant. It is obvious that Japanese interests in the Arctic region will be far from practical implementation without interaction with Russia, despite the serious deterioration of bilateral relations due to Japan’s accession to anti-Russian sanctions imposed by Western countries in connection with the Special military operation in Ukraine. Cooperation with Russia in the Arctic region is still ongoing, mostly within the framework of the joint implementation of the Arctic LNG-2 energy project. However, there are other areas, which will also be discussed in this article.

ZHANG Bao, YANG Hong, KUANG Weimi et al.

Potentilla kleiniana belongs to the family Rosaceae, which distributes in Central Asia, East Asia and Southeast Asia. In China, this plant is mainly found in east, south and southwest provinces. P. kleiniana has been prescribed for the treatment of various diseases in the field of traditional Chinese medicine, such as cough, fever, tuberculosis, mastitis, rheumatoid arthritis. Our previous study found that P. kleiniana had a certain cytotoxicity on tumor cells. The purpose of this paper was to investigate the chemical constituents of P. kleiniana and their cytotoxicity on tumor cells. The 60% ethanol extract of P. kleiniana were isolated by D-101 macroporous adsorptive resins, silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, Toyopearl HW-40F, semi-preparative high performance liquid chromatography and other methods, and their chemical structures were elucidated on the basis of physicochemical properties, NMR and HR-ESI-MS analysis. Meanwhile, all these compounds were evaluated for cytotoxicity against human cervical cancer cell line Hela. The results were as follows: (1) Thirteen lignans were isolated and identified as (+)-pionresinol (1), (+)-8-hydroxypinoresinol (2), (+)-syringaresinol (3), (+)-medioresinol (4), (+)-pionresinol-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5), (+)-8′-hydroxypinoresinol-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (6), (+)-8′-hydroxypinoresinol-4′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (7), (+)-pinoresinol-8′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (8), schilignan F (9), (+)-pionresinol-4, 4′-O-bisglucopyranoside (10), (+)-lariciresinol-4′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (11), neoolivil-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (12), 3,3′-bis［3,4-dihydro-4-hydroxy-6-methoxy-2H-1-benzopyran］(13). Among them, compounds 1-4, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13 were isolated from genus Potentilla for the first time, and compounds 5, 6, 9, 11 were isolated from P. kleiniana for the first time. (2) Cytotoxicity studies showed that compounds 1, 3 and 4 display certain inhibitory activities against Hela cells with IC50 values of (69.94 ± 1.89), (66.25 ± 2.11), (59.81 ± 1.73) μmol·L-1, respectively. Therefore, the study enriches the chemical constituents of P. kleiniana, and provides a material basis for the development of anti-cervical cancer drugs.

Janaína Calu Costa, Dongqing Wang, Molin Wang et al.

Gestational weight gain (GWG) estimates enable the identification of populations of women at risk for adverse outcomes. We described GWG distribution in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Demographic and Health Surveys and other national surveys were used to calculate the average GWG by regressing the weight of pregnant women (15-49 years) at the time of the interview on their gestational age, adjusting for sociodemographic factors. A mixed-effects hierarchical model was built with survey-specific GWG as the dependent variable and restricted cubic splines for survey year, super-region, and country-level covariates (total fertility rate, gross domestic product, and average female body mass index) to predict the national, regional, and income level average GWG in 2020. Uncertainty ranges (UR) were obtained using bootstrap. Estimates were compared with the Institute of Medicine's GWG recommendations for women with normal weight (11.5kg) and underweight (12.5kg). Survey data were available for 70 LMICs (234 data points, 1991-2022). Predicted country-specific GWG for 2020 ranged from 2.6 to 13.5kg. Ten countries presented estimates above the recommendation for women with underweight; nine of which were from Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia; apart from one, these were upper-middle income. Regional GWG was estimated at 5.4kg (95%UR 3.1,7.7) in Sub-Saharan Africa; 6.2kg (95%UR 3.4,9.0) in North Africa and the Middle East; 8.6kg (95%UR 6.0,11.3) in South Asia; 9.3kg (95%UR 6.2,12.3) in Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Oceania; 10.0kg (95%UR 7.1,12.9) in Latin America and the Caribbean; and 13.0kg (95%UR 9.0,16.9) in Central and Eastern Europe, and Central Asia. A gradient was observed across income: 5.3kg (95%UR 2.7,7.9) for low-income, 7.6kg (95%UR 5.2,10.1) for lower-middle-income, and 9.8kg (95%UR 7.1,12.5) for upper-middle-income countries. No income group achieved the minimum recommended weight gain. GWG was estimated to be insufficient in almost all LMICs. Improved data and monitoring are crucial for impactful interventions.