Hasil untuk "Sewage collection and disposal systems. Sewerage"

JIE Liang, ZHANG Huiying, LI Hua

【目的】工厂化循环水养殖系统(RAS)具有占地面积小、耗水量少、管理效率高、产品质量好等优点，是水产养殖的热点和主要发展方向。【方法】本文从水动力学的角度，对大口黑鲈商业化RAS的水头损失进行了计算和分析，并对系统进行了24 h水质跟踪监测，研究了水流状态对水处理系统的影响。【结果】养殖池24 h内氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮的质量浓度分别为1.14～3.56 mg/L和0.72～1.10 mg/L。氨氮浓度随饲料投喂而升高，经生物滤池硝化作用逐渐降低，亚硝酸盐氮浓度相对稳定。生物滤池氨氮去除率较高的时间为8:00和22:00,分别达到57.47%和59.45%。其余时间氨氮去除率保持在20%左右。水力分析结果表明，系统内不同排水管径的流速分别为2.52、1.19 m/s和0.49 m/s。流速分布不均匀且变化较大，导致水处理系统水位未达到设计高度。排水系统管道总长为24.6 m,水头损失为5.73 m以上，水流过程中能量损失近25%。养殖池回流管流速为0.79 m/s,低流速难以在养殖池内形成高速流场，导致固体颗粒集污效果较差。【结论】为进一步提高系统处理效果增加养殖密度，可调整统一排水管直径、增加生化池曝气设备等措施。研究结果为RAS的运行效能分析提供了新方法，也为系统优化提供理论基础。

C. Nnaji, Chidera Emmanuel Ozota

Pradeep Dachiri

The study titled “Analyse and Design of Urban Sewer Network Using SewerGEMS Software” focuses on the need for efficient and sustainable sewerage systems in rapidly developing metropolitan areas like Hyderabad. Due to increasing population and urbanization, the existing sewer networks often face challenges such as overflows, blockages, and inadequate capacity. This research aims to analyze and redesign the sewer network of Gayatri Nagar under the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) using advanced hydraulic modelling through SewerGEMS software. The methodology involves systematic data collection, including layout and topographical mapping through Google Earth Pro and QGIS, and estimation of sewage generation based on population and water consumption data. The collected data are integrated into SewerGEMS to simulate the existing network and assess hydraulic parameters such as flow velocity, hydraulic grade line (HGL), and manhole surcharge levels. Based on the analysis, deficiencies such as undersized pipes and low slopes were identified. A redesigned network was then proposed by optimizing pipe diameters, slopes, and alignments to achieve self-cleansing velocity and efficient wastewater conveyance. The results obtained from SewerGEMS were compared with conventional manual design methods using standard hydraulic equations. The comparison revealed that software-based modelling provides greater accuracy, faster analysis, and enhanced visualization of flow characteristics. Additionally, a Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) was designed to ensure proper wastewater treatment and disposal. Overall, the study concludes that SewerGEMS is a powerful tool for urban sewer system design, promoting sustainability, efficiency, and improved urban sanitation.

Waste Management Systems. are designed to efficiently handle and process waste materials generated by human activities. These systems are crucial for minimizing environmental impacts, promoting sustainability, and protecting throughout its lifecycle, from its generation to its final disposal or recycling. Here is an overview of the key components and processes involved in waste management: Waste Generation: Waste can be generated from various sources, including residential areas, commercial establishments, industries, and construction sites. It encompasses solid waste (such as household waste and packaging materials), liquid waste (such as wastewater and sewage), and hazardous waste (such as chemicals and medical waste). Waste Collection: its source. This involves the placement of collection bins or containers at strategic locations, regular pick-up schedules, and specialized collection vehicles for different types of waste. Waste Segregation: After collection, waste is often sorted and segregated based on its type and characteristics. This helps in the efficient management of different waste streams, enabling appropriate treatment or disposal methods. Segregation can be done at the source (e.g., separating recyclables from non-recyclables) or at dedicated facilities. Future vehicular organizations are supposed to send more limited distances the car employer. Client-server methods revel in decrease execution regardless of standard abnormal network. Another one the worldview of shared content dispersion over the Web is arising with swarm conventions. The objective of Web amassing conventions is to lessen the heap on satisfied servers. Waste Treatment: Waste treatment involves various processes aimed at reducing the volume and toxicity of waste, as well as recovering valuable resources. Common treatment methods include composting, incineration, landfilling, and biological or chemical treatment of wastewater. Advanced technologies, such as anaerobic digestion and plasma gasification, are also used for waste conversion. Recycling and Resource Recovery: Recycling plays a crucial role in waste management systems. Materials like paper, plastics, glass, metals, and electronic waste can be recycled and sent to landfills or incinerators. Resource recovery also involves the extraction of energy from waste, such as through waste-to-energy (WTE) facilities. GWP Uppsala WMS,GWP Uppsala CS, GWP Alvdalen WMS, GWP Alvdalen CS, AP Uppsala WMS. IncAll, Inc90%, BioBus, RecPl. From the result it is seen that GWP Uppsala CSis got the first rank where as is the GWP Alvdalen CSis having the lowest rank. GWP Uppsala CSis ranked first and industrial building is ranked lowest.

Tajudeen Dele Mustapha, Patric Kelechi Nwaokwa

The Abuja Central Sewage System (CSS) is an essential facility in the capital city. The CSS efficiency must not be compromised due to the enormous effects of sewage malfunction on the environment and its inhabitants. This research aims to study the problem of the Abuja Central Sewage System (CSS) problem, identify related issues, and provide alternative solutions. To achieve this goal, field research was undertaken in Phase 1 of the Federal Capital City (Abuja), with a questionnaire randomly administered to two hundred respondents in five (5) districts. The survey questionnaire was given to only building tenants acquainted with building services, particularly liquid waste disposal, such as the underground sewage system. The data were evaluated with descriptive statistical methods like percentages, means, and standard deviation. It was established that sanitary sewers overflowed from manholes onto streets and eventually into storm drains. The waste is not treated before being deposited into surrounding watercourses. It was also revealed that manholes release foul odors from sanitary sewers. These hazards pollute the environment and endanger public health. The study concluded that the Federal Capital City’s sanitary sewers were somewhat successful in collecting and transporting sewage. The study suggested improving service delivery efficiency through routine training in collection system operations, maintenance, and supervision, as well as integrating cutting-edge technologies like closed-circuit television into the sewer system’s maintenance program to increase the sewer efficiency system.

V. I. Aksenov, N. Tsarev

Due to the lack of local facilities for recycling, neutralization and treatment of wastewater at many metallurgical enterprises the wastewater is mixed; surface wastewater, blowdown of recycled water supply cycles, chemically polluted wastewater, spent cooling and washing liquids. As a result of the joint processing of the mentioned waste waters in sewage treatment plants, the specific sediments containing compounds of heavy metals and toxic substances are formed. The data on metal content in a solid phase of mixed sediments of different metallurgical enterprises is presented. It is noted that toxicity of sediments can be reduced by excluding the discharge of used concentrated solutions into the sewerage system, by regeneration of used technological and detergent solutions at the place of their formation. The scheme of sludge processing, which provides for their flocculation, gravitational thickening and mechanical dewatering, is proposed. It is shown, that the most efficient flocculant for treatment of sludge of mixed composition is a high-molecular-weight anionic flocculant with the content of ionogenic groups up to 10 %. The effective dosage is 5‒7 kg/t dry solids of sludge. For mechanical dewatering of flocculated sludge, chamber, membrane and belt filter presses as well as screw centrifuges (decanters) can be applied. Depending on the metal content, the dewatered sludge can be used for technical remediation of disturbed areas or for processing in the cement industry. Present study shows a schematic diagram for the preparation of mixed sewage sludge and dry industrial wastes of a metallurgical plant for technical remediation of disturbed lands. For processing sludge with water content between 65‒75 % in cement industry it is recommended to mix the mechanically dewatered sludge with dry wastes, such as abrasive dust and grinding powders, waste core mixtures for casting and other similar wastes.

Ijsrem Journal

The sewage system is a critical component of a city, responsible for the accumulation of both rain and grey water from residences and industry. To minimize major interruption, a monitoring system and a plan for previous growth in the sewage management system are required. This project presents a paradigm for an intelligent sewage management system that allows real-time monitoring while retaining the prior system's functionality. The sewerage state functions as an input through the sensors; subsequently, the microcontroller records the value and sends it through the LoRaWAN module, which executes waste collection based on the present scenario. Keywords— LoRaWAN

Dinesh Vitthalrao Rojatkar, Sumedh Belkhede, Rohit Kawade et al.

P. V. Zhuravlev, I. V. Khutoryanina, B. I. Marchenko

Introduction. From the sanitary and epidemiologic point of view the economic and household sewage making more than 80% of the volume of all water disposal is of the greatest practical interest. The infectious agents getting to the sewerage do not perish independently. The problem of treatment facilities of the sewerage consists of prevention of possible distribution through water of intestinal and parasitic infections. Aim of the study. To investigate the overall efficiency of sewage treatment facilities in relation to pathogenic and sanitary indicator bacteria and pathogens of parasitic diseases. Materials and methods. The object of the study was microbial and parasitic communities of household waste water from sewage treatment plants in a number of cities in the Rostov region. In work standard microbiological methods of research according to MU 2.1.5.800-99 and the methods of sanitary and parasitological researches of sewage stated in MUK 4.2.2661-10 and also author’s techniques (No. FTs/4022 MR) are used Results. The sewage of the studied cities arriving on sewage treatment plants has high degree of contamination on all bacteriological and parasitological indicators. At the same time intensity of pollution of sewage on these indicators for city drains was in the limits provided by MU 2.1.5.800-99. Dynamics of decontamination process at stages of sewage treatment facilities is shown. During normal operation of treatment systems, waste water is completely freed from salmonella. The species composition of parasitosis pathogens in wastewater that underwent the treatment stages, as well as those arriving, was almost identical in all territories. Conclusion. Researches have shown that at respect for technology of water processing of treatment facilities of the sewerage waste water practically corresponds to normative documents on bacteriological indicators. At the same time, the low performance concerning disinvasion and deworming is shown.

T. P. Rangamani

Zeinab Mikhak Beiranvand, Saeed Boroomand Nasab, Abdolrahim Hoshmand

Nitrate contamination in water resources has become an important issue because of the environmental issue and potential risk to human health. The aim of this study is investigating the stabilization of modified bentonite nanoparticles by cationic surfactant on pumice aggregates to remove nitrate from aqueous environments. Bentonite nanoparticles were investigated by XRD, EDAX, and SEM techniques after modification by CTAB surfactant with the thermal method on the substrate of Pumice aggregate stabilization and physical and structural characteristics of the adsorbent. In this research, response surface method based on the Box-Behnken model was used for evaluation of the effects of independent variables such as pH, temperature and the amount of adsorbent on the response function and prediction of the best response value. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were used for calculating the equilibrium constants and pseudo-first and second order constants. According to the results, the optimum nitrate removal efficiency was determined 63.49% based on the Box-Behnken model in pH = 5, the adsorbent concentration of 15 g/L, and temperature 35°C. As well, the nitrate removal rate was increased by increasing the amount of adsorbent and contact time unless the removal efficiency was decreased with an increase in pH and initial nitrate concentration. Isotherm surveying showed that the laboratory data had better agreement with Langmuir isotherm and the best kinetic model of adsorption was determined by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Also, the recovery efficiency in 5 cycles of absorption and desorption was observed more than 85%. This study showed that modified Pumice aggregates could be used as an effective and economical adsorbent for pollutants elimination.

K. Sahoo, P. Nanda, B. Prakash et al.

Seyed َAhmad Shafiei Darabi, abbas Almodares

The use of wastewater and gray water for agribusiness is recently growing, and it is essential to investigate the risks associated with its use. Heavy metals in wastewater, even in small quantities, are among problems limiting the use of wastewater in agriculture. This is due to the high agglomeration coefficient in the environment, degradability and long shelf-life which cause the severity of toxicity and contamination of the soil during irrigation. In this regard, the  Phytoremediation technology can be advantageous due to its environmental compatibility and environmental refining power. In order to investigate the power of sweet sorghum, urban wastewater was used to irrigate the plant.  First, wastewater was analyzed in terms of 38 factors. By adding cadmium, lead and arsenic to wastewater, three treatments of 0.1, 1 and 10 mg/l of these metals were created in urban wastewater and for 12 weeks the respective pots were irrigated with appropriate replication. Samples of root, stem, leaf, seed, soil and drainage of pots were collected separately for analysis of acid digestion and grafting to the atomic absorption system and the results were compared by statistical methods. The results showed that accumulation of cadmium and lead in sorghum is more than ten times higher than that of arsenic. On the other hand, the absorption coefficient or ability of the plant to absorb the elements has decreased rapidly for cadmium and lead with increasing concentration in the soil. In the case of arsenic, the absorption coefficient increased with increasing concentration in the soil. Regarding the amount of material accumulation, the ability of all tissues in the accumulation of cadmium and lead was the same and in the case of arsenic, the root accumulated more than aerial parts. This study showed that the heavy metals accumulation pattern in sorghum, the final amount of accumulation, the absorption coefficient and its changes relative to the environmental concentration are different for various elements. According to the final concentration of accumulation and absorption coefficient, the sorghum plant is suitable for the purification of cadmium and lead from low concentration effluents which are commonly found in urban wastewater. This can prevent the accumulation of these pollutants in soil.

Razieh Ahmadizadeh, Mahdi Latifi, Alireza Pendashteh et al.

Treatment of the produced water, as a major wastewater in oil and gas industry, is concerned with  reduction of the wastewater volume or providing water for some applications such as agriculture. Since membrane technologies play an important role in the separation of dissolved and emulsified oil droplets, forward osmosis (FO) was used in this research as a novel process to reduce the volume of such wastewater. A cellulose commercial flat membrane was applied in a FO laboratory system. The results showed that by increasing the concentrations of the most important inorganic solutes in produced water from 0 to 20 g/L, water flux decreased from 11 to 6.6 L/m2.h due to an increase in feed osmotic pressure. In the presence of 1000 and 3000 mg/L oil in deionized feed water, 12 and 15 percent reduction of the water flux was observed, respectively. This was due to the increased viscosity of feed and the precipitation and adsorption of emulsified oil particles on the membrane surface. On the other hand, adding oil to the solution with different salt concentrations, led to a further reduction in the water flux. This was a result of the increase in feed osmotic pressure and changes in the condition of oil-water emulsion in the presence of salts. The salts increased the surface tension of the solution, which caused coagulation of oil droplets and higher fouling in the membrane surface.

Majid Daee, Amin Alizadeh, Alireza Farid Hosseini et al.

User-friendly and low-cost wastewater treatment plants are good options for treating wastewater of small communities. The effluent of these treatment plants can be improved by various methods including using a horizontal rouphing filter (HRF). In this paper, HRF performance was evaluat by passing the Parkandabad wastewater treatment plant effluent through pilot scale constructed HRF.  The HRF was constudted with four- compartments of different sand sizes and was operated under three filtration rates of 0.5, 1 and 1.5 m3/m2.h.  The results obtained from this study showed that the HFR performed the best at filtration rate of 0.5m/h when the removal efficiency for BOD5 and COD was 61 and 63 %, respectively. Optimum removal efficieny of BOD5 and COD up to 65% could be achieved with an extended filtration run length.  However, longer duration of filter operation after 4 months, reduced the filter performance for BOD5 and COD removal efficiency to 56.8 and 61.5%, respectivel. In conclusion, by using 4-compartment HRFs, compared with the conventional 3-compartment filtration, it may be possible to produce effluent quality for BOD5 and COD that is permissible for agricultural irrigation purposes.

R. Vijay, Trupti Mardikar, Rakesh Kumar

parisa Bohlooli, Saeid Shamsaei

Lead poisoning is an important water quality parameter. The variety of adverse health effects caused by lead accumulation in the human body warrants the investigation of lead concentrations in drinking water. The presence of lead in drinking water in Iran is mostly due to pipes, fittings, brass or bronze water service connection valves, faucets, and fixtures, and other end use devices. For the purposes of this study, 10 samples of brass or bronze valves, as the major source of lead release in drinking water, were tested to determine the concentration of lead in water released from these devices. The same experiment was also carried out using 9 polypropylene valves recently introduced into the Iranian market. The results showed that lead release from brass or bronze valves was responsible for a major portion of drinking water lead concentrations that ranged from 7 to 700 times its maximum allowable limit for drinking water. In contrast, the amounts released from polypropylene valves into drinking water were found to be much less such that half the samples contained lead levels below the maximum allowable limit.

Hossien JafariMansoorian, AmirHossein Mahvi, Ahmad Jonidi Jafari et al.

The presence of nondegradable toxic compounds such as phenol in the environment has nowadays led to many health and environmental problems. The present empirical study was conducted on the lab scale to evaluate the efficiency of Acacia tortillis pod shell as a new alternative and low cost adsorbent for removing phenol from aqueous solutions. The experiment was performed in a batch system and the effects of important operation variables including initial phenol concentrations of 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 mg/l, absorbent doses of 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.6g/l in predetermined mesh sizes (ranging over 30-60 and 60-100), pH levels of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12, and contact times of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 min were evaluated. Finally, the Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms were determined in order to describe the relationship between the colored solution and the absorbent. Results showed that the highest phenol absorption efficiency achieved was above 95% which was obtained with an optimum pH level of 2, an optimum absorbent dose of 0.2 g/l, and a mesh size of 60-100 for a contact time of 10 minutes and at a low pollutant concentration. Increasing phenol concentration increased its removal efficiency but this removal rate was lower at extreme concentrations. Also, the adsorption process was found to be more compatible with the Freundlich model. Based on the results obtained, the pod shells of Acacia tortillis pod shell may be claimed to be an effective, efficient, and cheap absorbent for the removal of phenol from aqueous solutions.

M. A. Shuaibu, M. Sulaimani, R. Aliyu

This research employed both GIS and Remote Sensing for the sewage network design and tracking for Mubi to aid in the disposal management of sewage in the area. Sewage is the mix of water and whatever that is liquid wastes from domestic and industries that are flushed and propelled by gravity through pipes into the cesspit. The topography of the area for smooth flow of sewage using remote sensing data and ArcGIS software package was accessed. Also, direction of flow for sewage was identified. Both contour and vector maps as a results of the analysis for the study area were produced. Proposed sewage network based on the results was designed that consisted of three categories of sewers; primary, secondary and tertiary. The primary collect sewage from houses, commercial areas, etc., to the secondary and then to tertiary and to the final collection centers planned to be laid by the access roads, minor and major roads respectively. All the collection centers will finally emptied the sewage in to River Yedzeram outside the metropolis as in Fig.10, 11 and 12.

Zhonghua Guo, Xiaoning Li, T. Kagawa