Hasil untuk "Social Sciences"

Rachel Davis, R. Campbell, Z. Hildon et al.

Interventions to change health-related behaviours typically have modest effects and may be more effective if grounded in appropriate theory. Most theories applied to public health interventions tend to emphasise individual capabilities and motivation, with limited reference to context and social factors. Intervention effectiveness may be increased by drawing on a wider range of theories incorporating social, cultural and economic factors that influence behaviour. The primary aim of this paper is to identify theories of behaviour and behaviour change of potential relevance to public health interventions across four scientific disciplines: psychology, sociology, anthropology and economics. We report in detail the methodology of our scoping review used to identify these theories including which involved a systematic search of electronic databases, consultation with a multidisciplinary advisory group, web searching, searching of reference lists and hand searching of key behavioural science journals. Of secondary interest we developed a list of agreed criteria for judging the quality of the theories. We identified 82 theories and 9 criteria for assessing theory quality. The potential relevance of this wide-ranging number of theories to public health interventions and the ease and usefulness of evaluating the theories in terms of the quality criteria are however yet to be determined.

T. Piketty

I am most grateful to the editors of the British Journal of Sociology for putting together such an impressive set of review papers about my book. I am very honoured by the very thoughtful essays written by such a distinguished group of scholars coming from sociology, political science, anthropology, history, geography and economics. I warmly thank all participants for their time and attention to my work. I would like to view my book more as work of social science than one of economics or history. It seems to me that we often loose a lot of time in the social sciences because of little disputes about disciplinary boundaries. I could not dream of a better recognition for my work than the stimulating collection of interdisciplinary essays that the British Journal of Sociology is now publishing. I am very fortunate to have so many great readers. There is no way I can do justice to the richness of each review and address the many stimulating points that they raise. I would like however to take this opportunity to briefly clarify a number of issues.

G. Imbens, D. Rubin

Rajiv Vaidyanathan, W. Vogt

N. Nie

S. Edition, N. Nie, Karin Steinbrenner

Evelien Otte, R. Rousseau

K. Bollen

Christopher A Bail

Generative AI that can produce realistic text, images, and other human-like outputs is currently transforming many different industries. Yet it is not yet known how such tools might influence social science research. I argue Generative AI has the potential to improve survey research, online experiments, automated content analyses, agent-based models, and other techniques commonly used to study human behavior. In the second section of this article, I discuss the many limitations of Generative AI. I examine how bias in the data used to train these tools can negatively impact social science research—as well as a range of other challenges related to ethics, replication, environmental impact, and the proliferation of low-quality research. I conclude by arguing that social scientists can address many of these limitations by creating open-source infrastructure for research on human behavior. Such infrastructure is not only necessary to ensure broad access to high-quality research tools, I argue, but also because the progress of AI will require deeper understanding of the social forces that guide human behavior.

B. Berg, H. Lune

D. Byrne, Gillian Callaghan

M. Lichtman

Sheri Berman

Huang Jie

In internet service industries, such as competitive industries, it costs more to attract new consumers to become customers of the company than saving the consumers who already are customers. Therefore, detecting the running off customers and finding a way to keep the customers from leaving is extremely important. This study addresses the problem of customer attrition in the internet service industry by choosing the best-performing model to detect the customers who are going to run off in advance. To select the most suitable model for accurately detecting customer churn, this study performs preprocessing, including data cleaning, feature engineering, and feature selection. The dataset is then split into training, testing, and validation sets. Various models are built and evaluated based on their performance, measured by calculating the mean and standardized values of the detection rate. The result is that the Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LGBM) model has superior performance in detection rate scoring.

Oana Celia GHEORGHIU

Polonius, Romanian author Victor Cilincă’s farcical rewriting of Hamlet, is worth mentioning among the many postmodernist adaptations of Shakespeare’s works, despite the fact that it is virtually unknown to both theatregoers and critics. The play premiered in 1996, in Galati, having been ‘hidden’ in the writer’s drawer for more than a decade for fear that censorship might grasp its anti-totalitarian implications. In 2011, it was translated by Petru Iamandi for an American indie press. Prefaced by a brief overview of drawer literature and “refashioning of Shakespeare’s image along the lines of Communist ideology” (Colipcă-Ciobanu 2016: 26), in communist Romania, the paper focuses on the meta-dimension of the two-act play, as well as on the subversive aspects identifiable at the textual level.

Michael Safo Oduro, Eniola Fasola, Prince Peprah et al.

Abstract Background There is a dearth of studies focused on the impact of self-rated health on life satisfaction among large-bodied adolescents, as well as the moderating role of physical activity in this relationship. Large-bodied adolescents refers to young people (usually aged 10–19 years) whose body size falls within the overweight or obese range as defined by the World Health Organisation’s Growth Reference, based on age- and sex-specific body mass index (BMI) percentiles. This study aimed to address the gap in research by examining the association between self-rated health and life satisfaction in a diverse sample of large-bodied adolescents from 39 countries and regions in Europe and North America. The moderating role of physical activity in the association was also examined. Methods The study analysed data from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) survey, involving a sample of 24,839 large-bodied adolescents. Three sequential binary mixed effects logit models were fitted: the first assessing self-rated health alone, the second adjusting for multiple covariates, and the third incorporating an interaction term between physical activity and self-rated health. The analysis was performed using R Software (v4.1.2), with significance determined at a level of 0.05. Results The results show that adolescents who rated their health as “poor” were a little more than six times (AOR = 6.32, 95%CI: 5.30–7.54, p < 0.001) as likely to report lower life satisfaction compared to those who rated their health as “excellent”. Those who rated their health as “good” had 1.71 times higher odds (AOR = 1.71, 95%CI: 1.44–2.04, p < 0.001) of reporting lower life satisfaction compared to those who rated their health as “excellent”. The analysis further indicated that physical activity plays a partial moderating role in the relationship between self-rated health and life satisfaction. Participants who considered themselves “somewhat active” reported higher life satisfaction compared to their “inactive” peers (AOR = 0.58, p = 0.031, 95% CI: 0.36–0.95). Conclusions The study supports the hypothesis that poorer self-rated health is associated with lower life satisfaction among large-bodied adolescents. It further suggests that increased physical activity can ‘partly’ buffer the negative effects of poor self-rated health on life satisfaction. These findings emphasise the importance of interventions promoting physical activity and positive self-care to improve general well-being in large-bodied adolescents.

Primasari Fitria, Ayu Geby Gisela Syaputri, Muhammad Bahrul Ulum

This study aims to examine the extent to which World Oil Prices and Infrastructure Spending influence Indonesia's Budget Balance in 2015-2024. The data used in this study are secondary data from 2015-2024. The analysis method used is multiple linear regression analysis. The analysis results indicate that crude oil prices and infrastructure expenditure simultaneously have a significant effect on the Budget Balance, with an F-value of 5.720 and a significance level of 0.013 < 0.015. Partially, infrastructure expenditure has a significant impact on the state budget deficit, with a coefficient of β = 0.456 and p < 0.05, whereas crude oil prices do not have a significant effect (β = -0.106, p = 0.28). This is due to fluctuations in crude oil prices that do not always align with the continuously increasing trend of the state budget deficit each year. Infrastructure expenditure plays a crucial role in supporting economic growth, prompting the government to increase capital spending for development.

Natalie Nara Mastrangi Goes, Adair Mendes Nacarato

Este artigo integra uma tese de doutorado e tem como tema central a formação do professor no ensino superior, considerada essencial para a qualidade do ensino e a efetividade da aprendizagem tanto docente quanto discente nas instituições acadêmicas. O estudo tem como foco os caminhos formativos trilhados por professores das áreas de Engenharia, Direito e Ciências Contábeis, a partir da análise de três pesquisas desenvolvidas no Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu (PPGSS) em Educação da Universidade São Francisco. A pesquisa, de abordagem qualitativa, do tipo mapeamento, centrou-se em investigações que tomaram as entrevistas narrativas como fonte de produção de dados. O referencial teórico apoia-se na perspectiva histórico-cultural e no Círculo de Bakhtin. Os três trabalhos que compõem o corpus deste estudo investigam como os professores participantes das pesquisas se formam e se desenvolvem profissionalmente, com ênfase nas práticas pedagógicas adotadas, nas abordagens curriculares utilizadas e nas exigências específicas impostas por cada área do conhecimento. As autoras desses trabalhos buscaram compreender os desafios enfrentados pelos docentes na articulação entre conhecimento técnico e didático-pedagógico, bem como as estratégias que contribuem para a melhoria da prática docente no ensino superior, promovendo uma formação mais crítica, reflexiva e comprometida com a aprendizagem. Concluíram que esses professores vão se formando nas práticas de sala de aula, sem buscar por processos de formação continuada.

G. Pálsson, B. Szerszynski, S. Sörlin et al.

Serina Chang, Alicja Chaszczewicz, Emma Wang et al.

Generating social networks is essential for many applications, such as epidemic modeling and social simulations. The emergence of generative AI, especially large language models (LLMs), offers new possibilities for social network generation: LLMs can generate networks without additional training or need to define network parameters, and users can flexibly define individuals in the network using natural language. However, this potential raises two critical questions: 1) are the social networks generated by LLMs realistic, and 2) what are risks of bias, given the importance of demographics in forming social ties? To answer these questions, we develop three prompting methods for network generation and compare the generated networks to a suite of real social networks. We find that more realistic networks are generated with "local" methods, where the LLM constructs relations for one persona at a time, compared to "global" methods that construct the entire network at once. We also find that the generated networks match real networks on many characteristics, including density, clustering, connectivity, and degree distribution. However, we find that LLMs emphasize political homophily over all other types of homophily and significantly overestimate political homophily compared to real social networks.