Hasil untuk "Social legislation"

Yang Yang

As a concept imported from the West, ‘public’ did not show up in Japanese society until Meiji. This results in a lack of typical public space typologies in Japan's city center, such as square and plaza. However, researchers argue concepts rooted in premodern ideas and related materialized informal open spaces, such as urban commons in Edo, to be the indigenous ‘public’ space in Japan for public gatherings and interactions. As Western ideas of clear public-private division for the protection of private property enter into legislation, the once popular ‘common’ space between public and private, and according shikii (threshold) concept behind it, are threatened to be disappearing. This paper focuses on one social housing project, Shinonome Canal Court in Tokyo, designed by Riken Yamamoto, who is the laureate of 2024 Pritzker Prize for his dedication to public space and community cultivation through shikii. Through case study, the research explains how the shikii concept is interpreted in Shinonome Canal Court, and how the ‘public’ space and its ‘public’ meaning related to ‘common’ are constructed and explained under shikii. Based on the archive documents provided by UR, related reports and research in literature, observation of activities and events, interviews with the designer Riken Yamamoto, the representative of the project's private management company, Tokyu Housing Lease, and local residents, the paper underscores the lost ‘grey’ character behind shikii in defining Japanese ‘public’ (‘kōkyō’). It concludes that shikii in the project is represented not only in the physical form of different types of open spaces but also in the cooperation and negotiation between different public and private groups in deciding how the open spaces are designed, operated, and managed. ‘Public’ meaning is constructed by ‘common’; ‘Public’ space and ‘common’ space are interchangeable in Shinonome Canal Court, depending on time-based activities and events of users within.

Raquel Galeotti, Laura López-Gallego

Este artículo aborda una de las aristas más desconocidas en Uruguay del fenómeno de la violencia sexual, los ofensores sexuales y las respuestas de intervención psicológica en el marco de cambios en la política pública sobre violencia de género. Analizamos la implementación de un programa de atención psicológica a ofensores sexuales vinculado al contexto pospenitenciario. Para ello, se optó por el método de estudio de caso a partir de técnicas que incluyen diversas fuentes de información provenientes de entrevistas grupales con el equipo técnico, observación participante, entrevista con la dirección y análisis documental. Los resultados muestran que las intervenciones psicológicas hacia ofensores sexuales se implementaron en un contexto político-institucional de oportunidad, pero con dificultades en la legitimación y consolidación en la agenda institucional. El enfoque teórico-técnico que sustenta dichas intervenciones, así como las actitudes de los profesionales sobre los ofensores sexuales constituyen desafíos que requieren formación continua especializada.

Saleh Alrajhi, Ayman Afify Konswa, Nisreen Alhamdi et al.

Background and importanceLifestyle choices and practices are often the primary contributors to most preventable chronic diseases encountered in both outpatient and inpatient settings worldwide. Lifestyle medicine (LM) therapeutic interventions have consistently been shown through numerous scientific studies to improve and, in many cases, reverse chronic diseases. Globally, there is widespread acceptance of the 15 core competencies, 6 pillars, and the overarching definition of Lifestyle Medicine (LM) established by the American College of Lifestyle Medicine and its partners. While these 6 pillars provide a robust framework, they may not fully address the diverse needs of individuals and populations across various cultures, countries, and communities. The implementation of LM is inherently context-sensitive, influenced by factors such as local legislation, culinary traditions, food availability, economic conditions, agricultural development, whole-food retail accessibility, healthcare infrastructure, training opportunities, community resources, and faith or religious practices at both the individual and community levels. Furthermore, the MENA region, in particular, experiences a disproportionately high prevalence of lifestyle-related non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as obesity, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension (HTN), coronary artery disease (CAD), polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and various forms of cancer, along with other related syndromes and co-morbid conditions. Addressing these challenges requires careful consideration of the local context—a complex interplay of culture, traditions, beliefs, and behaviors—that significantly shapes lifestyle choices, resource availability, and their subsequent impact on health and wellness outcomes. Significantly, the Hail Lifestyle Medicine International Conferences held in 2022 and 2023 have emphasized the strategic importance of Lifestyle Medicine in the MENA region, particularly in Saudi Arabia. These conferences underscored the need to define the scope of practice for Lifestyle Medicine in alignment with the ongoing Saudi healthcare transformation, the region's unique societal features, available local resources, and the specific needs of the population. Furthermore, these conferences served as pivotal platforms for convening experts, facilitating knowledge exchange, and fostering collaborations to tackle the distinct health challenges prevalent in the region. To provide a more comprehensive understanding, information regarding the establishment of the technical working group for the MENA region—critical to conceptualizing and adapting the LM pillars—should be included in the background or methods section earlier in the paper. This addition would offer readers insights into the foundational steps and collaborative efforts that initially shaped the initiative.Establishment of the technical working group for the MENA regionIn response to the rising prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and the pressing need for a tailored approach to Lifestyle Medicine (LM) in the MENA region, a Technical Working Group (TWG) was established. The initiative sought to adapt the six pillars of LM to align with the region's unique cultural, economic, and social contexts. The TWG comprised experts from various disciplines, including family medicine, preventive medicine, public health, nutrition, and related fields, ensuring diverse perspectives and expertise in primary care and lifestyle interventions. The concept of adopting expanded LM pillars was initially formulated during a series of international and regional conferences, notably the Hail Lifestyle Medicine International Conferences held in 2022 and 2023. These conferences highlighted the urgent need for a region-specific approach to mitigate the high prevalence of lifestyle-related NCDs in the MENA region. The TWG was tasked with conducting a comprehensive review of the existing LM pillars while taking into account critical factors such as local legislation, culinary traditions, food resources, economic conditions, and health systems infrastructure. To achieve expert consensus on the adapted LM pillars, the Delphi process was employed. This structured communication method involved several rounds of anonymous questionnaires, enabling experts to provide their input and refine their responses based on collective feedback. The process ensured a balanced, inclusive approach that minimized potential power imbalances and produced LM pillars tailored to the MENA region's specific needs.MethodsA survey was distributed to professional group panels representing multiple healthcare specialties, as well as to researchers and healthcare academic leaders of Lifestyle Medicine (LM) across Saudi Arabia and the broader Middle East. A Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threat (SWOT) analysis was conducted, and the Delphi method was employed for structured communication and opinion formation. Using the nominal polling technique, formal responses were collected to develop an official written consensus position statement. The survey questions were validated and approved by an expert panel before being disseminated to the national Lifestyle Medicine group via WhatsApp for voting. Participants were asked to select one of three options: retain the American LM pillars, expand to the newly validated Saudi Arabian (MENA) LM pillars, or abstain from voting (neutral).Conclusions and relevanceOut of 815 members in the national Lifestyle Medicine (LM) group, 136 responses were received, while 679 members abstained from voting, indicating neutrality. Among the 136 votes, 36 supported retaining the LM pillars developed by the American College of Lifestyle Medicine AMCL and its partners without modifications. In contrast, 118 voted in favor of the newly developed MENA/Saudi Arabian pillars, acknowledging the need to address local healthcare needs that extend beyond traditional or classical medicine. The new pillars incorporated motor vehicle driving disturbances as a leading modifiable lifestyle factor contributing to death and disability in the region. Additionally, the impact of smart technology, particularly mobile phones and other devices, was recognized as a key contributor to motor vehicle accidents (MVAs), which significantly increase mortality and disability rates. Further, the new pillars emphasized emotional and mental health, spirituality, and sexuality, driven by the growing demand for comprehensive mental and emotional healthcare combined with faith-based and spiritual empowerment. Finaly, the inclusion of sexuality as a pillar was prompted by rapid societal changes, the rising prevalence of risky sexual behaviors, and the increased incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). These challenges, coupled with the ambiguity surrounding who should manage such patients and the need for timely access to care, highlighted amajor gap in addressing this critical aspect of human health and quality of life. This addition ensures that LM physicians can provide appropriate care to close the gap in services related to sexual health.

Bing He, Yingchen Ma, Mustaque Ahamad et al.

Online misinformation poses a global risk with harmful implications for society. Ordinary social media users are known to actively reply to misinformation posts with counter-misinformation messages, which is shown to be effective in containing the spread of misinformation. Such a practice is defined as "social correction". Nevertheless, it remains unknown how users respond to social correction in real-world scenarios, especially, will it have a corrective or backfire effect on users. Investigating this research question is pivotal for developing and refining strategies that maximize the efficacy of social correction initiatives. To fill this gap, we conduct an in-depth study to characterize and predict the user response to social correction in a data-driven manner through the lens of X (Formerly Twitter), where the user response is instantiated as the reply that is written toward a counter-misinformation message. Particularly, we first create a novel dataset with 55, 549 triples of misinformation tweets, counter-misinformation replies, and responses to counter-misinformation replies, and then curate a taxonomy to illustrate different kinds of user responses. Next, fine-grained statistical analysis of reply linguistic and engagement features as well as repliers' user attributes is conducted to illustrate the characteristics that are significant in determining whether a reply will have a corrective or backfire effect. Finally, we build a user response prediction model to identify whether a social correction will be corrective, neutral, or have a backfire effect, which achieves a promising F1 score of 0.816. Our work enables stakeholders to monitor and predict user responses effectively, thus guiding the use of social correction to maximize their corrective impact and minimize backfire effects. The code and data is accessible on https://github.com/claws-lab/response-to-social-correction.

Peer-Olaf Siebers

ChatGPT, the AI-powered chatbot with a massive user base of hundreds of millions, has become a global phenomenon. However, the use of Conversational AI Systems (CAISs) like ChatGPT for research in the field of Social Simulation is still limited. Specifically, there is no evidence of its usage in Agent-Based Social Simulation (ABSS) model design. This paper takes a crucial first step toward exploring the untapped potential of this emerging technology in the context of ABSS model design. The research presented here demonstrates how CAISs can facilitate the development of innovative conceptual ABSS models in a concise timeframe and with minimal required upfront case-based knowledge. By employing advanced prompt engineering techniques and adhering to the Engineering ABSS framework, we have constructed a comprehensive prompt script that enables the design of conceptual ABSS models with or by the CAIS. A proof-of-concept application of the prompt script, used to generate the conceptual ABSS model for a case study on the impact of adaptive architecture in a museum environment, illustrates the practicality of the approach. Despite occasional inaccuracies and conversational divergence, the CAIS proved to be a valuable companion for ABSS modellers.

Luciana Rocha, Rui Fernandes Póvoas, Joana Restivo

This paper proposes a critical analysis of the intervention, over time, in the housing estates built under the Improvement Plan for the city of Porto. This plan enabled the construction of a significant number of dwellings within a limited period of time, promoting a broad and impactful urban and social restructuring of the city in the mid-twentieth century. Several post-construction interventions over the last decades were important opportunities to improve the quality of life of the inhabitants and to enhance the energy performance of the buildings. However, these buildings are still subject to architectural and construction challenges in terms of ‘energy poverty’ and the adaptation of the domestic comfort parameters. Thus, this research analyses the intervention strategies used in these buildings and the constraints resulting from current legislation and funding conditions that significantly impact design decisions. The study points to significant changes in the implementation of measures to improve the state of buildings, becoming progressively more concerned with energy consumption and thermal comfort. The discussion also highlights the impact of current measures on the comfort of interior spaces, current problems, and alternative means of balancing energy and comfort. The relevance of this research lies in the joint analysis of the interventions and frequent efficiency and comfort problems as a motto to improve the implementation of future strategies in developing a more energetically balanced housing stock. The paper also aims to deconstruct the preconceptions often associated with interventions geared towards thermal comfort, especially in social housing.

Costinel BULBOACĂ, Eugenia BULBOACĂ, Oana Roxana CHIVU et al.

The paper presents some considerations regarding the work environment and the updating of the methodology of occupational risk assessment by the MEvAR method in construction activities. The MEvAR method is an occupational risk assessment method applicable in the field of construction that ensures the introduction of the requirements of the HSE management system and the applicable legislation in the field in the mathematical calculation of risks. Aspects are presented on the interpretation of certainties by assessing risks with maximum level in order to establish reasonable limits of acceptance, tolerance or assumption of risks , supplementing environmental risk factors with external, social, financial elements and introducing a category in the work system analysis.Comparative aspects between classical methods and MEvAR are presented as proposals in the associated tables. The conclusions highlight the current aspects implemented in the method and their usefulness.

Christine Graebsch, Anette Storgaard

In this article, we use the example of prison leave to discuss prisoners’ access to justice. Based on a functional comparative analysis between Denmark and Germany, we study the law in action. In Germany, prisoners have a legally prescribed right of access to the courts in cases of denial of prison leave. However, in Denmark prisoners face more barriers when trying to access the court. In our analysis, we have compared Danish court cases with letters from German prisoners referring to their struggles with prison administrations and courts. The materials from both countries show more similarities than one would expect, given the significant differences between the substantive law in the two jurisdictions. While acknowledging the need for further empirical investigation, we introduce a concept we term “genuine justice”, with the aim of paving the way for other and more radical remedies supplementing the economic, legal and social measures already in place.

Kai-Cheng Yang, Onur Varol, Alexander C. Nwala et al.

While social media are a key source of data for computational social science, their ease of manipulation by malicious actors threatens the integrity of online information exchanges and their analysis. In this Chapter, we focus on malicious social bots, a prominent vehicle for such manipulation. We start by discussing recent studies about the presence and actions of social bots in various online discussions to show their real-world implications and the need for detection methods. Then we discuss the challenges of bot detection methods and use Botometer, a publicly available bot detection tool, as a case study to describe recent developments in this area. We close with a practical guide on how to handle social bots in social media research.

Yingchen Ma, Bing He, Nathan Subrahmanian et al.

Online misinformation has been a serious threat to public health and society. Social media users are known to reply to misinformation posts with counter-misinformation messages, which have been shown to be effective in curbing the spread of misinformation. This is called social correction. However, the characteristics of tweets that attract social correction versus those that do not remain unknown. To close the gap, we focus on answering the following two research questions: (1) ``Given a tweet, will it be countered by other users?'', and (2) ``If yes, what will be the magnitude of countering it?''. This exploration will help develop mechanisms to guide users' misinformation correction efforts and to measure disparity across users who get corrected. In this work, we first create a novel dataset with 690,047 pairs of misinformation tweets and counter-misinformation replies. Then, stratified analysis of tweet linguistic and engagement features as well as tweet posters' user attributes are conducted to illustrate the factors that are significant in determining whether a tweet will get countered. Finally, predictive classifiers are created to predict the likelihood of a misinformation tweet to get countered and the degree to which that tweet will be countered. The code and data is accessible on https://github.com/claws-lab/social-correction-twitter.

Songhua Li, Lingjie Duan

In location-based social networks (LBSNs), users sense urban point-of-interest (PoI) information in the vicinity and share such information with friends in online social networks. Given users' limited social connections and severe lags in disseminating fresh PoI to all, major LBSNs aim to enhance users' social PoI sharing by selecting $k$ out of $m$ users as hotspots and broadcasting their fresh PoI information to the entire user community. This motivates us to study a new combinatorial optimization problem that involves the interplay between an urban sensing network and an online social network. We prove that this problem is NP-hard and also renders existing approximation solutions not viable. Through analyzing the interplay effects between the two networks, we successfully transform the involved PoI-sharing process across two networks to matrix computations for deriving a closed-form objective to hold desirable properties (e.g., submodularity and monotonicity). This finding enables us to develop a polynomial-time algorithm that guarantees a ($1-\frac{m-2}{m}(\frac{k-1}{k})^k$) approximation of the optimum. Furthermore, we allow each selected user to move around and sense more PoI information to share and propose an augmentation-adaptive algorithm with decent performance guarantees. Finally, our theoretical results are corroborated by our simulation findings using both synthetic and real-world datasets.

G. Chiri, M. Bergey, Thomas I. Mackie

Public policies play an influential role in shaping public opinion about health conditions, who is affected by them, and potential pathways for identification and intervention. This study draws upon a social constructionist perspective of policy design and disability to examine how autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been framed in United States federal legislation. Qualitative content analysis of autism legislation passed between 1973 and 2019 indicates that policies reinforced ASD as a largely medicalized, neurobiological condition of childhood; this was reflected in both the policy aims, sources of knowledge and groups prioritized to address ASD; and the symbolic or material resources committed (or not committed) by enacted federal legislation to specific constituencies. Policy aims of early ASD legislation were symbolic in nature, focusing predominantly on framing children with ASD as a group worthy of public recognition. More recent legislation, in contrast, conferred material resources - albeit in targeted ways. Funding for surveillance and medical research on causation, early detection, treatment, and health professional training were prioritized with little attention to either service delivery needs of individuals with ASD and their families, supports over the lifecourse, or the social factors influencing ASD.

Putnik Nenad R., Milošević Mladen M., Cvetković Vladimir N.

This article focuses on the analysis of social and criminal aspects of the phenomenon of ransomware-malware abuse. The authors' basic hypothesis is that the optimal mechanisms in terms of security and Criminal Code protection against this specific form of attacks on computer systems and data stored therein are still underdeveloped. The review of scientific and professional literature and the use of legal-dogmatic and normative methods by various authors have shown that crime related to the use of ransomware-malware has a potential to seriously endanger certain segments of modern society - economy, sensitive personal data, national and supranational critical infrastructure. The authors have also noted the shortcomings of currently available legal solutions. The authors conclude that it is necessary to conduct tailored educations of computer system users and also to undertake appropriate activities for the purpose of improving security culture. The authors additionally present concrete proposals for improving the legal framework for criminal legislation. Keywords: ransomware-malware, s

Stephany Rajeh, Marinette Savonnet, Eric Leclercq et al.

Identifying key nodes is crucial for accelerating or impeding dynamic spreading in a network. Community-aware centrality measures tackle this problem by exploiting the community structure of a network. Although there is a growing trend to design new community-aware centrality measures, there is no systematic investigation of the proposed measures' effectiveness. This study performs an extensive comparative evaluation of prominent community-aware centrality measures using the Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) model on real-world online social networks. Overall, results show that K-shell with Community and Community-based Centrality measures are the most accurate in identifying influential nodes under a single-spreader problem. Additionally, the epidemic transmission rate doesn't significantly affect the behavior of the community-aware centrality measures.

Kai-Cheng Yang, Emilio Ferrara, Filippo Menczer

Social bots have become an important component of online social media. Deceptive bots, in particular, can manipulate online discussions of important issues ranging from elections to public health, threatening the constructive exchange of information. Their ubiquity makes them an interesting research subject and requires researchers to properly handle them when conducting studies using social media data. Therefore, it is important for researchers to gain access to bot detection tools that are reliable and easy to use. This paper aims to provide an introductory tutorial of Botometer, a public tool for bot detection on Twitter, for readers who are new to this topic and may not be familiar with programming and machine learning. We introduce how Botometer works, the different ways users can access it, and present a case study as a demonstration. Readers can use the case study code as a template for their own research. We also discuss recommended practice for using Botometer.

M. Anuar, A. Abdullah

G. Keliuotytė-Staniulėnienė

Mario Pansera, F. Rizzi

M Irfan Riyadi, Khairil Umami

: The transfer of government from Majapahit to Demak at the end of the 15th century, as well as a transition from the Hindu era to the Islamic era, also gave birth to social, political, cultural, and legal transformations. The pattern of the penetration of Islam into peaceful Javanese culture, or penetration pacifique, has shown integration in all fields. Integration creates a stable and equilibrium condition. The question that then arises is how Demak produces laws that are able to create such stable conditions. It is important to do this on the fiber Suryangalam legal text of the Demak era. The purpose of this study is to identify the Serat Suryo Alam manuscript, explore Islamic law legislation in the text, and explain how the Islamic kingdom of Demak carried out social engineering to realize a just and peaceful society. Then to answer the problem, philological and historical methods are used, while the analysis uses content analysis with Talcott Parson's integration theory. This study concludes that: 1) the Suryo Alam manuscript is a legal text that can be found in the digitization of British Library manuscripts, 2) this manuscript contains legal, material, and judicial sources at the same time, and 3) social engineering can be measured by the stages of adaptation of Hindu and Islamic law, with the Trirasa Goal of efforts, legal integration, and efforts to maintain the law in people's social lives or latency. This stage gave birth to an equilibrium society of tata titi tentrem gemahripah loh jinawi kartaraharja.

Malovrh Špela Pezdevšek, Avdibegović Mersudin

Forest policy and forest ownership patterns in Slovenia and the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH) have changed considerably in recent decades due to unprecedented scale of social, political and economic change. The distribution of ownership types varies between the countries – in Slovenia private forest ownership predominates (77%), while in FBiH only about 20% of forest is private-owned. In both countries, private forest properties are small-scale and fragmented, which affects management opportunities and the scale at which policy interventions need to be made. This paper analyses the Slovenian and Central Bosnia Cantonal Law on Forests to assess how the regulatory framework affects private forest owners’ (PFOs) rights, forest management and accelerates cooperation of PFOs. Both laws impose exclusive rights and responsibilities of PFOs, as well as limitation on how they can use their forests. In both countries, legislation contains detailed regulations for forest management activities and stipulate that mandatory forest management plans (FMPs) are an important tool that supports the implementation of sustainable forest management. In Slovenia, FMPs are prepared as common plans for all forests regardless the ownership, while in FBiH the Cantonal Law prescribes a separate forest management planning system for private forests. To improve the efficiency of private forest management, both laws support voluntary cooperation of PFOs. From the analysis, it can be concluded that there is a need for better harmonisation of public and private interests in relation to forest resources, especially in the case of FBiH, and that the deregulation of property right is needed as well as that the level of involvement of PFOs in the forest policy making process is unsatisfactory, in most cases only formal.